Cell Anatomy and Physiology PDF

CELL Anatomy and Physiology NEXT NEXT  Phospholipid bilayer  Hydrophilic (water loving head)  Hydrophobic (water fearful tail)  Semipermeable NEXT Cell_Parts_CYTOPLASM  Cytosol  Cytoskeleton  ORGANELLES NEXT Cell_Pa...

CELL Anatomy and Physiology NEXT NEXT  Phospholipid bilayer  Hydrophilic (water loving head)  Hydrophobic (water fearful tail)  Semipermeable NEXT Cell_Parts_CYTOPLASM  Cytosol  Cytoskeleton  ORGANELLES NEXT Cell_Parts_CYTOPLASM ORGANELLES:  LYSOSOME: digestive function of the cell  PEROXISOME: enzyme (oxidase)  MITOCHONDRIA “powerhouse of the cell”  ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(E.R.): transportation of substances INSIDE and outside of the cell NEXT Cell_Parts_CYTOPLASM ORGANELLES:  GOLGI APPARATUS: produce/process substance transported by E.R.  TYPES of E.R. 1. SMOOTH E.R.: Lipid synthesis 2. ROUGH E.R. with Ribosomes: protein synthesis for protein production  MICROTUBULES: holds the structure of the cells together NEXT  Cell_Parts_NUCLUES  Central processing unit of the cell  Houses DNA  genes 1. GENOTYPE: genetic make up 2. PHENOTYPE: physical manifestation NEXT Cell_COMPONENTS  Substances that make up your cells 1. Water 2. Proteins 3. Ions 4. Lipids 5. Carbohydrates NEXT WATER  70-85% - cells  (N) Adult 60%  40% ICF  20% ECF  15%: intercellular fluid; interstitial fluid; transcellular fluid  5%:plasma (colloid)  Blood: 8%of the Total Body Weight NEXT  PROTEIN  Charge particles: (+) Cations; (-) anions  For cellular action potential  Primary Cation insidethe cell (Potassium)  Primary Cation outside cell (Sodium)  Primary Anion Outside the Cell (Chloride)  Primary Anion Inside the Cell (CHON)  Secondary Anion Inside the Cell (SO4,PO4) NEXT IONS  2-10% of the cell 1. Structural Protein – Made up the structure of the cell e.g. Cytoskeleton – Long and thin 2. Globullar Protein – Made up by the enzyme and hormone NEXT LIPIDS  Components of the fats  Cell membrane 1. HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) 2. LDL (Low DensityLipoprotein) 3. Triglycerides 4. Total Cholesterol NEXT CARBOHYDRATES (CHO)  Nutrition of the cells  GLUCOSE: easily available form of CARBS  GLYCOGEN: storage forms of CARBS  MONOSACCHARIDES: simplex form of sugar e.g. Glucose, fructose, galactose  DISACCHARIDES NEXT TRANSPORT MECHANISM NEXT TRANSPORT MECHANISM  how substances outside the cells travel/going inside and vice versa  Passive /Diffusion (from higher to lower concentration / DOWNHILL)  (-) ATP NEXT TRANSPORT MECHANISM 1. Simple Diffusion: (-) carrier protein  Goes with the flow from low to high concentration  e.g. O2 exchange alveoli 2. Facilitated Diffusion: (+) carrier protein  e.g. Glucose and amino acids in the smallintestine NEXT  3. Osmosis  H2O concentration  TYPES OF CONCENTRATION / SOLUTION 1. ISOTONIC: 0.9 NaCl  ideal solution of the blood 2. HYPOTONIC: more H2O outside 3. HYPERTONIC: More Na outside of the cell NEXT BULKFLOW  Increase particles  stream lined  Blood flow: rate ofsimple diffusion  RBC membrane: 4x  Capillary: 10x NEXT FILTRATION  Diffusion along semi permeable membrane NEXT NEXT  TRANSPORT MECHANISM  ACTIVE TRANSPORT  Against/uphill  ATP dependent  Transport proteins 1. UNIPORT: only 1 substance can be transport 2. SYMPORT: two substances towards same direction 3. ANTIPORT: two substances goes to different direction NEXT ACTIVE TRANSPORT_PRIMARY  direct usage of ATP (uniport)  Na++ and K+ATP pump “PISO” (antiport) 3M Na++(in)=2M K+(out)  Ca+ ATP PhasePump: muscle contraction (symport) NEXT ACTIVE TRANSPORT_SECONDARY  Usage “symport”: Na++ +glucose :small intestine  Antiport: Ca+ and Na++: heart muscle Ca+ (inside)  Na++ (outside): Vice versa NEXT  RESTINGMEMBRANEPOTENTIAL  Equilibrium state / steady status  Negative charge  -90 mV NEXT SUMMARY OF CELL TRANSPORTATION ACTION POTENTIAL  When a stimulus travelled inside the cell  All or None Law: super-maximal impulse action potential NEXT NEXT REFRACTORY PERIOD  The cell no longer stimulus 1. ABSOLUTE 2. RELATIVE NEXT SUMMATION  process wherein action potential can be strengthen either increase the amount or frequencies of the stimulus 1. SPATIAL SUMMATION  Increase number of motor unit to stimulate to active potential 2. TEMPORAL SUMMATION  Increase the frequency to stimulate to have a action potential  e.g. Muscle contraction NEXT COMPLETE TETANY  80 –100X / sec  Sustain contraction INCOMPLETE TETANY  20 to 30X / sec with rest STAIRCASE /TREPPE  increasing frequency untilplateau NEXT Muscle and Nerve Physiology NEXT  MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY  Mucle belly  Fasciculi  Fasciculus  Muscle fiber (structural unit of muscle)  Myofibrils  Myofilaments NEXT  MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY SARCOMERE  Functional unit of muscle  Portion in-between 2Z-discs  H-band: myosin  A-band: myosin and actin  M-band: line in-between myosin  I-band: actin NEXT  Z-dics: line in between actin MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY  H-band: myosin  A-band: myosin and actin  M-band: line in- SARCOMERE between myosin  Functional unit of muscle  I-band: actin  Z-dics: line in between  Portion in-between 2Z-discs actin NEXT MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY NEXT  MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY HAMYOSIN H-Band puro myosin A-band actin at myosin M-band gitna ng myosin H-band nawawala kapag nagcontract Actin lang (3x) ang I-band Ang Z-line (2x) gitna ng actin 2 Z-Line make up a sarcomere AWWW!!! NEXT  SLIDINGFILAMENTTHEORY  Actin slides over myosin “POWER STROKE”  MUSCLE CONTRACTION  Active / Action Potential: post synaptic  (-) Ca+: relaxation  (+) Ca+: contraction NEXT  TYPEOF CONTRACTION / MUSCLE WORK ISOMETRIC  Same length; no work ISOTONIC  Same tension ECCENTRIC  Lengthening contraction  negative work CONCENTRIC:  Shortening contraction  (+) work NEXT TYPEOF ACTION POTENTIAL SKELETAL SMOOTH MUSCLE  Fast  Slow NEXT NERVE PHYSIOLOGY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  Brain  Spinal cord PERIPHERALNERVOUSSYSTEM  12 pairs of Cranial Nerves  31 pairs of Spinal Nerves  Autonomic  Symphathetic (Thoracolumbar)  Parasymphathic (Craniosacral)  Somatic NEXT  NERVE PHYSIOLOGY_NEURON  Cell body /Soma  Axon (1): branch projects away from the body  Dendrite: many projections towards the body  Synaptic cleft: junction between 1 axon of other neuron and dendrites of other neuron NEXT Neurons Constitute the genetic, anatomic, trophic and functional units of NS Have lost capacity to undergo cell division Have the capacity to receive and transmit impulse Consists of cell body and its processes, dendrites and a single axons NEXT  NERVE PHYSIOLOGY_NEURON Types of Synaptic Transmission Chemical Electric Liganol Ionic current Neurotransmitter ACH, NE, EPI,GABA Direction One-way One way; two ways Rate Slower Faster Example Neuromuscula r junction Cardiac muscle NEXT NERVE PHYSIOLOGY SPECIAL SENSORYORGAN 1. SIGHT / VISION: ‘eye’ Rods and Cones (CNII) 2. SMELL: Olfactory (CNI) 3. HEARING: ear “organ of Corti” 4. TASTE :taste buds 5. EQUILIBRIUM: “ears” Cupube and Mawlae NEXT NERVE FIBERS  α Nerve fiber: extrafusal fiber (Iα)  Aβ: touch and pressure (Iβ)  γ Nerve fiber / Intrafusal Fibers (II)  Σ:Fast pain (III)  B motor fiber (autonomic)  C Slowpain, unmyelinated (IV) NEXT NERVE PHYSIOLOGY_ REFLEXARCH 1. Affector Organ (Dermatome) 2. Affector Neuron 3. Interneuron 4. Effector neuron 5. Effector organ (Myotome) NEXT NEXT NEXT STRETCH REFLEX  Intrafusal fiber :e.g. Aγ, IIfiber  Muscle spindle (special sense which is sensitive in the rate of change of length of the muscle  Nuclear bag (dilated portion): Ia, II dynamic response therefore, sensitive of change in length of the fibers  Neuclear Change: long portion II:static response  sensitive to the length NEXT STRETCH REFLEX  Muscle fiber is stretch; reflex contraction  Dynamic response – actual contraction  Static response –micro- contraction; keeps muscle contracted NEXT INVERSESTRETCHREFLEX  Muscle fibers is stretch  relax  GTO (golgi tendon organ)  Rate of change in length  Protective function to prevent muscle tearing NEXT ACCESSORY CELL _NEUROGLIA  Supports neuron 1. MICROGLIA: digestive functions of thenervous system 2. ASTROCYTES:induce formation of the Blood Brain Barrier; maintaining homeostatis of nervoussystem 3. EPENDYMALCELLS:lining of ventricles 4. MYELINSHEATH  SCHWANN CELLS:peripheral (ALS)  OLIGODENDROCYTES: central (MS) NEXT  X end