UCSP 1st Semester Finals PDF

UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC KINSHIP b) Ambilineal Descent - Allows parents to choose which side o...

UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC KINSHIP b) Ambilineal Descent - Allows parents to choose which side of the kin to affiliate their Kinship System – a system of meaning and power children. relations to determine relationships, rights, responsibilities, and expectations Types of Kinship System Consanguineal – a kinship based on biology or blood ties Affinal – a kinship forged through rituals such as marriage Fictive – kinship that is neither consanguineal nor affinal ties and are usually based on c) Bilateral Descent - An ego is equally friendship and other personal relationship related to both mother’s and father’s side of the kin Descent Groups - A permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry. - It denotes the relationship bonds the child to the mother and father. - The two types of rules of descent are the following: Unilineal and Non-unilineal Descent Groups: Unilineal Marriage - Refers to the tracing of ancestry through only - a characteristic of human relations and social one parents, either mother’s or father’s line, not groupings that exist in all cultures. the combination of two. - A socially organized relation that involves - Either Matrilineal or Patrilineal emotional and physical intimacy, sexual a) Matrilineal Descent (◯)- Tracing descent reproduction, companionship, legal rights, and through the female line inheritance. b) Patrilineal Descent (△) - Tracing descent through the male line Marriage Descent Groups: Non-Unilineal 1) Monogamy: a marriage between a man and a woman that is widely accepted norm worldwide. - Allows rules construction based on social 2) Polygyny: a type of marriage that permits a groups. man to marry more than one woman. - Bonds are traced either from the side of either 3) Polyandry: a type of marriage that permits a mother or father. woman to marry more than one man - Double descent, bilineal, ambilineal, parallel and bilateral Residence Styles a) Double Descent or Bilineal - Males and a) Patrilocal: this pattern relates to living with or females are traced both matrilineally and near the husband’s family. partilineally. However, inheritance and b) Matrilocal: the couple moves in with or near obligations descend only to one side the bride’s family. c) Bilocal: the bride and groom pick which family to live near or with. d) Neolocal: couples establish independent residences neither from the side of groom nor the bride. e) Avunculocal: couples live in or near the house of groom’s mother’s brother 1 UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS Reciprocity and Redistribution Power – defined as the exercise of will or force in In some societies, economic gain and social gain order to achieve the desired outcome are two general motives surrounding exchanges conducted along parties involved. Here we look at Authority – the manifestation of power which the concepts of reciprocity and redistribution and pertains to the ability to bring about the results how it is similar from the economic transactions we through one’s status, reputation, and degree of know today: respect received from its constituents Reciprocity – Value of giving object, gift, service in Legitimacy – the right and acceptance of one’s return for something you received. power and authority without the threat or exercise of force TYPES: Kinds of Political Organizations 1. Generalized Reciprocity – exchange of goods and services that lasts for a long time before it a) Band – a small group of mostly nomadic people returns in pursuit of a particular goal—to ensure their survival and subsistence through forging and at 2. Balanced Reciprocity – automatic exchange; times hunting. receive and return is immediate b) Tribe – a political group composed of several 3. Negative Reciprocity – consumer is at an bands, occupying a particular territory with each unfavorable situation having a common language and way of living. c) Chiefdom – a group composed of allied tribes Redistribution – Facilitates in terms of directly and villages under one chief involving the central authority of political d) State – an organization which, through the organizations such as chiefs or heads of states. government, exercise sovereign rule over a population within a defined territory - Authority handles the distribution - Ex. taxes (does not return tangibly but as ECONOMY AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS services) Economy refers to the system which facilitates the - Bad debt – does not return as investment movement of goods and services from the - Good debt – immediate return as investment production stage to distribution, and finally (for the good of the community) consumption. 1) Goods - food, clothing, cars, jewelry and etc. Economic Sectors o Tangible Stages Of Economic Development o Consumable 1. Primary sector - extraction to raw materials o Processes are done to be produced from the environment. 2) Services - actions or activities done for an 2. Secondary sector - conversion of raw material individual or a group. into finished products. o Intangible 3. Tertiary sector - All services-oriented o Non-consumable transactions. Why do we need to study the ECONOMY? Economic System The necessity to pay attention to the economy boils down to the basic principle that resources are Defined as the mechanism set by the State in scarce. allocating resources and in producing and distributing good and services to the population. The economy as a social institution organizes the activities and transactions involving these scarce resources in order to satisfy the needs of the people, thereby ensuring social order and stability. 2 UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC The type of economic system depends on the set of starting business, funding day-to-day principles taken by the State summarized by these operations questions: ✓ What goods and services will be produced? 2) Cooperatives and Trade Unions ✓ How will the goods and services will be Cooperatives are defined by the International distributed? Labour Organization “ILO” as an autonomous ✓ For whom are the goods and services produced association of persons united voluntarily to meet and distributed? their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and 1) CAPITALISM democratically controlled enterprise. The main thrust of the capitalist system lies on Trade / Labor Unions are defined by “ILO” as a the private ownership of the means of workers organization constituted for the purpose of production (raw materials, tools, and furthering and defending the interests of workers. mechanism) which are considered as source of wealth. Capitalism encourages competition 3) Transnational Advocacy Groups and among different business and prefers little no International Organizations intervention from the government. Transnational Advocacy Groups refer to a 2) SOCIALISM network of groups from different countries working The socialist system is opposite of the together on calling for solutions to social, political, capitalism system wherein the means of and economic issues such as labor rights, production are instead collectively owned by the indigenous peoples rights, rights of women and state. children, and environmental conservation. 3) MIXED ECONOMY Classified between the capitalist and socialist International Organizations are independent economic systems. bodies that provide venue for democratic discussion of different states on a certain issues. NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS These organizations facilitate the signing of international agreements and treaties, formulation Apart from government, other institutions come into of international norms, and resolution of conflicts play in making the state economy work. This non- between or among states. state institutions can come in the different forms and perform different functions which effect the 4) Development Agencies economy or policy making of the state. Development Agencies are established in order to 1) Banks and Corporations assist in the recovery of different states from Banks are financial institutions that have two main damages brought by natural calamities or war. functions: These agencies contribute to both global and i. Collects and deposits from costumers in national economies by stimulating economic growth exchange for financial services. It includes: through distributing funding and implementing safekeeping cash development programs across countries. withdrawing cash ATM fund transfers online payments ii. Lend money to individuals or to business that needs funds. buying house/car personal loans 3 UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND RELIGION Health - overall sense of well-being free from any diseases. - The ancient definition of health implicates the sacred-wholeness, morality, loss soul, and other problem that afflict humans. Disease - A biological problem that involves irregularity in the human body structure, chemistry, and b) Latent Functions – These are unintended and hidden results of education function Illness - It refers to an individual’s perception and experience of what is wrong with his or her well- being. - It is a problem that may be a result of a cultural belief. - Sakit and Karamdaman Ethnomedicine - It is a cultural practice that addresses health problems. - It greatly influences the development of some plant-based medicines used by albularyos or herbalists. Education - It is considered as a social institution which serves various objectives primarily about teaching and learning a society’s way of life. - The functions are classified into two: Manifest functions and Latent Functions a) Manifest Functions – It refers to the Functionalist Perspective primary and intended functions of an institution or policy. It explains that in order for society to ensure its well-being and stability, its members or parts must serve their role or function properly Conflict Perspective Conflict theorists see education as a tool wielded by elites to assert their dominance and maintain inequality in society. 4 UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Forms of Religion - This looks into the interactions that occur inside 1) Animism the classroom. - The earliest and most primary form of - As teachers lay down their expectations in religion encountered in non-industrialized class, some students immediately respond by societies. showing eagerness, constant inquiries and - It refers to the belief in spiritual beings and recitations, all which send signals to the teacher forces. about their behavior. - Mana is a Melanesia term which is an example of a belief in animatistic force. Religion 2) Polytheism - A social institution that is organized through - It is from the Greek word polytheismos or sets of beliefs, values, and practices of people. “many gods”. - It is a spiritual community where people - It is a belief system that worships many experience togetherness and belongingness deities, which is a typical form of religion and encapsulates the idea of solidarity and during Bronze Age and Iron Age. equality. 3) Monotheism - It is the belief in one supreme being. Sacred – Entities that are set apart and given a - It is a religious experience and a special meaning that transcends immediate human philosophical perspective that emphasizes existence. one perfect creator of the world Profane – Non-sacred aspect of life. Aspects of Religious Belief Beliefs Sacred Stories Worship Deity Religious Experience Beliefs are taught to followers and passed on to generations: myth and doctrine. Myth – Narratives about the supernatural forces or beings. Doctrine – Direct and formalized statements about religious beliefs. Beliefs are composed of sacred stories or narratives that the members deem important and believe in. Followers worship a deity that can be in any form, like supernatural being whose qualities cannot be The Church and The State measured by any agreed-upon scientific means. There is a tight relationship between the Spanish Government and the Philippine Catholic church Members of this institution interact to their deity during the colonial period. Some societies have this through praying which is an act of honoring the practice, like in Japan. They believe that their supernatural often accompanied by request or emperors are direct descendants of God. thanks for requests granted. But then, church and state are then regarded as Religious members congregate in a space to separate institutions which is determined politically celebrate their religious experience, a conviction, and philosophically. sensation, or the connection to the divine. 5 UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC It anchors to the protestant reformation or Martin _______2. An exclusive and cohesive religious Luther’s doctrine of two kingdoms: the faith organization based on the desire to reform the (religion) and reason (state) separation. beliefs and practices of another religious organization. Article II Section 6 of the 1987 constitution states that “The separation of the Church and State shall _______3. The conviction or sensation that one is be inviolable. “ connected to “the divine”. Article II Section 5 states that “No law shall be _______4. One of several religious organizations made respecting an establishment of religion or within a society that are considered legitimate. prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free _______5. A belief in supernatural and animatistic exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and forces. worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be _______6. A life-encompassing religious required for the exercise of civil or political rights.” organization to which all members of a society belong. QUIZ _______7. The non-sacred aspect of human life. A. ENUMERATION. List down 5 religious groups in the Philippines and identify their type of religious _______8. Belief in multiple superior and higher group. Arrange them from less influential to the being. most influential. _______9. Behaviors or practices that are either required for or expected of the members of a particular group. _______10. Religious practitioners that are more often males than females. MAJOR SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION CASTE SYSTEM - Caste system determines the status of an individual upon birth. Practiced mostly in agricultural societies, the status of individuals is B. MATCHING TYPE. Match the following lifelong. descriptions with the words inside the box. Write - Individuals are also not permitted to marry your answer on the blank provided before the someone from another caste which makes number. social mobility. CHURCH PROFANE SECT RELIGIOUS DENOMINATION EXPERIENCE SHAMAN ANIMATISM CULT ANIMISM ECCLESIA POLYTHEISM RELIGIOUS RITUAL DEITY MANA _______1. A religious organization whose characteristics are not drawn from existing religious traditions within a society. 6 UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC CLASS SYSTEM 2) Industrializing states have relatively lower income incomes, infrastructure, and standards - Class system on the other hand provides the of living compared to industrialized states but status of an individual based on several whose economies are growing at a higher rate categories. It may be based on material than developing states. possessions, prestige, and achievements of 3) Developing states have high poverty merits. incidences, few industries, and low standards of - Class system are more open to opportunities living. and actions that helps individual gain social mobility. Theories of Global Stratification 1) Modernization Theory – According to this theory, modern and industrialized societies are more productive, have reduced poverty levels, and have higher standards of living. However, modernization does not happen immediately. Perspective of Stratification 2) World Systems Theory – This is developed as 1) Functionalist perspective: Someone has to a response to the changing economic do the job! conditions where international trade and finance - According to this perspective, in order for were becoming more flexible as capitalist society to be stable and well-functioning, it influence strengthened must be composed of members fulfilling - Countries are classified into 4 groups based their respective roles. on their relation to global economy: - NOT ALL ROLES ARE EQUAL, some are Core states deemed to be of greater value than others. Semi-periphery 2) Conflict perspective: It’s the resources and Periphery struggle for power! External area - Conflict theorists point at scarce resources as the source of inequality. - Gaetano Mosca also sees power as a source of stratification. Emergence of leadership positions would create imbalances and inequalities of power. Global Stratification Stratification also occurs at the level of states. 3) Dependency Theory States are classified as industrialized, - This theory was developed by Latin industrializing, and least industrialized or America. developing states. - One assumption of this theory is the 1) Industrialized states are those with high per economic development of developing capita income, large-scale industries and countries are reliant on its trade with and infrastructures, high standard of living, and high subordination to industrialized countries. human development standards. 7 UCSP | 1ST SEMESTER FINALS FC SOCIAL & POLITICAL INEQUALITIES 2 Types of Diffusion Social Inequality Acculturation - Social inequality refers to the unequal access to - The process by which individuals or groups social, political, and symbolic capital of learn aspects of a culture in their own. individuals in society. - It occurs when there is blending of two or - This phenomenon exists every time individuals more cultures, resulting in the emergence of and institutions are categorized or differentiated two highbred culture that combine elements into classes or district groups, or socially from various cultures. constructed as desperate entities. - Individuals adopt a new culture through exposure or interaction without losing own Global Inequality culture - Global inequality includes the concentration of Assimilation resources in certain powerful countries while other countries are left behind; thus, affecting - The process by which an individual or by the opportunities and lives of people groups fully adopts another culture. impoverished and less powerful countries. - Full assimilation often results in loss of native - Globalization creates unbalanced outcomes. culture. While wealth is created in powerful economies - When minority adapts to the majority and countries because of globalization, some - Occurs when individuals or groups from countries and people are unable to enjoy the different cultures interact and share their benefits of globe. beliefs, experience and values Globalization is the key driver of social change. It Social Contradictions refers to the economic, cultural, and political - Occurs when two social groups or classes are processes that connect state and non-state different that a compromise between them is elements in a manner that transcends territorial impossible. boundaries. - Another example is when social change only affect a certain segment of society, while SOCIAL, CULTURAL & POLITICAL CHANGE number of individuals or groups do not benefit from transformations/innovations introduced. Change – makes a phenomenon different (something new; transitions) 1) Interethnic Conflict – tension that arise from Sources of Social Change political conflict and religious or cultural differences - We live in an everchanging environment where 2) Class Struggle – conflict among social classes problems evolve and new problems appear caused by unequal distribution of goods and - The ability to respond to these problems is resources altered by change 3) Gender Issues – stems from the unequal Innovation - Process of introducing new ideas, distribution of resources or opportunities among things, and methods in society. different genders a) Technological Innovation – advancement in 4) Armed Conflict – extreme means of forwarding the inventions or improvement of products an advocacy or express disapproval on and processes economic, social, or political issues b) Social Innovation – development or 5) Protests – people gather publicly to express improvements on existing social practices; it their political views or disapproval on economic, is the solution to social problems social, or political issues Diffusion - Process of introducing new ideas, things, and methods in society. It refers to how an innovation is spread among members of the society 8