Sleep and Hibernation PDF

MODULE 8.3  Sleep - Repair & Recovery: During sleep the body help recover and repair tissues and cells, and your brain strengthens connection between neurons - Memory Consolidation: Memories are formed and strengthened during sleep. - Energy Restoration: Y...

MODULE 8.3  Sleep - Repair & Recovery: During sleep the body help recover and repair tissues and cells, and your brain strengthens connection between neurons - Memory Consolidation: Memories are formed and strengthened during sleep. - Energy Restoration: Your body replenishes energy and store for the next day = sleep helps in the recovery and repair of the body; during sleep the brain strengthens the connection between neurons. Also, memories are formed and strengthened during sleep. And lastly, sleep helps us replenish and store energy for the next day.  Energy Conservation - During sleep our body slows down many functions to conserve energy including the reducing of metabolism, heart rate and breathing rate. = during sleep our body’s function like reducing the metabolism, heart rate, and breathing rate.  Hibernation - Energy conservation: During harsh conditions like winter, food is hit scarcity, so animals hibernate to slow down their metabolism. - Survival: By reducing their energy needs, animals can survive for a long period without food or water (by hibernating). - Hibernation is a deeper state of inactivity than sleep. - Hibernation can last from weeks up to months, while sleep is typically shorter. - Body functions: During hibernation body function is almost at halt, while during sleep it is on reduced function mode. Differences - Animals like giraffe only sleep for a few hours during the day, often in short burst - On the other hand, sloths and bats sleep for much longer than 20hrs/day - MONOPHASIC SLEEP: pattern used by humans, sleeping once a day for a long period. - POLYPHASIC SLEEP: Most animals use this pattern. Sleeping in a short period of time but more frequently throughout night and day. - Most mammals including human experience REM(where dreaming happen) sleep, a sleep associated with dreaming. - Variations: amount of rem sleep varies between species, unique animals like dolphins have pattern where only half of their brain sleep.  REM - Dream Factory: this is where most vivid dreams happen. - Memory Booster: REM sleep helps your brain process and store memories, especially those related in learning and motions. - REM is crucial in the brain development of infants and children.  - EMOTIONAL PROCESSING: REM sleeps helps you process your emotions and experience from the day. - REM & NREM are both essential for the body. It works together to ensure that the body and mind work/function properly. - NREM: crucial for physical restoration. - REM sleep is vital for cognitive functions. ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS - The brain’s way of making sense of random neural activity. Its like creating a story out of a random images and feelings. - During REM sleeps the brain sends out random electrical signals. - your brain tries to make sense of your random signals. - It weaves a signal into a story, creating a dream. = your brain tries to make something out of those random signals that your brain sends out, it starts generating random images, numbers, etc.  Emphasizes the random neural activities in the brainstem during REM sleep  Dreams are seen as the brain’s attempt to make sense of these random signals.  Doesn’t fully explain the coherence and meaning often found in dreams. NEUROCOGNITIVE HYPOTHESIS - During REM sleep, certain parts of this machine start to activate, especially parts that are related to emotions and memories, and imaginations. - This suggest that dreams are byproduct of this activity. - Brain starts to piece together random thoughts, memories, and sensations creating a scene or a dream. - Essentially, dreams are your brain’s way of processing information and creating a narrative from random neural activity.  Highlights the role of cognitive processes and memory in dream formation.  Dreams are seen as a reflection of our waking thoughts, memories, and emotions, shaped by our experiences and knowledge.  Can account for the more coherent and meaningful nature of many dreams. MODULE 9.1  ALLOSTASIS (1) - Body’s process of achieving stability through physiological or behavioral change. - Body’s way in adapting stress and maintaining overall well-being - Allostasis involves adjusting to changing conditions, unlike HOMEOSTASIS which aims to maintain constant internal environment.  BASAL METABOLISM (2) - Minimum amount of energy that is needed/required to keep the body functioning at rest. - Includes activity like breathing, circulation, and maintaining body temp.  ECTOTHERMIC (3) - organism that rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature. - Reptiles and amphibians are examples of animals that are ectothermic - Cold blooded animals like reptiles. - Their body temperature changes like the environment.  ENDOTHERMIC (4) - Organism that can regulate their body temperature internally, often through mechanism like shivering or sweating. - Humans and other mammals are endothermic - Warm blooded animals. - Can regulate own body temperature, even in colder weather.  HOMEOSTASIS (5) - The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment - Involves a complex system of feedback loops that regulate various physiological parameters, such as body temp, blood sugar levels, and pH balance.  NEGATIVE FEEDBACK - a control mechanism in which system’s output is used to reduce the magnitude of the input. - Common mechanism in biological systems such as the regulation of hormone levels or body temp. - System that helps your body maintain its set point. If you get too hot, your body sweats to cold down. If you get too cold, you shiver to warm up.  PreOptic Area/Anterior Hypothalamus (POA/AH) - A brain region involved in the regulation of body temperature. - Receives input from thermoreceptors in the skin and internal organs and sends signal to effectors that can increase or decrease body temperature. - Senses your body temperature and sends signal to make you sweat or shiver.  Set Point - Target value for a physiological variable such as body temperature or blood glucose level. - Body’s homeostasis mechanism work to maintain these set points - Ideal temperature your body wants to be at. - Body’s temperature goal. MODULE 9.2  ALDOSTERONE - Hormone produced by adrenal gland that help you regulate salt balance. - Signals the kidney to retain sodium, which in turn helps to retain water. - This hormone helps your body retain salt, and retain water  Angiotensin II - Powerful hormone that constrict the blood vessels and stimulate the release of aldosterone. - Directly stimulates thirst  AntiDIURETIC / VASOPRESSIN - Hormone release by the pituitary gland that signals the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing uterine output. - This hormone makes your kidneys reabsorb water, reducing the amount of uterine you produce.  LATERAL PREOPTIC AREA (tells you to drink water) >1< - a brain region involved in initiating drinking behavior. - It receives signals from various sources, including hormonal signals and sensory information from the body. - This part of the brain receive signals from the sensors that tells you to drink water.  ORGANUM VASCULOSUM LAMINAE TERMINALIS (OVLT) >2< - A brain region that detects changes in blood osmolarity - Plays a crucial role in initiating osmotic thirst - It senses when your blood gets too salty or when youre dehydrated - It detects changes and sends signal to your brain that youre thirsty.  SubFORNICAL ORGAN (SFO) >3< - Another brain region that detects changes in blood osmolarity and blood volume. - Also contribute in the initiation of thirst - Helps monitor blood volume and salt level. - When it detects that you are dehydrated, it sends signal to your brain and tell you that you are thirsty.  SUPRA OPTIC NUCLEUS - A hypothalamic nucleus that produces and releases vasopressin. - Part of the brain that helps regulate your body’s water balance.  ParaVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS - A hypothalamic nucleus that also produces and releases vasopressin as well as oxytocin. - Help regulate your body’s stress response - Control your blood pressure.  OSMOTIC THIRST - type of thirst that is triggered by an increase in blood osmolarity, meaning the concentration of solutes in the blood is too high. - can occur due to factors like sweating or not drinking enough water. - When your blood gets too salty, and your body needs more water to dilute it.  HypoVOLEMIC THIRST - Type of thirst triggered by a decrease in blood volume, such as from blood loss or excessive sweating. - When you lose blood or fluids, like through sweating or bleeding, and your body needs to replenish its volume.  SODIUM-SPECIFIC HUNGER - a strong desire for salty foods, often triggered by sodium depletion. - When your body is low on sodium, and you crave salty foods.  OSMOTIC PRESSURE - The pressure that water exerts to move from an area with less solute (like pure water) to an area with more solute (like salt water) through a simepermeable membrane. - Its like water trying to balance itself out on both sides of a membrane.