Tropical Design PDF

Rake’s Own Reviewer TROPICAL DESIGN “The purpose of a building is to perform a function” Humidity - Salvadori - Refers to the moisture content of the “To understand architecture, we must understand its atmosphere environment”...

Rake’s Own Reviewer TROPICAL DESIGN “The purpose of a building is to perform a function” Humidity - Salvadori - Refers to the moisture content of the “To understand architecture, we must understand its atmosphere environment” - Philippines is high relative humidity - Zialicita - Average humidity Climate o 71% in march - a region with certain temperature, dryness, o 75 % September wind, light etc. - Uncomfortable during March – May - Integration in time of the atmospheric (Maalinsangan) environment of the certain geographical location. Rainfall - Most important climate element in the Four types of climate: Philippines Hot-Humid –tropical - Mean annual rainfall from 965 to 4,065 Hot Arid – dessert - Receive highest rainfall- Baguio, Samar and Temperate- four seasons Surigao Cold – North and South Pole - Receive lowest rainfall –Cotabato - Annual rainfall in General Santos in Cotabato – Climatic Element to be considered in the design 978 mm 1. Sunlight 2. Air temperature Climate in the country 3. Atmospheric Humidity Rainy season – June to November 4. Rainfall Dry Season- December- May 5. Wind o Cool dry season – December to February Climate in the Philippines o Hot dry season – March to May - Climate in the Philippines is tropical and maritime (no change) Prevailing winds in the Philippines - High temperature Northeast Monsoon – Amihan from Polar - high humidity - October to late March - abundant rainfall Southwest Monsoon- Habagat from Ocean - July to September Temperature - Mean annual temperature – 26.6°C – Typhoons - mean temperature between 20°C to 30°C - Typhoons in the Philippines from Marianas and - Mean annual temperature in Baguio 18.3°C Caroline islands of pacific Ocean - Coolest month- January – 25.5°C - Tropical cyclones 19-20 - Warmest month – May – 28.3°C - Annual intensity distribution in (PAR) Philippine - Diurnal temperature between 2-5 degrees only Area of Responsibility - Diurnal Temperature – highest and lowest o 4 tropical depression temperature o 5-6 tropical storms o 10 typhoons HELP YOURSELF-TRUST GOD-SOAR HIGH- BE AN ARCHITECT! Page 1  Rake’s Own Reviewer TROPICAL DESIGN Problems in tropical Climates 5. Integrated Lighting Control System- allows - High temperature level (heat) programming of building lights to conserve - High humidity level on energy consumption - Slow wind velocity 6. Carbon Monoxide Monitoring- Operates - High precipitation levels during rainy days fan to flush out carbon monoxide when - High incidence of typhoons levels exceed 15ppm - Abundance of insects and rodents 7. Integrated Building Management System (BMS) – monitors and control the Design objectives in tropical Climates mechanical and electrical equipment - Minimize heat gain 8. Variable Air Volume (VAV) terminal units - Maximize ventilation of the Air-Conditioning and mechanical - Minimize humidity ventilation (ACMV) – optimized the volume - Have good drainage systems to accommodate of air supplied to each space high annual precipitation 9. Pressure sensors on Escalators- detects - Protects spaces from insects and rodents pressure and operates escalators only when someone uses them SOLUTION 1. Passive System Passive Cooling 2. Active System 1. Using building orientation 3. Mixed-Mode system - West-east- hottest side Combining mechanical cooling system with o Facing the longest side of building passive wind and natural ventilation system 2. Site layout elements o time of day Passive Design o vegetation and soil types - Low energy design o Man- made structures - Design with no mechanical used to induce o Topography comfort condition in building interior o Proximity to the bodies of water - Example: proper orientation and sun shadings 3. Façade design Active System o Double glaze façade – two panel of - System achieved by through electro- glass installed parallel to each other mechanical means with an air space in between; must be - Examples: 250- 300 mm gap 1. Daylight sensor- regulates artificial light o Dynamic louvers – externally or depending on the amount of m=natural internally, manual or power assisted light entering the building 4. Glass technology 2. Automatic blinds- protects interior spaces o Low-e glazing – maximize light, less automatically from the afternoon sun heat; with special coatings to reduce 3. Rain sensor- automatically deactivate heat transfer; invisible metal oxide and irrigational system of the garden to save semiconductor films; cost 10-50% more water consumption but 30-50% less heat 4. Motion detectors- switch off lights when no movement to reduce light consumption HELP YOURSELF-TRUST GOD-SOAR HIGH- BE AN ARCHITECT! Page 2  Rake’s Own Reviewer TROPICAL DESIGN o Spectrally Selective Coatings – filters 5. Rigid board insulation- a pre-formed non out 40-70% of the heat; Reduce space structural insulating board cooling requirements by 40% 6. Styrofoam roofmate o Smart Glass – maximize the usage of 7. Foamed in place visible light spectrum 8. Reflective insulation  Photochromic – change the 9. Insulated concrete color of the surface when 10. EPS Insulated sunlight heat the surface example: sunglass U-Value – is the amount of heat a building section or  Thermochromic – Changes its material is able to transmit in a given period of time change when reach the - Units: watts/sq.m°C Btu/hr-sq ft°F prescribed temperature - Example: aluminum and steel  Electrochromic – change to Heat Storage Value (HSV)- the ability to stored heat electricity; regulated by DC Time Lag- The time takes the material to release the o Holographic Optical elements (HOE) – heat using a lazer to score a panel; change direct sun light more acceptable to Hot-humid climates should have: differ interior space - Reflective surface(low absorption) o Microprism – only allow diffuse light to - Light weight material (low heat capacity) get through - Insulated (low U-value) o Photovoltaics- metal oxides; PV cells, - Maximum time lag of 3hours photon from the light are absorbed - Roof and ceiling should have cavity causing electron to freed - Reflective surface with cavity- reduce heat gain Thermal Insulation- a material providing high resistance Basic in Solar Control in tropical Climates to heat flow - East-west facing sides receive the most amount of heat Types of Insulation - West facing sides- hit the afternoon sun 1. Surface insulation- used- on or over surfaces - Sun rise- east; flank on south and set on west such as roof insulation - Full height glazing- north facing- receive less 2. Internal insulation – used in between gaps for amount of heat structural members such as insulation blankets - Horizontal sun shading – North-south 3. Air spaces- formed between structural - Vertical sun shading- East-West components - If the façade do not face axis- should provide both vertical and horizontal sunshading Different form of insulation - Egg- create or brise-soleil – combination of 1. Blankets and batts- insulation often used in horizontal and vertical sun shading between floor joists, wall studs and rafters 2. Board and slabs- such as polystyrene slabs and Solar Path Diagram board insulation - A graphical depiction of the path of the sun 3. Loose fill- poured inside cavities 4. Rolls and sheets- often use in reflective surface HELP YOURSELF-TRUST GOD-SOAR HIGH- BE AN ARCHITECT! Page 3  Rake’s Own Reviewer TROPICAL DESIGN Altitude - Sun scoops- capture daylights using giant - angular elevation of celestial body above the mirrors outside the building and reflect into horizon interior space Azimuth - Dynamic shutters – don’t put on the north- to - angular of celestial body between vertical plane control the lens diaphragm in the camera lenses Summer solstice- June 21 - Horizontal light pipe- like vertical light pipe for - when the sun reach its northernmost point deep plan of spaces like office building- using - beginning of summer clear glazing/ laser cut acrylic panels Winter Solstice – December 21 - when the sun reach its southernmost point Passive cooling by vertical Landscaping and roof - beginning of winter garden Equinox - Is the application of vegetation and around the - Either the two time during the year when the façade of the building like “skycourts” time crosses the plane - March 21- spring equinox Passive cooling by wind and natural ventilation - September 21- Autumn equinox Wind - Is the powerful force of nature brought about Sunshading Devices by the interaction of solar radiation Horizontal - segmental - Canopies Basic Ventilation Concepts - Louver Windward side - Detachable awning - The side of the obstacles where the wind strike - Combination - Positive pressure - Vertical panel horizontal shade Leeward side Vertical- radial - The air molecules dispersed creating a negative - vertical fins or low pressure - vertical fins oblique to walls - Negative pressure - movable fins Stack or Chimney effect Eggcrate types – superimposed - Hot air and gas – rise up - Movement of air is very weak and effective only Passive daylighting system and exhausting within a space 1. top lighting Cross ventilation - skylight - Is the movement of the air from positive to - vertical light pipe – use in area in buildings negative pressure unable to receive adequate illumination such as - With inlet and outlet basements - Solar light pipe – with rooftop heliostat- use to Wind movement concepts track the sun and reflect sunlight into light pipe Wind gradient 2. Side lighting- depends on width and length of - Variation of wind speed opening HELP YOURSELF-TRUST GOD-SOAR HIGH- BE AN ARCHITECT! Page 4  Rake’s Own Reviewer TROPICAL DESIGN Old concepts renewed - Volada- space within the walls serve as gallery Stone age period or double façade concept - Tent settlement are made from animal skins to - Calado- cross ventilation between the room by provide insulating coating for the tent able to providing lattice opening above the interior keep out heat from solar radiation during warm - Aljibe- duct that collect water rain from the season and kept air during cold weather roof - Wind scoop – shaft to funnel wind into building - Rodrigo Perez- describe bahay na bato as the interior most efficient response to sun and rain Malqaf- Egyptian Badger – Persian Definition of terms: Air-change The replacement of the volume of Bahay kubo air contained within the room with - Designed as an adaptation to its tropical an equivalent volume of fresh air within a given period of time environment Air-changes per Used to specify ventilation - Elevated on stilts as an adaptation to damp hour standards ground about y the seasonal monsoon in the Altitude The angular elevation of celestial Philippines body above the horizon - The roof has high pitch roof so that the rain Attic ventilator A wind motor-driven fan for water can clearly drain assisting the natural flow through - Awning type serve as sun shading an attic space - The high pitched roof create a large air space Brise-soleil A screen, usually lover, placed outside the windows from direct serving n insulation between roof and living sunlight; combination of horizontal area and vertical sun shading - Roof provide wide overhang Chimney effect The tendency of air or gas in a shaft - The walls are made of nipa – low U value or other vertical space to rise when allowing heat to released immediately heated,creating a draft that draws - Flexible framing system, allow to sway during in cooler air or gas from below earthquake attack Conduction The transfer of heat from warmer to cooler particles of two bodies in - Bamboo flooring with gaps allows air to breeze direct contact upward into the living space Convection Transfer of heat to circular motion of the heated parts of liquid or gas Bahay na Bato Vent Opening serving as an outlet to air, - Living platform is elevated from the ground. smoke or the like Bahay na bato has a very heavy stone walled Comfort zone Also called comfort envelope; the ground floor acting as a base. range of dry-bulb temperature, - Roof has high pitch so that rain can drain relative humidity, mean radiant temperature and air movement quickly judge to be comfortable - Wide eaves (alero) Cross ventilation The circulation of fresh air through - Window is wide- measuring 1.80M high and open windows, doors and other 5.40 wide opening on opposite side of the - Ventanillas- additional window sill extending room down to the floor Equinox Either of the two times during the HELP YOURSELF-TRUST GOD-SOAR HIGH- BE AN ARCHITECT! Page 5  Rake’s Own Reviewer TROPICAL DESIGN year when the sun crosses the celestial sphere plane Ventilate To provide a room with fresh air to March 21 Verbal or Spring equinox replace air that has been used or September 21 Autumn equinox contaminated Latitude Angular distance north and south Ventilator For replacing stagnant air with Longitude Angular distance of east west fresh air Meridian Great circle passing through north Coriolis force Rotation of earth deflects the air and south pole Land breeze Wind from land directed to sea Natural Ventilating a space by natural Night time cooling ventilation movement of air rather than Sea breeze Wind from sea directed to land mechanical means Day time heating Radiation The process which energy is Celestial sphere Earth is static permitted in one body in a formed 14.5°C Manila latitude of waves BIO climatic Ratio of humidity and temperature Shutter blind Manually or electrically controlled chart exterior venetian blind for protecting a building from solar Window width / wall width = 50% to increase indoor air Solar energy Energy derived from sun in the form space of solar radiation Window height – 1.10m for effective indoor air Solar orientation Placing of building in the path of movement sun Shutter panel Louvered awning the metal fins of which are angled to shade a window and protect from sun Solar path A graphic depiction of the path of diagram the sun Solar screen Panel of miniature external louver for shading Summer solstice June 21, when the sun reaches its northernmost point in celestial sphere Sun control Any of various exterior device for regulating amount of solar heat and sunlight that enters the window Sun shade Any various device consisting of fix horizontal and vertical fins to shield a window from direct sunlight Thermal comfort Human comfort as determined by the ability of the body to dissipate the heat and moisture it produces by metabolic action Whole-house A motor-driven fan for pulling stale ventilator air from the living areas of a house and exhausting it through attic vents Winter solstice December 21, when the sun reaches its southernmost point in HELP YOURSELF-TRUST GOD-SOAR HIGH- BE AN ARCHITECT! 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