Tourism Management PDF

# Concept of Tourism ## Meaning of tourism * **Social, cultural & economic phenomenon** which entails the movement of people to countries outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. * **Tourism is a multi-sectoral economic activi...

# Concept of Tourism ## Meaning of tourism * **Social, cultural & economic phenomenon** which entails the movement of people to countries outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. * **Tourism is a multi-sectoral economic activity.** It is so complex it's difficult to categorize due to its multi-faceted nature. It's seen as the interaction between supply and demand, and the development of a product to meet a need. * **Tourism is a dynamic activity** which brings about economic, environmental, sociocultural and other effects. ### Some recognized definitions of tourism: 1. **Hunziker and Krapf (1941):** Tourism is "the sum of the processes and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity". 2. **Jafari (1990):** Tourism is "the study of man away from his normal habitat, of the industry that responds to his needs and of the impacts that he and the industry have on the host's socio-cultural, economic and physical environments". 3. **World Tourism Organization (UNWTO 2003):** Tourism is "the sum of all processes arising from interactions amongst tourists, host governments and host communities, businesses, and non-governmental organizations, involved in the process of attracting, transporting, hosting and managing these tourists and other visitors". 4. **Tourism Society of England (1976):** Tourism is "the temporary, short-term movement of people for any purpose to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination". ## Motivation for engaging in tourism * **Motivation** is a state of need. It influences a person towards certain actions that are likely to bring satisfaction. * **Physical motivators:** They are related to a person's physical health and well-being. For example, they are connected with individuals body health and wellbeing e.g. to get away from routine of life, to have a good time away from home, to have a strange experience. * **Interpersonal motivators**: They are related to a person's desire to visit friends and relatives or to escape from their family, workmates, neighbours, or to meet new people and forge new friendship, or to simply escape from routine of everyday life. * **Cultural motivators**: They are connected with a person's desire to travel in order to learn about other countries and their cultural heritage. For example, to see how people in other countries live, work and play, to enjoy scenic beauty and cultural sites, to attend special events festivals and cultural functions, to gain a better understanding of what is going on. * **Status and prestige motivators:** They are identified with a person's need for personal esteem and developments. They like to impress other people by talking about their travel experiences and showing off their travels. They often think travel is fashionable and show that they can afford it. ## Factors that motivate people to travel: * To spend holidays leisurely. * To visit friends and relatives. * To attend business and professional engagements. * To get health treatment. * To undertake religious pilgrimages. * Any other motives. ## Types of tourism based on motivation: * **Mass tourism:** Involves tourism of organized large groups of people to special tourist locations. It’s a traditional way where the daily program is fixed by the tour organizer. It’s a social activity. For example, religious places, theme parks, boat cruises, resort towns. * **Alternative tourism:** Includes individually organized tours to find first-hand information about a place, local culture, and environment. For example, biking tour planned by an individual while accommodation is catered for on the go. * **Business tourism:** Involves touring for conducting business transactions, attending business meetings, workshops, or conferences. The objective of business tourism is mainly professional. * **Pleasure tourism:** Involves touring for improving one’s physical or spiritual well-being. For example, vacation at a Yoga or rehabilitation centre. * **Nature tourism:** Involves tourism at places famous for pristine nature and serene beauty. The main objective is to experience and enjoy nature such as farms and wildlife. Ecotourism is a part of nature tourism. * **Cultural tourism:** This type of tourism has an objective of understanding the local history of the place, foods, local productions, and local culture. * **Social tourism:** Includes tours conducted among relatives, friends, and others. * **Recreational tourism:** Involves travelling to escape from routine life. This is often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure. For example, Camping or beach visits. * **Active tourism:** Involves some form of active pursuit, such as learning local culinary arts or languages, climbing a mountain, touring around the world, or engaging in any other physically active pursuit. * **Sports tourism** Involves travelling to attend some sports event such as World Cup Cricket Match, FIFA, or Olympics. * **Religious tourism** Involves travelling to places of religious significance such as Mecca in Saudi Arabia, Bethlehem, Jerusalem- Israel, or other such places. * **Health or Medical tourism** Involves travelling to improve one’s health. This is with the objective of visiting weight-loss camps, naturopathy centres, and health resorts. * **Adventure tourism:** Involves tourism for adventurous activities such as rock climbing, sky-diving, hiking, horse-riding, surfing, rafting, or skiing. ## Some fundamental truths about tourism and its management: * **Tourism consumes resources and creates waste:** Tourism is essentially a resource-based industry. It’s a voracious consumer of resources. * **Tourism competes with other resource users:** Tourism may be necessary to gain supremacy over competitors. Tourism and other non-tourism but leisure related activities often share the same resources. It may also compete with other non-leisure activities such as agriculture and forestry. * **Tourism is private sector dominated:** As much tourism is privately held, the profit motive is priority when making investment decisions. * **Tourism is multi-faceted and almost impossible to control:** This is due to the large number of consumers and businesses within the tourism industry. Unity only comes through trade associations, which are usually voluntary organisations. * **Tourists are consumers, not anthropologists.** The vast majority of tourists seek to be entertained by their travels instead of gaining a better understanding of the people and cultures they visit. * **Tourism is entertainment.** Most tourism products are packaged and manipulated to satisfy the needs of tourists. ## Concept of management * **Management** is an agency consisting of some basic functions for accomplishing the objectives of an organization. It’s considered the life giving element in every organization. * Therefore, management brings together the factors of production to enable societies to get better and increase the supply of goods and services. ### Some definitions of management: 1. **Harold Koontz:** Management "is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups. It is the art of creating an environment in which people can perform as individuals or groups." 2. **Henry Fayol:** To manage "is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control." 3. **George R. Terry:** Management " “is a distinct process performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives by the use of human beings with other resources.” 4. **Dalton E. McFarland:** Management "is the creation and maintenance of internal environment in an enterprise where individuals, working together in groups, can perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group goals.” 5. **W. Jack Duncan:** Management " consists of organizational activities that involve goal formation and accomplishment, performance appraisal, and the development of an operating philosophy that ensures organization's survival within the social system.” ## Characteristics of Management: * **Management is an integrative process.** This seeks to harmonize the individual with the organizational goals. * **Management is a discipline.** Resources such as labor and materials are diverse, and the performance of a manager requires a wide range of skills and knowledge. * **Management is universal.** It’s a skill that is applicable to any situation. * **Management makes things happen.** The skills and knowledge of management can be learned and developed. * **Management is accomplished by, with and through the efforts of others.** Managers have an urge for accomplishment, and they bring about successful action by encouraging others. * **Management is tangible.** Successful managers acquire skills and knowledge through working with others. * **Management is result-oriented.** Although management is difficult to observe in practice, its effectiveness is clear in its results. * **Management is purposeful.** Managers focus on achieving a specific objective. * **Management is a powerful means of real impact upon human life.** It can improve the work environment. * **Management is both science and an art.** It is both an organized body of knowledge and a skill that requires practice. ## Approaches to management: * **Classical approach:** This approach focuses on the functions of management, like planning, organizing, controlling and directing. It’s considered the first attempt to study management. * **Behavioral approach:** This approach focuses on using psychology, sociology, and anthropology to understand human behaviors in the work environment. It is more people-centered than the classical approach. * **Management science approach:** It uses mathematics and statistics to aid in managing production and operations. * **Systems approach:** It looks at an organization as a collection of interdependent parts which all work together for a common objective. * **Contingency approach:** It posits that there is no one best way to manage, and that the best course of action is contingent upon the specific situation.