Toxoplasmosis PDF

Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Protozoa Class Sporozoa (Toxoplasma gondii)  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor General information's 1-life cycle: in direct life cycle 2-final host: Cat 3-Intermediat host : man , herbivorous and car...

Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Protozoa Class Sporozoa (Toxoplasma gondii)  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor General information's 1-life cycle: in direct life cycle 2-final host: Cat 3-Intermediat host : man , herbivorous and carnivours 4-infective stage :All developmental stages 5-Disease name: Toxoplasmosis disease Note:There are two types of reproduction 1-Sexual reproduction : occurs in Cat 2-Asexual reproduction: occurs in Intermediate host  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Developmental stages of T.gondii A- Tachyzoite (endozoite) 1-Crescent in shape 2- its intracellular form 3- develop in macrophage 4-multiplay rapidly 5- associated with acute stage of disease 6- Seen mainly in blood stream and fluid of the body  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor B-Bradyzoite (cystizoite) 1-Crescent in shape 2-multiply slowly 3-associated with chronic stage of the disease 4-its found in brain ,kidney,and muscle tissue. C-Pseadocyst 1-Number of infected macrophage enveloped in host D-Oocyst 1- Its resistance stage of the parasite 2-produse in final host (cat) 3- found in entroepithelial cells of cat 4- there are tow site of development a-entroepithelial site b-extra intestinal site  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Giemsa stained T. gondii tachyzoites  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor , T. gondii tissue cyst in a mouse brain individual bradyzoites can be seen  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Toxoplasmosis Transmissions Toxoplasmosis is not passed from person-to-person, except in instances of mother-to-child (congenital) transmission and blood transfusion or organ transplantation. People typically become infected by three principal routes of transmission: Foodborne Animal-to-human (zoonotic) Mother-to-child (congenital) Rare instances Always cook meat thoroughly and use clean knives, utensils and cutting boards on all foods. 1-Foodborne transmission The tissue form of the parasite (a microscopic cyst consisting of bradyzoites) can be transmitted to humans by food. People become infected by: Eating undercooked, contaminated meat (especially pork, lamb, and venison) or shellfish (like oysters, clams, and mussels); Accidentally ingesting undercooked, contaminated meat or shellfish after handling it and not washing hands thoroughly (Toxoplasma cannot be absorbed through intact skin); and Eating food that was contaminated by knives, utensils, cutting boards or other foods that had contact with raw, contaminated meat or shellfish. Drinking unpasteurized goat’s milk (tachyzoites).  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor 2-Mother-to-child (congenital) transmission A woman who is newly infected with Toxoplasma during or just before pregnancy can pass the infection to her unborn child (congenital infection). The woman may not have symptoms, but there can be severe consequences for the unborn child, such as diseases of the nervous system and eyes. 3-Rare instances of transmission Organ transplant recipients can become infected by receiving an organ from a Toxoplasma-positive donor. Rarely, people can also become infected by receiving infected blood via transfusion. Laboratory workers who handle infected blood can also acquire infection through accidental inoculation. Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Pathogenesis: Toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent: Toxoplasmosis in adults and children past the neonatal stage is usually benign and asymptomatic. Acquisition of the infection via either oocysts or tissue cysts results in an acute infection in which tachyzoites are disseminated throughout the body via the lymphatic and hematogenously. This acute stage will persist for several weeks as immunity develops  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Stages of the disease there are two types of Toxoplasmosis: A- Acquired Toxoplasmosis: 1-Its more common 2-less serious 3-there are two main lesion - lymphatic lesion -eye lesion, retinitis ,conjunctivitis and some times myocarditis ,pneumonia , anemia B-Congenital Toxoplasmosis: 1-Its less common 2-highly dangerous 3-cause abortion ,stialbirths, congenital abnormalities such as (hydrocephalus ,micro cephalos  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Toxoplasmic Encecphalitis Noted as an opportunistic infection in regards to reactivation of latent infections due to immunosuppression associated with organ transplants and certain cancer treatments and AIDS patients. Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Originally the ocular manifestations were more often associated with congenital infections (develop weeks to years after birth) or a late manifestation due to the reactivation of a congenital infection.  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Diagnosis 1-Serological test A- ELISA (IgM,IgG). IgM_____________acute stage IgG_____________chronic stage B-IFAT 2-Laboratory animals inoculation 3-Microscopic examination for infected tissues.  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Parasites can be detected in biopsied specimens, buffy coat cells, or cerebral spinal fluid. These materials can also be used to inoculated mice or tissue culture cells. Diagnosis relies heavily on serological procedures (detection of T. gondii Ag or anti Toxoplasma IgM &IgG Abs. High IgM titer present in acute infection while high IgG titer represent past or chronic infection. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are useful in the diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis.