Anatomy Notes PDF

# **Articulations** ## **Articulations or Joints** - Place where two bones come together. - Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement. - Structure correlated with movement. ### **Named** - According to bones or parts united at joint. - According to only one of articulating bones. - By Lati...

# **Articulations** ## **Articulations or Joints** - Place where two bones come together. - Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement. - Structure correlated with movement. ### **Named** - According to bones or parts united at joint. - According to only one of articulating bones. - By Latin equivalent of common name. ### **Types of joints:** Based structure and function - **Fibrous (Immovable)**, e.g., sutures in skull, Tibiofibular ligament. - **Cartilaginous (Slightly movable)**, e.g., Costal cartilage-sternum, Pubic symphysis, Intervertebral disc. ## **Synovial** - Most common joints in body. - Most mobile joints. - Have articular surfaces on bone with hyaline cartilage, completely enclosed joint capsule formed from ligamentous connective tissue, Synovial fluid within capsule lubricates joint. - Some have meniscus or articular disc (e.g., knee, jaw joint). ### **Functions of synovial fluid** - **Lubrication:** With articular cartilage compression, synovial fluid is squeezed out and reduces friction between moving surfaces. - **Synovial fluid distribution:** Provide nutrients and oxygen, as well as waste disposal for the chondrocytes of articular cartilages and compression and re-expansion of articular cartilages pump synovial fluid in and out of cartilage matrix. - **Synovial fluid absorption:** Distributes compression forces across articular surfaces and outward to joint capsule. ## **Types of Synovial Joints** 1. Plane or gliding 2. Saddle 3. Hinge 4. Pivot 5. Ball-and-socket 6. Ellipsoid ## **Ligaments** - Strengthen, and reinforce joint. - Separate from joint capsule. - May pass inside (intracapsular) or outside (extracapsular) the joint capsule. - Intracapsular example: cruciate ligaments. - Extracapsular example: patellar ligament. # **Skeletal System ** - **14 facial bones:** - Nasal (2) - Lacrimal (2) - Inferior nasal concha (2) - Maxilla (2) - Mandible (1) - Palatine (2) - Zygomatic (2) - Vomer (1) - **8 cranial bones:** - Frontal (1) - Sphenoid (1) - Ethmoid (1) - Parietal (2) - Temporal (2) - Occipital (1) ### **Fig. 3-1 Skull (Front and side views)** # **Vertebral Column (Front and side views)** - **Fig. 3-2** - **Cervical:** 7 Cervical vertebrae - **Thoracic:** 12 Thoracic vertebrae - **Lumbar:** 5 Lumbar vertebrae - **Sacrum** - **Coccyx** # **Thoracic Cage** - **Fig. 3-3** - Ribs - Costal Cartilage - Sternum # **Shoulder Girdle** - **Fig. 3-4** - **Clavicle** - **Scapula** # **Hip Girdle** - **Fig. 3-5** - **Ilium** - **Pubic Bone** - **Ishium** # **Upper and Lower Limbs** - **Fig. 3-6** - **Humerus** - **Ulna** - **Radius** - **Carpals (8)** - **Metacarpals (5)** - **Phalanges (14)** - **Femur** - **Patella** - **Tibia** - **Fibula** - **Tarsals (7)** - **Metatarsals (5)** - **Phalanges (14)**