Health Promotion And Education: Selection Of Educational Strategies PDF

HEALTH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION SELECTION OF EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES Dr Azizah Mat Hussin  TODAY’S TOPIC TO BE COVERED 1. Selection of Educational Strategies 2. Media 3. Evaluation of Health Education Programme 4. Effective Delivery Methods ...

HEALTH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION SELECTION OF EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES Dr Azizah Mat Hussin  TODAY’S TOPIC TO BE COVERED 1. Selection of Educational Strategies 2. Media 3. Evaluation of Health Education Programme 4. Effective Delivery Methods  LECTURE One of the world’s oldest formal teaching methods. The easiest to use but one of the most difficult to master. The lecture imparts information, influences opinion, stimulates thought, and develops critical thinking through reliance on a verbal message. Learners are usually passive. Its effectiveness is greatly enhanced when students are allowed to clarify their understanding.  INDIVIDUAL INSTRUCTION Counseling in patient settings and commonly used in community health education during home visits, is instructed on a one-to-one basis. The most personalized of all teaching methods, it can be used when the range of individual differences within the target group is great. Individual instruction is inefficient from the point of view of the provider but efficient for the learner.  MASS MEDIA Four media techniques: 1. Mass media 2. Audiovisual aids 3. Educational television 4. Programmed learning. Messages are conveyed through television, radio, charts, posters, manuals, or teaching machines.  Large numbers of people are addressed. Frequently, the target group makes little or no effort to receive message. Common electronic media: Radio and television Common print media: Magazine, newspaper, billboards Considered to be relatively ineffective means of communication because messages can not be differentiated for specific target groups; Considered to be very efficient educationally because of low unit costs achieved by their economy of scale.  AUDIOVISUAL AIDS Similar to the mass media, but typically reach a more limited audience – children in a classroom, patients in a clinic, workers at the job site. Intended only to supplement and reinforce other educational methods. Some audiovisual aids are audio only (cassette, tapes, records) others are visual textbooks, charts, posters). Many are made up of both audio and visual components (movies, slide tape programs)  OTHER TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES Programmed Learning – Complete lesson; a teacher is not needed unless there are questions to be answered. Eg: MOOCS. Allows learners to progress at their own rates Educational Television – Self- contained instructional programs, but generally used for an entire class. Skill Development – performance- oriented educational method that emphasizes the development of specific psychomotor competencies. Simulations and Games – An experiental method in which a model of a real-life situation is used to stimulate and aid learning. Eg: games, dramatization, sociodrama, role playing, case studies, computerized models. Inquiry Learning – Discovery approach, problem solving, immersion learning, students are encouraged to formulate and test their own hypotheses. The emphasis is on independent thinking and on understanding the process by which knowledge is acquired rather than on knowledge itself.  MEDIA Media Selection Factors - Factors to look into consideration: - Cost - Target group - Predisposition of the target group toward the service or program. Communication Selection Criteria Face-to Face Communication Mass Media Communication 1. When message is complex 1. When message is simple and factual 2. When behavior change is extensive 2. When change is minor or message is directed 3. When target group has low educational at those already motivated to change level 3. When target group has high educational level 4. When long-term attitude and behavior 4. When desired changes are short term change is desired  MEDIA Matching Communication and Behavior Change Strategies Behavior Change Strategy Preferred Communication Strategy Create awareness of a health practice Mass media exposure Stimulate interest in behavior change Mass media exposure Evaluate behavior change Face-to face communication Stimulate trial of new behavior Face to face communication Stimulate adoption of behavior change Face to face communication Reinforce behavior change Mass media exposure and face-to face communication  MEDIA Methods Target Advantages Disadvantages group Television and radio, public All Reaches the broadest segment of the Information may be service announcements, target population; can direct audience to insufficiently detailed news coverage, feature other sources of information; radio for particular target messages can reach more specific target groups. groups Newspaper, feature stories, All Provides greater detail than radio or TV; Does not reach as news coverage, newspapers that serve specific audiences many persons in advertisements permit targeted messages each group. Posters, billboards, bus All Can reach specific target population; can Provides only limited poster, public facilities direct audience to additional sources of amount of information and complement other information methodologies by reinforcing various messages Brochures and fliers, inserts All Messages can be individualized May be less effective in utility bills, health care for some target facilities, workplace groups, like prostitutes and IV drug abusers  MEDIA Methods Target group Advantages Disadvantages Newsletters and journals, Health workers, Messages can be individualized; The larger the organization newsletter, community detailed and complex messages document, the less AIDS update newsletter leaders, risk can be sent to segments of the likely it is to be read. population public Resource materials, Health workers, Provides technical information to The longer the guidelines, curriculum community specific target groups document, the less materials, reprints, leaders likely it is to be read. resource directories Presentations, General public, Specific information tailored to the Labor intensive; community groups, health workers, group addressed; can be primarily information health care facilities community interactive transfer only. leaders Workshops, drug Increased risk Provides detailed information and Labor intensive treatment centers, safer groups, health emphasizes skill development sex workshops workers  MEDIA Methods Target group Advantages Disadvantages Outreach activities, Persons at increased Provides one-to-one or peer group Very labor bars, banks, bookstores, risk (e.g: gay and counseling to individuals at increased intensive streets bisexual men, IV drug risk who are most difficult to reach abusers, prostitutes through other means. Counseling and testing Persons at increased Provides one-to-one counseling to Very labor risk individuals attempting to adopt or intensive sustain positive health behaviors Referral of sex and Partners of those at Can offer counseling and testing for Very labor needle-sharing partners increased risk due to very high risk people who have intensive sexual activity or IV shared needles and syringes or who drug use have had unsafe sex with infected persons and may not otherwise become aware of their risk status.  EVALUATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMME Levels of Evaluation It can be evaluated in terms of Process Impact Outcome Health Predisposing, Education enabling, and Behavior Health Social benefit program reinforcing factors Outcome evaluation Process Impact evaluation evaluation Three levels of evaluation in relation to the PRECEDE framework  EVALUATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMME 1. Process evaluation - The object of interest is professional practice, and the standard of acceptability is appropriate practice. - Quality is monitored by various means - Audit - Peer review - Accreditation - Certification - Government or administrative surveillance of contracts and grants. Health Predisposing, Education enabling, and Behavior Health Social benefit program reinforcing factors Process Impact evaluation Outcome evaluation evaluation Three levels of evaluation in relation to the PRECEDE framework  EVALUATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMME 2. Impact evaluation Focus on the immediate impact the program, attitudes and behavior. Eg: have the predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors that influence the health-related behavior been altered? Have the short term goals of a program been met? Health Predisposing, Education enabling, and Behavior Health Social benefit program reinforcing factors Outcome evaluation Process Impact evaluation evaluation Three levels of evaluation in relation to the PRECEDE framework  EVALUATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMME 3. Outcome evaluation The objects of interest are mortality and morbidity. Eg: Have the incidence and prevalence of the condition(s) been affected by a program? Have the rate and length of survival following detection and treatment changed? Health Predisposing, Education enabling, and Behavior Health Social benefit program reinforcing factors Outcome evaluation Process Impact evaluation evaluation Three levels of evaluation in relation to the PRECEDE framework  EFFECTIVE DELIVERY METHODS Five different approaches 1. Medical or preventive 2. Behavior change 3. Educational 4. Empowerment 5. Social change Objectives: 1. To prevent disease 2. To ensure that people are well informed and able to make health choices 3. To help people to acquire the skills and confidence to take greater control over their health 4. To change policies and environments in order to facilitate healthy choices.  EFFECTIVE DELIVERY METHODS 1. Medical or preventive Focuses on activity which aims to reduce morbidity and premature mortality. Activity is targeted towards whole populations or high-risk groups. Three levels of intervention ▪ Primary prevention – prevention of the onset of disease through risk education, e.g. immunization, encouraging non-smoking. ▪ Secondary prevention – preventing the progression of disease, e.g. screening and other methods or early diagnosis. ▪ Tertiary prevention – reducing further disability and suffering in those already ill; preventing recurrence of an illness, e.g. rehabilitation, patient education, palliative care.  EFFECTIVE DELIVERY METHODS 2. Behavior change Aims to encourage individuals to adopt healthy behaviors, which are seen as the key to improved health. Assume that people can make real improvements to their health by choosing to change their lifestyle.  EFFECTIVE DELIVERY METHODS 3. Educational Provide knowledge and information, and to develop the necessary skills so that people can make informed choice about their health behavior. Distinguished from a behavior change approach in that it does not set out to persuade or motivate change in a particular direction. Based on a set of assumptions about the relationship between knowledge and behavior: that by increasing knowledge, there will be a change in attitudes which may lead to changed behavior.  EFFECTIVE DELIVERY METHODS 4. Empowerment This approach helps people to identify their won concerns and gain the skills and confidence For people to be empowered they need to: Recognize and understand their powerlessness Feel strongly enough about their situation to want to change it Feel capable of changing the situation by having information, support and life skills.  EFFECTIVE DELIVERY METHODS 5. Social change Focus at the policy or environmental level, aims to bring about changes in the physical, social and economic environment which will have the effect of promoting health. ‘To make the healthy choice the easier choice’ To be discussed Several studies have shown that a healthy diet which includes fruit and vegetables costs more than the typical diet of a low income family (Cade et al 1999). What should be the focus of health promotion interventions on healthy eating?  SUGGESTION Changes in pricing structures such as reducing the price of whole meal bread compared to the white bread. Working with food manufacturers and distributors to promote food labeling, making it easier for customers o identify low-fat, low-sugar foods. Farming subsidies which encourage the production of lean meat. The provision of healthy food in workplaces and hospitals. Widening the number and type of food outlets in local communities.  EFFECTIVE DELIVERY METHODS The social change is targeted towards groups and populations, and involves a top down method of working. Require commitment from the highest levels. The successful implementation of policy and legislation requires the support of the public which is achieved through education, lobbying and social marketing.  APPROACHES TO HEALTH PROMOTION: THE EXAMPLE OF HEALTHY EATING Approach Aims Methods Worker/client relationship Medical To identify those at risk from Screening, individual risk Expert-led disease assessment e.g. Passive, conforming measurement of body mass client index Behavior To encourage individuals to Persuasuion through one-to- Expert-led change take responsibility for their one advice and Dependent client; own health and choose information; mass-media possible victim-blaming healthier lifestyles campaigns, e.g. 5-a-day ideology dietary messages Educational To increase knowledge and Information and exploration May be expert-led skills about healthy lifestyles of attitudes through May also involve client in individual or small group negotiation of issue for work. Development of skills, discussion e.g. cooking healthy meals.  APPROACHES TO HEALTH PROMOTION: THE EXAMPLE OF HEALTHY EATING Approach Aims Methods Worker/client relationship Empowerment To work with clients or Advocacy; negotiation; Health promoter is communities to meet their networking; facilitation; e.g. facilitator; client perceived needs community horticulture becomes empowered projects Social change To address inequalities in Development of Entails social regulation health based on class, race, organizational policy and is top-down gender, geography, Public health legislation, adopting a population e.g. food labeling, perspective. lobbying, Fiscal control, e.g subsidy to farmers to produce lean meat THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION