Translation Techniques.pdf

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES  TECHNIQUE 🡪 MICRO LEVEL METHODS 🡪MACRO LEVEL IDEOLOGY 🡪 SUPER MACRO LEVEL TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES PROCEDURES TO ANALYZE AND CLASSIFY HOW TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE WORKS. THEY HAVE FIVE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS: 1) THEY AFFECT THE RESULT OF THE TRAN...

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES  TECHNIQUE 🡪 MICRO LEVEL METHODS 🡪MACRO LEVEL IDEOLOGY 🡪 SUPER MACRO LEVEL TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES PROCEDURES TO ANALYZE AND CLASSIFY HOW TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE WORKS. THEY HAVE FIVE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS: 1) THEY AFFECT THE RESULT OF THE TRANSLATION 2) THEY ARE CLASSIFIED BY COMPARISON WITH THE ORIGINAL 3) THEY AFFECT MICRO-UNITS OF TEXT 4) THEY ARE BY NATURE DISCURSIVE AND CONTEXTUAL 5) THEY ARE FUNCTIONAL 1. ADAPTATION. TO REPLACE A ST CULTURAL ELEMENT WITH ONE FROM THE TARGET CULTURE, E.G., AS WHITE AS SNOW 🡪 SEPUTIH KAPAS 2. AMPLIFICATION. TO INTRODUCE DETAILS THOSE ARE NOT FORMULATED IN THE ST: INFORMATION, EXPLICATIVE PARAPHRASING, E.G., RAMADAN🡪MUSLIM MONTH OF FASTING. FOOTNOTES ARE A TYPE OF AMPLIFICATION. AMPLIFICATION IS IN OPPOSITION TO REDUCTION. 3. BORROWING. TO TAKE A WORD OR EXPRESSION STRAIGHT FROM ANOTHER LANGUAGE. IT CAN BE PURE (WITHOUT ANY CHANGE), E.G., MIXER 🡪 MIXER; SAMARINDA 🡪 SAMARINDA, JOHN 🡪 JOHN OR IT CAN BE NATURALIZED (TO FIT THE SPELLING RULES IN THE TL), E.G., MIXER 🡪 MIKSER. COMPUTER 🡪 KOMPUTER 4. CALQUE. LITERAL TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN WORD OR PHRASE; IT CAN BE LEXICAL OR STRUCTURAL, E.G., DIRECTORATE GENERAL 🡪 DIREKTORAT JENDERAL 5. COMPENSATION. TO INTRODUCE A ST ELEMENT OF INFORMATION OR STYLISTIC EFFECT IN ANOTHER PLACE IN THE TT BECAUSE IT CANNOT BE REFLECTED IN THE SAME PLACE AS IN THE ST. A PAIR OF SCISSORS 🡪 SEBUAH GUNTING 6. DESCRIPTION. TO REPLACE A TERM OR EXPRESSION WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FORM OR/AND FUNCTION, E.G., TO TRANSLATE THE ITALIAN PANETTONE 🡪 TRADITIONAL ITALIAN CAKE EATEN ON NEW YEAR’S EVE. 7. DISCURSIVE CREATION. TO ESTABLISH A TEMPORARY EQUIVALENCE THAT IS TOTALLY UNPREDICTABLE OUT OF CONTEXT, E.G., THE GODFATHER 🡪 SANG GODFATHER. 8. ESTABLISHED EQUIVALENT. TO USE A TERM OR EXPRESSION RECOGNIZED (BY DICTIONARIES OR LANGUAGE IN USE) AS AN EQUIVALENT IN THE TL, E.G., AMBIGUITY 🡪 AMBIGU = TAKSA. 9. GENERALIZATION. TO USE A MORE GENERAL OR NEUTRAL TERM, E.G., PENTHOUSE, HOVEL, COTTAGE, MANSION 🡪 TEMPAT TINGGAL 10. LINGUISTIC AMPLIFICATION. TO ADD LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS. THIS IS OFTEN USED IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING AND DUBBING. IT IS IN OPPOSITION TO LINGUISTIC COMPRESSION. 11. LINGUISTIC COMPRESSION. TO SYNTHESIZE LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS IN THE TT. THIS IS OFTEN USED IN SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING AND IN SUB-TITLING. 12. LITERAL TRANSLATION. TO TRANSLATE A WORD OR AN EXPRESSION WORD FOR WORD, E.G., KILLING TWO BIRDS WITH ONE STONE 🡪 MEMBUNUH DUA BURUNG DENGAN SATU BATU. BLACK BOOK🡪 BUKU HITAM 13. MODULATION. TO CHANGE THE POINT OF VIEW, FOCUS OR COGNITIVE CATEGORY IN RELATION TO THE ST; IT CAN BE LEXICAL OR STRUCTURAL, E.G., YOU ARE GOING TO HAVE A CHILD 🡪 YOU ARE GOING TO BE A FATHER. 14. PARTICULARIZATION. TO USE A MORE PRECISE OR CONCRETE TERM, E.G., AIR TRANSPORTATION 🡪 PESAWAT. IT IS IN OPPOSITION TO GENERALIZATION. 15. REDUCTION. TO SUPPRESS A ST INFORMATION ITEM IN THE TT, E.G., THE MONTH OF FASTING 🡪 RAMADHAN. IT IS IN OPPOSITION TO AMPLIFICATION. 16. SUBSTITUTION (LINGUISTIC, PARALINGUISTIC). TO CHANGE LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS FOR PARALINGUISTIC ELEMENTS (INTONATION, GESTURES) OR VICE VERSA, E.G., TO TRANSLATE THE ARAB GESTURE OF PUTTING YOUR HAND ON YOUR HEART AS THANK YOU. IT IS USED ABOVE ALL IN INTERPRETING. 17. TRANSPOSITION. TO CHANGE A GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY, E.G., ADEPT 🡪 SANGAT TERAMPIL. 18. VARIATION. TO CHANGE LINGUISTIC OR PARALINGUISTIC ELEMENTS (INTONATION, GESTURES) THAT AFFECT ASPECTS OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION: CHANGES OF TEXTUAL TONE, STYLE, SOCIAL DIALECT, GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECT, ETC., E.G., YOU 🡪 LU.