Ethical Issues in Research 2024 - IMU University - PDF

Ethical Issues in Research Inspire Empower Elevate Presented by Mr. Alexius Cheang Lecture Outcomes By the end of today’s lecture, students will be able to: Demonstrate ability to evaluate the risk and benefit of a research. Differentiate the eth...

Ethical Issues in Research Inspire Empower Elevate Presented by Mr. Alexius Cheang Lecture Outcomes By the end of today’s lecture, students will be able to: Demonstrate ability to evaluate the risk and benefit of a research. Differentiate the ethical practices in managing human participants and animals. Identify ethical practices in reporting research outcomes. Research Ethics Involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific research. Educates and monitors a scientist conducting a research to ensure high ethical standards. Importance of research ethics: Respect and cause no harm to the participants. Is a professional requirement Requirement to obtain funding Failing to conduct research ethically may result in the research/ researcher being dismissed or rejected by the research community.  Honesty Social Objectivity Responsibility Non- Basic discrimination Integrity Principles of Research Ethics Respect for colleagues Carefulness Confidentiality Openness Respect for intellectual property  Authorship Important Plagiarism areas in Peer Review Research Research with animals Ethics Research with human subjects Research misconduct  (1) Authorship Research evolves from Authorship is the Authorship is reserved It decides which collaboration and process of deciding for persons who colleagues should be assistance between whose name(s) receives primary credit listed as authors or co- experts and colleagues belongs on a research and hold primary authors. paper responsibility for a published work (1) Authorship : Ethical Guidelines Significantly Contributed Authors / Co- contributed to the substantially to the authors: research and research writing Prepared for full Wrote or revised all Approved the final responsibility for or part of the version of the the content of the manuscript entire article research article  (2) Plagiarism Presenting the words, phrases, It calls into question the Whether intentionally or ideas or work of another integrity, ethics and unintentionally, plagiarism including certain facts and trustworthiness of the cannot be tolerated by the statistics. researcher. Scientific community. (2) Plagiarism: Ethical Guidelines Educate yourself on Keep accurate notes when university/agency plagiarism doing research policies Learn to paraphrase without Master the procedure for borrowing the language or citing sources structure used in an original source. (3) Peer Review Before a paper is published in a scientific The peer review system is designed to journal, it is subjected to a process called ensure that only high quality and reliable peer review information is published in scientific journals  (3) Peer Review : Steps / Procedures The author of a The editor chooses two or Based on the recommendations scientific paper three research experts in the of independent reviewers and the submits it to the specific topic and submits the editors own review, the editor will editor of a scientific paper to those researchers. take the decision to accept or journal reject the paper.  (3) Peer Review : Ethical Guidelines No person involved in Reviewer should not The author should not the process can know the author they tell the names of the publically disclose the are reviewing reviewer information in the article  (4) Research with Animals Used in the development of Used as teaching tools for Used as experimental subjects new medicines medical students for new surgical procedures (4) Research with animals : Ethical Guidelines Animals can be used in research only when : It is absolutely necessary. There are no alternatives. Researchers can treat animals humanely. When confirmation has been made that research activities are not unnecessarily duplicating previously conducting experiments. Such experiments are relevant to human or animal health, will advance scientific knowledge, or will be for the good of society. (5) Research with Human Subjects Involves use of human subjects in Human subjects can be defined as a living research individual on whom a research investigator obtains data through intervention or interaction with the individual.  Informed consent (5) Voluntary participation Research Respect for persons with Right to end participation in research at any time human Right to safeguard integrity Benefits should be higher than cost subjects: Protection from physical, mental and emotional harm Ethical Access to information regarding research Guidelines Protection of privacy and well-being Informed Consent to Research Informed consent should include: Purpose of the research Expected length of time required Specific procedures Right to refuse to participate or drop out Consequences of declining or withdrawing from research Intervention Research Informed consent for intervention research should include: Treatment they are about to receive is experimental If they are assigned to a control group, certain services or interventions will be available, whereas other services of interventions will not (Is this appropriate?) The method of assigning them to experimental and control groups (Should it always be random assignment?) What other intervention or treatment is available, if the participant refuses to participate, or decides to drop out of the research Compensations (incl. insurance in some countries) Informed Consent for Recording Always obtain informed consent before audio or videotaping. You do not need consent: When doing certain naturalistic research If deception (dishonesty) is a necessary part of the design and you require a person’s consent to use the recording afterward People Who Have Less Social Power When conducting research with people who have less social power than yourself (real or perceived) such as clients, students, patients or subordinates: Be sure that you shield them from any punitive consequences for refusing to participate in your research or from withdrawing from it When research is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit. What are potential pitfalls with this? Deception in Research Never deceive your research participants unless the investigation warrants it and there is no other way to obtain the results (e.g. research on gambling behaviors). Otherwise, DO NOT mislead, lie, fool, or use any deceptive technique. Use only when it has significant contribution in the following areas: Scientific Educational Applied (I/O, environment, etc) Debriefing Should occur immediately after completion of the investigation Give research participants an opportunity to learn about the nature, results and conclusions of your study after they have completed their roles Always correct any remaining participant misconceptions of which you are aware of  (6) Research Misconduct Defined as fabrication, The process of identifying falsification or plagiarism It must be committed and reporting unethical or in proposing, performing intentionally. unsound research. or reviewing research or in reporting research results. Inquiry Investigation Appropriate corrective action (6) Research Misconduct : “When no one is watching”, it is the character of the investigator that determines the moral quality. Ethical Researcher must consider research as an integral Guidelines professional activity and must ethically discharge his research. Training should be provided in case of deviations.