PFED 211 Anthropological Foundations of Education PDF

MIDTERM PFED 211________________________________________________________________________________ Anthropological Foundations of Education Sociology Anthropology Anthropology Sociology studies the present and A science c...

MIDTERM PFED 211________________________________________________________________________________ Anthropological Foundations of Education Sociology Anthropology Anthropology Sociology studies the present and A science concerned with study of mankind concerns itself with human social relationships. Disciplines of Anthropology While Anthropology is interested in Political Science ancient societies. Medicine Economics The Theory of Social Evolution Education The theory states that man, through a Architecture combination of environmental and genetic Sociology factors emerged as a species to produce the variety of ethnicities seen today, while “The social behavior of man is determined by his modern apes evolved on a separate natural and social environment” evolutionary pathway. Charles Darwin 2 Distinct Fields of Anthropology Believed that the human race had gradually evolved from lower orders of life. 1. Physical or Biological Studies man’s origin and development from Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer a simple into a more complex individual Auguste Comte (Positive philosophy) and within his cultural environment. Herbert Spencer (Scientific Sociology) believed in social evolution that there is a s 2. Cultural or Social set of stages which societies moved from Studies the various facets of a man’s life simple to complex to explain their ideas of style, culture, religion, language, etc. social evolution. Cultural anthropology is divided into 3 The Superiority of Man over the Animals We have the ability to think, to learn, to use A. Ethnology/ Ethnography language, and to transmit our thoughts Ethnology and ethnography are closely through symbols to others. related since it studies the Humans are capable o doing advanced interrelationships of peoples and their things, which set us apart from other origins and environment. species on earth, such as using tools. We have the physical advantage of using our B. Archaeology hands, which due to our opposable thumb Prehistory and early history of cultures makes it much easier for humans to use around the world; major trends in tools compared to a bird, or a four-legged cultural evolution; and techniques for animal. finding, excavating, dating, and analyzing material remains of past The Role of Heredity and Environment societies. Heredity - The transmission of genetic characters C. Linguistics from parents to offspring. Science of language; the human Environment communication process of focusing on - The social and cultural forces that shape the importance of socio-cultural the life of a person or a population influences. A brilliant man may be born if his environment is not favorable for his development, he remains just an average individual. MIDTERM PFED 211________________________________________________________________________________ A very bright mind if not trained or educated The first man reached the Philippines during remains dull and mediocre. the Middle Pleistocene Period (Dr. Robert Fox, 1977) Tabon Skull, the most significant finding in The Development of Language 1962 by Dr. Fox The Aetas or Negritos were prototypes of What is Language? the modern man A body of words and the systems for their The first major movement of the modern use common to a people who are the same man (Mongoloids) in the Philippines took community or nation. place some 7,000 to 8,000 years ago. Language is a set of sounds with a particular meaning attached to each sound Ancient Cultural Influences (Horton and Hunt, 1980) Language is a purely human and non- The languages and dialects of the instinctive method of communicating ideas, Philippines have a single prototype -the emotions, and drives by means of a system "original Indonesians”. The people also of voluntarily produced symbols (Santico developed a system of writing resembling and Panopio) that of India; it was later traced to Malayan Language is not only a collection of sounds origin. and utterances; it involves a set of rules The first groups of foreigners who had direct regarding pronunciation, grammar, and contact with the Filipinos were the Chinese semantics used in speech. from mainland Asia and the Arabs from the Middle East. Islam was introduced between Body Language Signs 1450 and 1480 when Abu Bakr arrived in A significant aspect of modern Sulu) and established the Mohammedan communications and relationships. It is also Church. the exchange of meanings through Chinese influences can be found even in gestures and body movements. today's food habits, family organization and A language whether primitive, pre-literate or structure. The greatest contribution of the modern should posses’ grammar, syntax, Chinese, however, is in the economic phonetics, vocabulary, among other things. aspect of life. From them may be traced the retail syndrome and the use of the Oral and Written Language middleman in trade. Among developing countries of the world, Indian influence may best be observed in legends, songs, dances ad folklore are the Philippine languages, art forms, myths transmitted from one generation to another and rituals. by means of word of mouth (oral language) The art of writing was developed much later. Writing has become the written language of A Brief Glance at Pre-Western Cultural Heritage both ancient and modern cultures of the world. Community Organizations The smallest social and political unit of -------------------------------------------------------------------- society is the barangay. The barangay, a social institution larger than the family, was The Philippine Cultural Heritage based on kinship relations and a network of loyalty obligations to the chief called datu, Geographic and Geological Background rajah, or hari. Philippines was a part of the mainland of Asia Social Organization Changes during the Pleistocene Period, or This was based on kinship relationship Ice Age resulted to the formations of islands which recognized the family as the most in the country important unit. MIDTERM PFED 211________________________________________________________________________________ Economic Activities Western Influence on Philippine Culture Trading was mostly carried out by barter. Honesty among the people was Our ancient cultural heritage is result of the outstanding. interplay and interpenetration of diverse natural influences. To the credit of our Religion ancestors, they borrowed the cultures of Being pagans, the early Filipinos generally other peoples but improved on it as they practiced ancestor, or anito worship. The adapted it to their everyday life. literature and music of the time were mostly related to religion Ethnoepic verses recount Spanish Contributions: the exploits of the gods. Poetry and music Christianity usually depicted love or glorified the gods. the flowering of the arts and sciences The Tagalogs had a supreme god whom the first university (UST) they called "Bathala”. the art of printing Castillian language Language The ancient Filipinos developed a language American Contributions of their own derived from what was known Mass Education as original Indonesian. There was scarcely Democracy a man or woman who could not read or Colonial Mentality write in a form of syllabic writing which was taken from India but later discovered to Japanese Contributions have Malayan origin. Discipline and Work Ethic Appreciation for Art and Aesthetics Agriculture The early Filipino had some form of wet and -------------------------------------------------------------------- dry agriculture and lived in bamboo houses with roofs of thatch and palm leaves. The Filipino Family Society Courtship and Marriage A social class system existed, consisting the: 1. Courtship Among Early Filipinos - datus (rulers and chiefs of the barangay); Courtship, mating and divorce among early - the maharlikas (the noblemen); Filipinos revolved around the dowry or bride - the aliping namamahay (the serfs or price. commoners); and When a man decided to marry, he consulted - the aliping saguiguilid (slaves). his parents and the elders in his family If the girl and her family were acceptable, the Family Life groom’s family started the negotiation for Parents usually selected their children's the hand of the maiden through a ceremony mates, although young people entered into called “pamanhikan”. love pacts and "sandugo" which they kept The "Compadrazco" system follows that of even after marrying other partners. the kinship arrangement, giving the "ninong" The dowry (bigay-kaya) system required the and "ninang" (principal sponsors) similar groom and his family to furnish material obligations and concern accorded the newly goods or to the parents of the bride for as married couple. long as the marriage lasted. 2. Choice of a Mate In the old days, children were matched and betrothed by their parents even before birth. Endogamy limits the choice for marriage to those of the same race, religion. nationality, socio- economic and socio-political classes. MIDTERM PFED 211________________________________________________________________________________ The exogamy form of marriage can be Void and Voidable Marriages (Annulment) defined as the solemnization of marriage outside of the particular community, tribe, 1. Those contracted by any party below social group, etc. eighteen years of age even with the consent of parents Monogamy and Its Modified Forms 2. Those solemnized by any person not legally authorized to perform marriages; In the Philippines, there is no provision for 3. Those solemnized without license (except at divorce for any reason although it is the point of death); possible to secure legal separation without 4. Bigamous or polygamous marriages (unless the right to remarry. Annulment is resorted sanctioned by law as those of the Muslims, to when marriage has failed and the parties etc.) concerned can no longer rationalize or 5. Those contracted by any party below conform to the expectations of family and eighteen years of age even with the consent kin. of parents The State has approved and promulgated 6. Those solemnized by any person not legally the Family Code of the Philippines authorized to perform marriages; (Executive Order No. 209 as amended by 7. Those solemnized without license (except at Executive Order No. 227) as approved by the point of death); President Corazon C. Aquino on June 13, 8. Bigamous or polygamous marriages (unless 1990. This has liberalized the causes for sanctioned by law as those of the Muslims, annulment and legal separation etc.) Grounds for a Petition for Legal Separation Exceptions to Monogamy 1. Repeated physical violence or grossly Consensual Marriage abusive conduct directed against the “Querida System” petitioner. 2. Physical violence or moral pressure to Consensual marriage compel the petitioner to change religious or is a term used for a more or less permanent political affiliation relationship between a man and a woman 3. Attempt of the respondent to corrupt or which has not been sanctioned by a formal induce the petitioner to engage in marriage ceremony. prostitution, a common child or a child of the Querida System petitioner to engage in prostitution or The querida is a woman who engages in connivance in such corruption or sexual relations with a man on an exclusive inducement; basis. 4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent A querida system results in a two-family to imprisonment of more than six years system where a legal wife and legitimate even if pardoned; children share the husband with a mistress 5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the and illegitimate offspring. respondent; 6. Lesbianism or homosexuality; Family Compositions 7. Bigamous marriage; Family 8. Sexual infidelity or perversion; Old Definition 9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of Required that the cohabiting couple should the petitioner; be married, united by blood or by adoption 10. Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one Modern Definition year. May not be bound by marriage but by what society approves as a result of community experience MIDTERM PFED 211________________________________________________________________________________ Nuclear Family in schools, in the work areas in the broader A family consisting of two parents and their community. children. Conjugal Family Extended Family A kinship group from their or both relatives of the father and mother This bilateral arrangement by blood or adoption is a consanguineal family. Classification of Nuclear Family Family of Orientation - The group to which an individual originally belongs before marriage Family of Procreation - The new family where he/she intends to beget children of his/her own The Filipino Family in the Modern World 1. The Changing Filipino Family The modern family is characterized by attitudes, values, interests, and goals directed towards individual performance and achievement. At present, the role of wives has changed; more of them have joined the labor force. 2. The Kinship System The Filipino kinship system is bilateral. All relatives of both the father and the mother are relatives of the children. “Compadrazco” ritual relationships, where baptism al sponspors and wedding sponsors of the children acquire similar status as the consanguineal relative. Another aspect of ritual kinship is bayanihan meaning cooperativeness among neighbors, magkapitbahay and kasambahay, persons living in the same household but not otherwise. 3. Changing roles of Men and Women Women today are challenging the traditional division of labor and are demanding equal rights to job, equal pay for the same amount and quality of work, and equal chances for promotion as men have. Women’s groups are demanding, through legislation, safety from sexual harassment