Transportation Reviewer2 PDF

TRAVEL AND DEMAND MODELING 5.1 OVERVIEW 15. __________ is the study of the behavior of individuals in making decisions regarding the 1. __________The most important aspect of provisio...

TRAVEL AND DEMAND MODELING 5.1 OVERVIEW 15. __________ is the study of the behavior of individuals in making decisions regarding the 1. __________The most important aspect of provisions and use of transport. transportation planning. 16. Therefore, unlike other engineering models, 5.2 TRANSPORT MODELING transport modeling tools have evolved from many deciplines like __________, __________, 2. __________Is an important part of any large scale __________, __________, and __________. decision making processes in any system. 5.3 TRANSPORT AND DEMAND SUPPLY 3. There are __________ of factors that affect the performance of the system. 17. The concept of __________ and __________ are fundamental to economic theory and is widely applied 4. It is not possible for the __________ to keep track in the field to transport economics. of all the player in system and their __________ and __________. 18. In the area of __________ and the associated supply of transport infrastructure, the notions of 5. Therefore we resort to __________ which are some demand and supply could be applied. simplified, at the same time complex enough to reproduce key relationships of the reality. 19. However, we must be aware of the fact that the transport demand is a __________, and not a need in 6. Modeling could be either __________, __________, itself. or __________. 20. That is, people travel not for the sake of travel, but 7. In physical model one would make __________ of to __________ in ___________ in __________. the reality. 21. 8. __________ used in wind tunnels is an example of __________. 9. In symbol model, with the complex relations could be represented with the help of __________. 10. __________ of vehicle movement is a good example of __________. 11. __________ is the most common type When with the help of __________, __________, and __________one could represent highly complex relations. 12. Newtown's equation of motion or Einstein's equation __________ can be considered as example of 22. The concept of equilibrium is central to the mathematical model. __________. 13. No __________ is a perfect representation of 23. It is a normal practice to plot the __________, and reality. __________ as a function of cost and the intersection is then plotted in the equilibrium point. 14. The important objective is that models seek to isolate key relationships, and not to replicate the __________. 24. The demand of travel __________ is a function of cost __________ is easy to conceive. Database 25. The classical approach defines the __________ as Future Network Base−year giving the quantity T which could be produced, given planning data, zones data data a market price C. 26. Since transport demand is a __________ and the benefit of transportation on the non-monetary terms Trip generation ( Time in particular), the __________ takes the form in which C is the unit cost associated with meeting a Trip distribution demand T. Modal split 27. Thus, the supply function __________ of the transport system to a given level of demand. Trip assignment 28. In other words, supply function will answer the questions what will be the level of service of the Output link system, if the estimateD demand loaded to the flows, trip matrix __________. 35. The classic model is presented as a sequence of 29. The most common supply function is the four sub models: __________ which relates the __________and __________. Database Future 5.4 TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING Network Base−year planning data, zones data data 30. __________aims to establish the spatial distribution of travel explicitly by means of an appropriate system of zones. 31. Modeling of demand thus implies a procedure for predicting what travel decisions people would like to make given the __________of each alternatives. 32. The base decisions include the choice of __________the choice of the mode, and the choice of the route 33. Although various modeling approaches are adopted, we will discuss only the __________popularly known as __________. 36. The models starts with defining the study area and 34. The general form of the four stage model is given dividing them into a number of zones and considering in Figure 5:2. all the __________. 37. The database also include the__________ levels of__________ economic activity like employment, __________, __________, and __________of each zone. 38. Then the__________ is evolved which uses the 51. The purpose of the network is usually__________ above data to estimate the total number of trips which could be converted to__________ generated and attracted by each zone. 52. Although not practiced ideally, one could feed this 39. The next step is the allocation of these trips from back into the higher levels to achieve real__________ each zone to various other destination zones in the study area using __________. 5.5 SUMMARY 40. The output of the above model is a__________ 53. __________ aims at explaining where the trips which denote the trips from each zone to every other come from and where they go,and what modes and zones. which routes are used. 41. In the succeeding step the trips are allocated to 54. It provides a__________ of the trips followed different modes based on the modal attributes using by__________, __________ based on the choice of the __________. the travelers and finally assigns the trips to the network. 42. This is essentially slicing the trip matrix for 5.6 PROBLEMS various modes generated to a__________. 1. Link travel time function relates travel time and 43. Finally, each trip matrix is assigned to (a) link volume the__________ of that particular mode using (b) link cost the__________ (c) level of service 44. The step will give the loading on each__________ (d) none of the above 45. The step will give the loading on each__________ namely how many trips are generated, where they are 2. What is the first stage of four-stage travel demand modeling? going, on what mode they are going, and finally which route they are adopting. (a) Trip generation 46. The current approach is to model these decisions (b) Trip distribution using__________ which allows the lower level (c) Modal split (d) Traffic assignment choices to be made conditional on higher choices. T ∗∗∗ Data (C ∗∗∗) 47. The highest level to find all the trips Ti originating from a zone is calculated based on the data p| Cj T ∗∗ and__________ T ∗ p | C ∗ 48. Next, the mode choice model compute the__________ of choosing mode m based on T p| C the__________ from zone i to zone j, by mode m is determined. Supply model 49. Similarly, the route choice gives__________ from network performance zone i to zone j by mode m through route r can be computed. Figure 5:3: Demand supply equilibrium 50. Finally the travel demand is loaded to 5.7 SOLUTIONS the__________ as stated earlier, will produce a performance level. 1. Link travel time function relates travel time and (a) link volume√  (b) link cost 16. ECONOMICS, PYSCHOLOGY, (c) level of service GEOGRAPHY, SOCIOLOGY, STATISTICS (d) none of the above 17. DEMAND, SUPPLY 2. What is the first stage of four-stage travel 18. TRAVEL DEMAND demand modeling? 19. DERIVED DEMAND (a) Trip distribution (b) Trip generation 20. PRACTICE, ACTIVITIES, DIFFERENT (c) (c) Modal split LOCATIONS (d) Traffic assignment 21. COST, VOLUME, SUPPLY, DEMAND, EQUILIBRIUM ANSWERS KEY: 22. SUPPLY DEMAND ANALYSIS 1. TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING 23. SUPPLY, DEMAND CURVE 2. MODELING 24. T AND C 3. LARGE NUMBER 25. SUPPLY FUNCTION 4. HUMAN BRAIN, INTERACTIONS, INTERRELATIONSHIPS 26. DERIVED DEMAND, SUPPLY FUNCTION 5. MODEL 27. ENCAPSULATES RESPONSE 6. PHYSICAL, SYMBOLIC, OR 28. SYSTEM MATHEMATICAL 29. LINK TRAVEL TIME, LINK VOLUME, 7. PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION TRAVEL TIME 8. MODEL AIRCRAFTS, PHYSICAL MODELS 30. TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING 9. SYMBOLS 31. GENERALIZED TRAVEL COST 10. DRAWING TIME SPACED-DIAGRAM, 32. DESTINATION SYMBOLIC MODELS 33. CLASSICAL TRANSPORT MODEL, FOUR 11. MATHEMATICAL MODEL, VARIABLES, STAGE MODEL (FSM) PARAMETERS, EQUATIONS 34. NONE 12. E = mc2 35. TRIP GENERATION, TRIP DESTINATION, 13. MODEL MODAL SPLIT TRIP ASSIGNMENT 14. ENTIRE STRUCTURE 36. TRANSPORT NETWORK IN THE SYSTEM 15. TRANSPORT MODELING 37. CURRENT (BASE YEAR) LEVELS OF POPULATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY,  SHOPPING SPACE, EDUCATIONAL, AND CHAPTER 6 LEISURE FACILITIES DATA COLLECTION 38. TRIP GENERATION MODEL 6.1 OVERVIEW 39. TRIP DISTRIBUTION MODEL 1. The __________ an important tool for forecasting future demand and performance of a transportation 40. TRIP MATRIX system, was developed for evaluating large-scale infrastructure projects. 41. MODAL SPLIT MODELS 2. Therefore, the __________ is less suitable for the 42. MODE SPECIFIC TRIP MATRIX management and control of existing software. 43. ROUTE NETWORK, TROP ASSIGNMENT 3. __________ are applied to large systems, they MODELS require information about travelers of the area influenced by the system. 44. LINK OF THE NETWORK 6.2 SURVEY DESIGN 45. ANSWERING A SERIES OF QUESTIONS 4. Designing the data collection survey for the (DECISIONS) transportation projects is not easy. It requires __________, __________, and a __________ of the 46. DISCRETE CHOICE THEORY study area. 47. AGGREGATE COST TERM 6.2.1 INFORMATION NEEDED 48. PROBABILITY, TRAVEL COST 5. __________ Information regarding the socio- economic characteristics of the study area. Important 49. TRIPS ones include income, vehicle ownership, family size, etc. This information is essential in building trip 50. SUPPLY MODEL generation and modal split models. 51. MEASURED IN TRAVEL TIME 6. __________ Origin-destination travel survey at 52. EQUILIBRIUM OF THE SUPPLY AND households and traffic data from cordon lines and DEMAND screen lines (defined later). Former data include the number of trips made by each member of the 53. TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING household, the direction of travel, destination, the cost of the travel, etc. The latter include the traffic flow, 54. ZONE WISE ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTION speed, and travel time measurements. These data will OF THE TRIPS, SPLIT THE TRIPS MODE be used primarily for the calibration of the models, WISE especially the trip distribution models. 7. __________ This includes data on the housing density at residential zones, establishments at commercial and industrial zones. This data is especially useful for trip generation models. 8. __________ This includes data on the transport network and existing inventories. Transport network data includes road network, traffic signals, junctions etc. The service inventories include data on public and 21. Zones should have __________ especially in land private transport networks. These particulars are use, population etc. useful for the model calibration, especially for the 22. Zone boundaries should match __________ but assignment models. should not match major roads. 6.2.2 STUDY AREA 23. Zones should be as __________ in size as possible 9. The study area need not be confirmed by political so that the error in aggregation caused by the boundaries, but bounded by the area influenced by the assumption that all activities are concentrated at the __________ zone centroids is minimum. 10. The boundary of the study area is defined by what 6.2.4 NETWORK is called as __________ 24. Transport network consists of __________, 11. Interactions with the area outside the cordon are __________, __________, __________, __________, defined via __________ which effectively serve as doorways to trips, into, out of, and through the study 25. Road network is considered as __________ of area. __________, and __________ 12. Study area should be defined such that majority of 26. Each node and links have their own __________ trips have their __________ in the study area and should be bigger than the area-of-interest covering the 27. Road link is normally represented with attributes transportation project. like __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, __________ 6.2.3 ZONING 28. __________ are represented with attributes like 13. Once the study area is defined, it is then divided node number, starting nodes of all links joining the into a number of small units called __________ current node, type of intersection (uncontrolled, roundabout, signalized, etc.). 14. The zone with in the study area are called __________ 29. Similarly public transport network like bus transit network and rail network are represented, but with 15. Zones are modeled as if all their attributes and attributes relevant to them. These may include properties were concentrated in a single point called __________, __________, __________, __________ the __________ 30. This completes the inventory of __________ 16. The centroids are connected to the nearest road __________or __________ by __________ 6.3 HOUSEHOLD DATA 17. Both centroid and centroid connectors are notional 31. To understand the behavior and factors affecting and it is assumed that all people have same travel cost the travel, one has got the __________ of travel when from the __________ to the nearest transport facility the decision for travel is made. which is the average for a zone. 32. It is where people live as family which is the __________ 18. The intersection from outside world is normally represented through __________ 33. Therefore, __________ is considered to be the most basic and authentic information about the travel 19. The external zones are defined by the catchment area of the major __________ feeding to the study area. pattern of a city. 34. In addition this will cause difficulties in handling 20. Zones should match other administrative divisions, these large data in __________ particularly __________ 35. Therefore, same sample households are randomly 45. Trips are characterized on the basis of variables selected and survey is conducted to get the such as: __________, __________, __________, __________ __________, __________, __________ 36. Normally minimum of __________ samples are required for population less than 50,000. But for a 6.3.2 SURVEY ADMINISTRATION population more than one million require only 46. Once the questionnaire is ready, the next step is to __________ for the same accuracy. conduct the actual survey with the help of __________ 6.3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN 47. __________ The enumerator may use telephone to fix an appointment and then conduct detailed 37. The next step in the survey is the __________ telephonic interview. This is very popular in western 38. __________, is more of an art than a science. countries where phone penetration is very high. 39. The questionnaire should be __________, 48. __________ The enumerator drops the __________, should take __________, and should questionnaire to the respondent and asks them to fill cause __________ to the respondents. the details and mail them back with required information. Care should be taken to design the 40. __________ has three major sections; household questionnaire so that it is self explanatory. characteristics, personal characteristics, and trip details. 49. __________ In this method, the enumerator visits 41. __________ This section includes a set of the home of the respondent and asks the questions and questions designed to obtain socioeconomic fills up the questionnaire by himself. This is not a very information about the household. Relevant questions socially acceptable method in the developed countries, are: number of members in the house, no. of employed people, number of unemployed people, age and sex of as these are treated as intrusion to privacy. However, the members in the house etc., number of two-wheelers in many developed countries, especially with less in the house, number of cycles, number of cars in the educated people, this is the most effective method. house etc., house ownership and family income. 6.4 DATA PREPARATION 42. __________ This part includes questions designed 50. __________ It may be possible that while to classify the household members (older than 5) choosing the random samples, one may choose either according to the following aspects: relation to the head larger or smaller than the averagesize of the population of the household (e.g. wife, son), sex, age, possession of a driving license, educational level, and activity. as observed in the census data and correction should 43. __________ This part of the survey aims at be made accordingly. detecting and characterizing all trips made by the 51. __________ It is possible that there may be household members identified in the first part. A trip is normally defined as any movement greater than 300 differences between the distribution of the variables meters from an origin to a destination with a given sex, age, etc. between the survey, and the population purpose. Trips are characterized on the basis of as observed from the census data. This correction is variables such as: origin and destination, trip purpose, done after the household size correction. trip start and ending times, mode used, walking distance, public-transport line and transfer station or 52. __________ It is possible that there may not be a bus stop (if applicable). response from many respondents, possible because they are on travel every day. Corrections should be 44. A trip is normally defined as any movement greater made to accommodate this, after the previous two than __________ from an origin to a destination with corrections. a given purpose. 53. __________ In many surveys people This involves asking questions to a sample of drivers underestimate the non-mandatory trips and the actual and passengers of vehicles crossing a particular trips will be much higher than the reported ones. location. Unlike household survey, the respondent will Appropriate correction need to be applied for this. be asked with few questions like origin, destination, and trip purpose. Other information like age, sex, and 6.4.2 SAMPLE EXPANSION income can also be added, but it should be noted that at road-side, drivers will not be willing to spend much 54. The second step in the data preparation is to time for survey. amplify the survey data in order to represent the total population of the zone. This is done with the help of 6.5.3 CORDON AND SCREEN LINE SURVEY __________ which is defined as the ratio of the total number of household addressed in the population to 62. __________ provide useful information about trips that of the surveyed. from and to external zones. For large study area, internal cordon line can be defined and surveying can 6.4.3 VALIDATION OF RESULTS be conducted. The objective of the survey is primarily 55. The first simply considers the consistency of the to collect the origin and destination zones and for this data by a __________ normally done after data entry many suitable methods can be adopted. It could be either recording the license plate number at all the stage. external cordon points or by post-card method. 56. The second validation is done by choosing a 63. __________ divide the study area into large natural __________ of the variables. zones, like either sides of a river, with few crossing points between them. The procedure for both cordon- 6.5 OTHER SURVEYS line and screen-line survey are similar to road-side interview. However, these counts are primarily used 57. In addition to the household surveys, these other for calibration and validation of the models. surveys are needed for complete modeling involving __________ 6.6 SUMMARY 58. Their primary use is for the __________ and __________ of the models, or act as complementary to the household survey. 64. _________ is one of the most important steps in modeling. 59. These include __________, __________, and __________, and __________ 65._________ gives important information required 6.5.1 O-D SURVEY for data collection. 60. __________ Sometime four small studies, or to get a feel of the O-D pattern without doing elaborate survey, work space interviews are conducted to find the origin-destination of employers in a location. Although they are biased in terms of the destination, they are random in terms of the mode of travel. 6.5.2 ROAD SIDE INTERVIEWS 61. __________ provide trips not registered in a household survey, especially external-internal trips.  ANSWERS KEY 39. SIMPLE, DIRECT, MINIMUM TIME, MINIMUM BURDEN 1. FOUR STAGE MODELING 40. TRADITIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 2. FOUR STAGE MODELING 41. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 3. FOUR STAGE MODELING 42. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS 4. CONSIDERABLE EXPERIENCE, SKILL, 43. TRIP DATA SOUND UNDERSTANDING 44. 300 METERS 5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA 45. ORIGIN AND DESTINATION, TRIP 6. TRAVEL SURVEY PURPOSE, TRIP START AND ENDING 7. LAND USE INVENTORY TIMES, MODE USED, WALKING 8. NETWORK DATA DISTANCE, PUBLIC TRANSPORT LINE 9. TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND TRANSFER STATION OR BUS 10. EXTERNAL CORDON OR SIMPLY THE STOP (IF APPLICABLE) CORDON LINE 46. ENUMERATORS 11. EXTERNAL STATIONS 47. TELEPHONIC 12. ORIGIN AND DESTINATION 48. MAIL BACK 13. TRAFFIC ANALYSIS ZONES (TAZ) OR 49. FACE TO FACE SIMPLY ZONES 50. HOUSEHOLD SIZE CORRECTION 14. INTERNAL ZONES 51. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CORRECTIONS 15. ZONE CENTROID 52. NON-RESPONSE CORRECTION 16. JUNCTION OR RAIL STATION, 53. NON-REPORTED TRIP CORRECTION CENTROID CONNECTORS 54. EXPANSION FACTOR 17. CENTROID 55. FIELD VISIT 18. EXTERNAL ZONES 56. COMPUTATIONAL CHECK 19. TRANSPORT LINKS 57. FOUR STAGE MODEL 20. CENSUS ZONES 58. CALIBRATION, VALIDATION 21. HOMOGENEOUS CHARACTERISTICS 59. O-D SURVEYS, ROAD SIDE 22. CORDON AND SCREEN LINES INTERVIEWS, CORDON, SCREEN LINE 23. SMALLER COUNTS 24. ROADS, JUNCTION, BUS STOPS, RAILS, 60. O-D SURVEY RAILWAY STATION 61. ROAD SIDE INTERVIEWS 25. DRIECTED GRAPH, NODES, LINKS 62. CORDON AND SCREEN-LINE SURVEY 26. PROPERTIES 63. SCREEN LINES 27. STARTING NODE, ENDING NODE, 64. DATA COLLECTION ROAD LENGTH, FREE FLOW SPEED, 65. HOUSEHOLD DATA CAPACITY, NUMBER OF LANES, OR ROAD WIDTH, TYPE OF ROAD LIKE DIVIDED OR UNDIVIDED 28. ROAD JUNCTIONS OR NODES 29. FREQUENCY OF SERVICE, FARE OF TRAVEL, LINE CAPACITY, STATION CAPACITY 30. BASE-YEAR TRANSPOTATION FACILITY 31. ORIGIN 32. HOUSEHOLD 33. HOUSEHOLD DATA 34. MODELING STAGE 35. HOUSEHOLD DATA 36. TEN PRECENT, ONE PERCENT 37. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN 38. DESIGN OF QUESTIONNAIRE