Transport Planning and Policy PDF

TRANSPO REVIEWER TRANSPORT PLANNING AND POLICY The Nature of Transport Policy 1.POLICY AND PLANNING \- The terms "policy" and "planning" are used very loosely and are frequently interchangeable. However, mixing them together is misleading. Policy and planning represent separate parts of an overa...

TRANSPO REVIEWER TRANSPORT PLANNING AND POLICY The Nature of Transport Policy 1.POLICY AND PLANNING \- The terms "policy" and "planning" are used very loosely and are frequently interchangeable. However, mixing them together is misleading. Policy and planning represent separate parts of an overall process of intervention. \*TRANSPORT POLICY - deals with the development of a set of constructs and propositions that are established to achieve specific objectives relating to social, economic and environmental conditions, and the functioning and performance of the transport system. \*TRANSPORT PLANNING - deals with the preparation and implementation of actions designed to address specific problems 2\. THE RELEVANCE OF TRANSPORT POLICY \- Transport policies arise because of the importance of transport in virtually every aspect of economic, social and political activities of nation-states. Transport policy has been developed to prevent or control the inherent monopolistic tendency of many transport modes. \*4 TRENDS HAD SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES OVER THE CONTEXT WHICH THE TRANSPORT POLICY TAKES PLACE **Globalization** increased interactions at the international level, both for freight and passengers. **Deregulation and privatization** have been ongoing in many transport markets. **A broader focus of policies**, particularly considering intermodalism and multimodalism as well as logistics. **A move towards social and political issues behind transport projects** as opposed to technical and engineering issues. 3\. POLICY INSTRUMENT \- Governments have a large number of instruments at their disposal to carry out transport policy. Some are direct, such as public ownership, but the majority are indirect such as safety standards. The most common are: An extremely important instrument concerns public ownership. **Subsidies** represent an important instrument used to pursue policy goals. **Regulatory control** represents a means of influencing the shape of transportation that is widely employed Many governments are major promoters of research and development in transportation. **Labor regulations** pertaining to conditions of employment, training, and certification may not be directed purposefully at influencing transport, but as a policy, they may exert a significant effect over the industry since it has an impact on its operating costs. Safety and operating standards, such as speed limits, may have a similar effect 4\. TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT \- Public policies reflect the interests of decision-makers and their approaches to solving transport problems. \*Historical examples of private transport provision - Turnpikes - Canals - Urbat transit - Ships - Railways 5\. CHANGING NATURE OF POLICY INTERVENTION \- The trends in transport policy in recent decades have been towards liberalization and privatization. Controls over monopoly power are still in place, and even in the most liberal of economies there is still strong evidence of public policy intervention: Ownership of ports and airports. Terminals continue to be largely under State or municipal ownership, but concession agreements to private operators are common. Highway provision, upgrade and maintenance remain one of the most significant and enduring commitments of public funds Most public transportation systems in cities, like buses and subways, are owned and operated by the government. In contrast, intercity transportation is mostly run by private companies. Mergers and acquisitions between large private or public entities in the transport sector are commonly subject to regulatory approval. TRANSPORT PLANNING AND GOVERNANCE 1. THE PURPOSE OF PLANNING - Transport planning usually addresses specific problems or broad transport concerns at a local level and has been traditionally a preoccupation of lower-tier governments (state, county, municipal) - Strategic Planning - Tactical Planning - Operational Planning 2.CONTEMPORARY TRANSPORT PLANNING \- Planning is commonly scale-specific and multi-dimensional. Just as urban planning requires the input of many specialists, transport planning is beginning to utilize multi-disciplinary teams to broaden the scope of the planning process. \- Planning is still a multi-step process, but it has changed considering: - Goals and objectives - Options - Identification of actors, - institutions, and stakeholders - Predicting outcomes - Choosing a course of action 3.TRANSPORT DEMAND AND PLANNING \- Transport Demand Management is a set of strategies aimed at reducing or redistributing travel demand to improve transportation efficiency, reduce congestion, and minimize environmental impacts without expanding infrastructure. Successful interventions include: Park and ride. Car sharing. Enhancing pedestrian areas. Improving public transit. Parking management 4.PRICING \- Some economists argue that while planning interventions can gradually influence transport demand, a more direct approach, such as imposing stricter cost measures on car users, may be necessary for greater impact. Several advantages: Confidence. Capital costs. Competitiveness. Stability. Two main components of transport governance: - Ownership and Operations - Public ownership is common because of the economic and strategic importance of many types of terminals while private ownership is less evident in transport terminal. TRANSPORT SAFETY AND SECURITY 1.A NEW CONTEXT IN TRANSPORT SECURITY Physical Security Physical Safety Cybersecurity 2.PHYSICAL SECURITY OF PASSENGERS \- Security involves many steps, from restricting access to airport facilities, fortifying cockpits, and setting no-fly lists, to the more extensive security screening of passengers and their luggage. 3.FREIGHT SECURITY \- Security in the freight industry has always been a major problem. Illegal immigrants, drug smuggling, custom duty evasion, piracy, and the deployment of sub-standard vessels (higher propensity to accidents) have been some of the most important concerns. TRANSPORTATION AND DISASTERS 1.TRANSPORTATION AND NATIONAL SECURITY \- A disaster involves extensive damage to people and physical infrastructure that is unforeseen in nature, scale and extent. There are several drivers that have an impact on the threats and risk level of disasters on transportation systems: - Increased mobility - Infrastructure and economic interdependency - Centralization and concentration of distribution - Urbanization. 2.POTENTIAL THREAT AND RISK a\. Natural disasters Extreme weather events Geophysical Geomagnetic storms Sea level rise b.Anthropogenic Disasters - second class of disasters concern those that are artificial, resulting from human activities, and can be intentional or unintentional: Accidents Infrastructure failure Conflicts, terrorism and piracy Economic and political shocks Pandemics. 3.TRANSPORTATION DISASTER PLANNING -Although a potential disaster can never be effectively planned, and even anticipated in some instances, there are a series of steps, known as Disasters Risk Management, which could reduce disruptions: Risk Assessment. Preparedness. Mitigation. Response. Recovery. 4.TRANSPORTATION DISASTER MITIGATION \- Transportation disaster mitigation refers to the strategies and actions taken to reduce the impact of disasters on transportation systems a\. Monitoring and assessment b\. Support for the impacted population c\. Removal of discretionary demand d\. Modal shift HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS - Accident rates for 100 million vehicle miles of travel (HMVM) for a segment of a highway: - Accident rates per million entering vehicles (MEV) for an intersection: - **Severity Ratio** - is a measure used to assessthe relative seriousness orseverity of accidents on a roadway or in a specificarea.  - **Space mead speed of a vehicle** - refers to the average speed of all vehicles over a specific section of a roadway, calculated based on the distance traveled and the time taken by each vehicle.  - Time mean speed - is the average of the instantaneous speeds of all vehicles passing a specific point on a roadway during a given time period. - Density of Traffic - refers to the number of vehicles occupying a specific section of road per unit of length (e.g., vehicles per kilometer or vehicles per mile). It is a key measure used in transportation engineering to describe how crowded or congested a roadway is at any given time.  - Rate of Flow - refers to the number of vehicles (or other road users, such as pedestrians or cyclists) passing a specific point on a roadway or traveling through a section of road over a given period of time. - Variance about the space means speed - refers to the statistical measure that quantifies the variability or spread of individual vehicle speeds from the average space mean speed over a specific stretch of roadway. - Spacing of vehicles -- refers to the distance between two vehicles travelling on the same road.  - Capacity of single lane in vehicles per hour: - Peak hour factor - Measure used to describe the variation of traffic flow during peak periods. - Design Hourly Volume - refers to the estimated traffic volume that a roadway or intersection is expected to carry during a specific peak hour. - Peak Hour Volume