‎⁨ترتيب ملزمة 1 مترجم⁩.pdf

Mohammed Deyaa ‫ حسين أحمد‬: ‫إعداد الطالب‬ ‫ أنسجة‬1 ‫ ملزمة‬: ‫ترتيب‬...

Mohammed Deyaa ‫ حسين أحمد‬: ‫إعداد الطالب‬ ‫ أنسجة‬1 ‫ ملزمة‬: ‫ترتيب‬ Circulatory system.‫ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﻘﻞ ﯾﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺪم واﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ وإﻟﻰ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬:‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬ The circulatory system : a transport system that carries blood and lymph to and from the tissues of the body. ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ The constitutive elements of these fluids include cells 1. nutrients ‫ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ‬.1 2. waste products ‫ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت‬.2 3. hormones ‫ اﻟﮭﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت‬.3 4. antibodies..‫ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة‬.4.‫ﯾﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ واﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. HEART.‫ ﯾﻘﻊ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﺺ واﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻔﻘﺮي واﻟﺤﺠﺎب اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ واﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‬.1 1. The heart lies in the middle of the space enclosed between the sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm, and lungs..‫ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي أﯾﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺪاﯾﺎت وﻧﮭﺎﯾﺎت اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ وﺗﻐﺎدره‬،‫ اﻟﺘﺎﻣﻮر‬،‫ ﯾﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﮫ ﻛﯿﺲ ﻟﯿﻔﻲ ﺻﻌﺐ‬.2 2. It is surrounded by a tough fibrous sac, the pericardium, which also contains the beginnings and ends of the great vessels entering and leaving the heart..‫ ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺑﻘﻮة ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﺎب اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ واﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﺼﺪري‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺎﻣﻮر‬.3 3. Through the pericardium, the heart is strongly attached to the diaphragm and neighboring organs that lie in the thoracic cavity..‫ اﻷذﯾﻨﯿﻦ اﻷﯾﻤﻦ واﻷﯾﺴﺮ واﻟﺒﻄﯿﻨﯿﻦ اﻷﯾﻤﻦ واﻷﯾﺴﺮ‬- ‫ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻊ ﻏﺮف‬.4 4. The heart contains four chambers—the right and left atria and right and left ventricles. :‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﺟﺪار اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث طﺒﻘﺎت‬ The wall of the heart is composed of three layers: 1. Epicardium:.‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ Location: Outermost layer of the heart wall..‫ طﺒﻘﺔ رﻗﯿﻘﺔ وﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﯿﺞ ﺿﺎم ﻣﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﮭﺎرة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ Composition: Thin, transparent layer consisting of connective tissue covered with mesothelium..‫ ﯾﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ وﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺸﺤﯿﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﺔ داﺧﻞ ﻛﯿﺲ اﻟﺘﺎﻣﻮر‬:‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬ Function: Protects the heart and produces a lubricating fluid for smooth movement within the pericardial sac.  2. Myocardium:.‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ واﻷﺳﻤﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ Location: Middle and thickest layer of the heart wall..‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ )ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ( ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﯿﺎف‬:‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ Composition: Made up of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) arranged in a complex network of fibers..‫ ﯾﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻐﺬﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬.‫ وﺿﺦ اﻟﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬:‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬ Function: Responsible for the contraction of the heart, pumping blood throughout the body. Receives oxygen and nutrients from coronary arteries. 3. Endocardium:.‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ Location: Innermost layer of the heart wall..‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ داﺧﻞ ﻏﺮف اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎت‬:‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ Composition: Consists of endothelial cells forming a smooth lining inside the heart chambers and valves..‫ وﺗﻨﻈﻢ وظﯿﻔﺔ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬،‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺪم ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬:‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬ Function: Reduces friction as blood flows through the heart, regulates cardiac muscle function..‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﺘﻮﻧﯿﻜﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺎ‬:‫اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ‬ Arteries : Traditionally, arteries are classified into three types on the basis of size and the characteristics of the tunica media..‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻷورطﻲ واﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﮭﺎزﯾﺔ واﻟﺮﺋﻮﯾﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة أو اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬-1 1-Large arteries or elastic arteries : such as the aorta and pulmonary arteries convey blood from the heart to the systemic and pulmonary circulations, respectively..‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ ﻷن ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﯿﺰات وﺳﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬.‫ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰھﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎد ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ أو اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﯿﺔ‬-2 2- Medium arteries or muscular arteries : cannot be sharply distinguished from elastic arteries. Some of these arteries are difficult to classify because they have features that are intermediate between the two types. ‫ وﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ طﺒﻘﺔ واﺣﺪة أو طﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‬.‫ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻌﺪد طﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ وﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﺘﻮﻧﯿﻜﺎ‬:‫ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة واﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ‬-3.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ طﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ وﺳﺎﺋﻄﮭﺎ‬ 3- Small arteries are and arterioles : distinguished from one another by the number of smooth muscle layers in the tunica media. Arterioles have only one or two layers, and small arteries may have as many as eight layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media..‫ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻷوردة إﻟﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬،‫ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺎ‬.‫ ﺳﺘﺮات اﻷوردة ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﻤﯿﺰة أو ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺟﯿﺪا ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺘﺮات اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ‬:‫اﻷوردة‬ Veins :The tunics of veins are not as distinct or well defined as the tunics of arteries. Traditionally, veins are divided into four types on the basis of size..‫ ﻣﻢ‬0.1 ‫ ﯾﺘﻠﻘﻮن اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﯿﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ‬.‫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻔﮭﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ أﯾﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ أوردة ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺸﻌﯿﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬:‫ اﻷوردة‬-1 1- Venules : are further subclassified as postcapillary and muscular venules. They receive blood from capillaries and have a diameter as small as 0.1 mm..‫ ﻣﻢ وھﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻣﻊ اﻷوردة اﻟﻌﻀﻠﯿﺔ‬1 ‫ ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬:‫ اﻷوردة اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬-2 2- Small veins : are less than 1 mm in diameter and are continuous with muscular venules..‫ ﻣﻢ‬10 ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬:‫ اﻷوردة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬- 3- Medium veins : they usually are accompanied by arteries and have a diameter of as much as 10 mm. 1.‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ھﺬه اﻷوردة اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻷﺟﻮف اﻟﻌﻠﻮي واﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ واﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺑﻲ اﻟﻜﺒﺪي‬.‫ ﻣﻢ‬10 ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬:‫ اﻷوردة اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة‬-4 4- Large veins : usually have a diameter greater than 10 mm. Examples of such veins include the superior and inferior vena cava and hepatic portal vein. Capillaries.‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﺮات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬،‫ ھﻲ أﺻﻐﺮ أوﻋﯿﺔ دﻣﻮﯾﺔ ﻗﻄﺮا‬:‫اﻟﺸﻌﯿﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬ Capillaries : are the smallest diameter blood vessels, often smaller than the diameter of an erythrocyte. ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﯿﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎزات وﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت وﻧﻔﺎﯾﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻋﺒﺮ ﺟﺪراﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬ Function : Capillaries form blood vascular networks that allow fluids containing gases, metabolites, and waste products to move through their thin walls they are classified into three different types:.(‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ )ﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬-1 1-continuous (characterized by uninterrupted vascular endothelium)..(‫ ﻣﺤﺎط )ﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺸﻌﺮي واﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬-2 2- fenestrated (characterized by numerous openings in the capillary wall and by the continuous basal lamina)..(‫ واﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﻔﺠﻮات ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬،‫ اﻟﺸﻌﯿﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ أو اﻟﺠﯿﺒﯿﺔ )أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺘﺤﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬-3 3- discontinuous or sinusoidal capillaries (larger in diameter with large openings, intercellular gaps, and a discontinuous basal lamina). Blood.‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ وﻣﻜﻮن ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬.‫ ھﻮ ﻧﺴﯿﺞ ﺿﺎم ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﺪور ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺪم‬ Blood : is a fluid connective tissue that circulates through the cardiovascular system. Like the other connective tissues, blood consists of cells and an extracellular component..‫ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ وزن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬٪8 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬٪7 ‫ ﻟﺘﺮات أو‬6 ‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﯿﻦ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ Total blood volume on average adult is about 6 L or 7% to 8% of total body weight..‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ وﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬ Blood consists of cells and their derivatives and a proteinrich fluid called plasma. ‫مهم مهم مهم‬ Blood cells and their derivatives include: ‫(؛‬RBCs) ‫ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ أﯾﻀﺎ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬،‫ ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬.1 1. erythrocytes, also called red blood cells (RBCs); ‫(؛ و‬WBCs) ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أﯾﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬،‫ ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬.2 2. leukocytes, also known as white blood cells (WBCs); and 3. thrombocytes , also termed platelets. Plasm a is the liquid extracellular material that imparts fluid properties to blood..‫ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ أ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻔﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪم‬.‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﯿﺔ‬.3 The relative volume of cells and Plasma in whole blood is approximately 45% and 55%, respectively..‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‬٪55‫ و‬٪45 ‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﯾﺎ واﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ 2 PLASMA ‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت واﻟﻐﺎزات‬،‫ واﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻮزن ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺎء‬٪90 ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ أ ھﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﺒﻮم واﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﯿﻮﻟﯿﻦ واﻟﻔﯿﺒﺮﯾﻨﻮﺟﯿﻦ‬.‫اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ واﻟﺸﻮارد واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻐﺬﯾﺔ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ وﻣﻮاد اﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت‬ The Composition of plasm a is More than 90% of plasma by weight is water, which serves as the Solvent for a variety of solutions, including proteins, dissolved gases, electrolytes, nutrients, regulatory substances, and waste materials. Plasma proteins consist mainly of album in, globulins, and fibrinogen. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): 1. Structure:.‫أﻗﺮاص ﻣﻘﻌﺮة ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﻒ‬ - Anucleate, biconcave discs. - Devoid of typical organelles..‫ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﯿﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﯿﺔ‬-.‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺼﺮي داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم‬ 2. Function:.‫ رﺑﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻠﮫ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ وﺗﺒﺎدل ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻹزاﻟﺘﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ Function exclusively within the bloodstream. Bind oxygen for delivery to the tissues and exchange carbon dioxide for removal from the tissues. 3. Lifespan:.‫ ﯾﻮﻣﺎ‬120 ‫ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ Approximately 120 days..‫ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ ﯾﻮﻣﯿﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺸﯿﺨﻮﺧﺔ‬٪1 ‫ ﺗﺘﻢ إزاﻟﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ About 1% of erythrocytes are removed from circulation daily due to senescence. 4. Renewal:.‫ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة‬ Bone marrow continuously produces new erythrocytes to replace those lost. 5. Clearance:.‫ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﻠﻌﻤﮭﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﻼﻋﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺤﺎل وﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬٪90 ‫ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬ Approximately 90% of aged erythrocytes are phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver..‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم‬،‫( داﺧﻞ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬٪10 ~) ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﯿﺔ‬ The remaining aged erythrocytes (~10%) break down intravascularly, releasing insignificant amounts of hemoglobin into the blood. 3  Leukocytes (White Blood Cells - WBCs): 1. Classification:.‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﺾ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﯿﻦ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮد أو ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬ Leukocytes are divided into two main groups based on the presence or absence of specific granules in the cytoplasm..‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻻت واﻟﺤﻤﻀﺎت واﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﯾﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت‬ Cells containing specific granules are classified as Granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils..‫ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ واﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻷﺣﺎدﯾﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺣﺒﯿﺒﯿﺔ‬ Cells lacking specific granules are classified as Agranulocytes, comprising lymphocytes and monocytes..‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﺨﺎت اﻟﺪم وﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬xm] 12 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬10 ‫ ﺗﻘﯿﺲ اﻟﻌﺪﻻت ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ھﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺮات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء ﻋﺪدا وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﻛﺜﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺒﺒﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﻌﺪﻻت‬-1 ‫ ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻻت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ‬،‫ إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻮاﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻔﺼﻮص؛ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻌﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺗﻠﻄﯿﺦ ﺳﯿﺘﻮﺑﻼزﻣﻲ ﻣﻤﯿﺰ‬ 1- Neutrophils : are the most numerous WBCs as well as the most com m on granulocytes. Neutrophils measure 10 to 12 [xm in diameter in blood smears and are obviously larger than erythrocytes. Although named for their lack of characteristic cytoplasmic staining, They are also readily identified by their multilobal nucleus; Thus, they are also called polymorphonuclear neutrophils ‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﻦ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﺎت ﻣﺘﺎﺧﻤﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﻼف‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻻت‬.bilobe ‫ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﻮاةھﺎ‬،‫ ھﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﻻت‬:‫ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﺎت‬-2.‫ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬Euchromatin ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﯾﻘﻊ‬،‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ 2- Eosinophils : are about the same size as neutrophils, and their Nuclei are typically bilobed. As in neutrophils, the compact heterochromatin of eosinophils is chiefly adjacent to the nuclear envelope, whereas the Euchromatin is located in the center of the nucleus. 3- Basophils: ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﯾﺔ ھﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮات ﻓﻲ‬.‫ھﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﻻت وﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻷن اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ وﺻﻤﺔ ﻋﺎر اﻟﺴﯿﺘﻮﺑﻼزم ﻣﻊ اﻷﺻﺒﺎغ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬٪0.5 ‫ وھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬. 3- Basophils : are about the same size as neutrophils and are so named because the numerous large granules in their cytoplasm Stain with basic dyes. Basophils are the least number of times o f the WBCs, accounting for less than 0.5% of total leukocytes..‫ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬٪30 ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺒﺒﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﯿﻮﻋﺎ وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ ھﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوي أو اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬:‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬-4 4- Lymphocytes : are the main functional cells of the lymphatic or immune system. Lymphocytes are the most common agranulocytes and accounts for about 30% of the total blood leukocytes..‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻷﺣﺎدﯾﺔ ھﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم‬.‫ ھﻲ اﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﯾﺎ أو اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﻲ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻮاة‬:‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻷﺣﺎدﯾﺔ‬-5 5- Monocytes : are the precursors o f the cells o f the mononuclear phagocytic system. Monocytes are the largest of the WBCs in a blood. Thrombocytes ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﯿﺔ )اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ( ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺨﺜﯿﻤﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﺷﻘﻮق ﺳﯿﺘﻮﺑﻼزﻣﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺼﺒﻐﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة )ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻧﻮٮﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت( ﻓﻲ ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻣﯿﺠﺎﻛﺎرﯾﻮ‬ Thrombocytes are small, membrane-bound, anucleate Cytoplasmic fragm ents derived from megakaryocytes. Thrombocytes (platelets) are derived from large polyploid cells (cells whose nuclei contain multiple sets of chromosomes) in the bone marrow called megakaryo cells 4