BMS175 Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses 2 - Topic 1 Part 1 - Skin - 2024 - PDF

BMS175: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES 2 TOPIC 1: PART 1 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKIN SCHOOL OF NURSING, PARAMEDICINE & HEALTHCARE SCIENCES BMS175 Subject Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of this subject, students should: Explain the role of genes and inheritance, as well as flui...

BMS175: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES 2 TOPIC 1: PART 1 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKIN SCHOOL OF NURSING, PARAMEDICINE & HEALTHCARE SCIENCES BMS175 Subject Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of this subject, students should: Explain the role of genes and inheritance, as well as fluids and electrolytes, in normal body function; Identify the human anatomy and describe the physiology of specific organ systems (integumentary, endocrine, musculo-skeletal, gastrointestinal, urinary/renal, and reproductive systems); Describe the relationship of metabolism to normal body function; and Explain the impact of ageing on human anatomy and physiology of the ageing process. 2  Lecturer: Nat Contact Details: [email protected] Reference Material: Saladin, Chapter 6 (pp 174-197) Charles Sturt University is an Australian University, TEQSA Provider Identification: PRV12018. Charles Sturt University CRICOS Provider Number: 00005F. 3  Topic Learning Objectives Topic 1: Part 1 Identify the components of the integumentary system Explain the functions of skin List the cell types that are found in the epidermis and describe their function Describe the structure and function of the dermis Describe the structure and function of the hypodermis List and define the pathological colours that the skin can have 4  Identify the components of the integumentary system The Integumentary system The in-te-gumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands. The skin is referred to as the integument. The integument is the body’s largest and heaviest organ. It covers an area of 1.5 to 2.0m2 and accounts for about 8% of body weight. The skin is made up of two layers, the epidermis and dermis 5  Explain the functions of skin Resistance to trauma and infection Skin cells (shown in red in the image) are packed with a tough protein called keratin (in green) and are linked by strong attachments which gives this tissue its durability. The keratin and the way the cells are attached to each other makes this surface hard to break. The skin is also a great barrier against microorganisms! 6  Explain the functions of skin Sensation The skin is our most extensive sense organ. It is equipped with a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury. 7  Explain the functions of skin Nonverbal communication Complex skeletal muscles insert in the dermis and pull on the skin to create subtle and varied facial expressions. The general appearance of the skin, hair, and nails is also important to social acceptance and to a person’s self- image and emotional state. 8  Explain the functions of skin Thermoregulation In response to chilling, the body retains heat by constricting blood vessels of the dermis (cutaneous vasoconstriction), keeping warm blood deeper in the body. In response to overheating, it loses excess heat by dilating those vessels (cutaneous vasodilation), allowing more blood to flow close to the surface and lose heat through the skin. If this is insufficient to restore normal temperature, sweat glands secrete sweat which further increases heat loss.  Explain the functions of skin Vitamin D synthesis The skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin D, which is needed for bone development and maintenance. The liver and kidneys complete the process. The body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium. 10  Explain the functions of skin Other barrier functions The skin is important as a barrier to water. It prevents the body from absorbing excess but even more importantly, it prevents the body from losing excess water. The epidermis is also a barrier to ultraviolet (UV) rays, blocking much of this cancer-causing radiation from reaching deeper tissue layers; and it Epidermis is a barrier to many potentially harmful chemicals. Dermis 11  Identify the components of the integumentary system The Integumentary System Integument Hair Nails Glands Epidermis Skin Dermis 12  List the cell types that are found in the epidermis and describe their function The epidermis The epidermis is made up of 5 different kinds of cells. Collectively the tissue is called keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. A keratinocyte is just what we call a skin cell. This is the main cell type. Melanocytes are cells that make melanin. Tactile cells are touch receptors. Dendritic cells are cells of the immune system, they are macrophages. The last type of cell that lives in the epidermis is the stem cell. This cell can become any one of the cells in the epidermis 13  Identify the components of the integumentary system The Integumentary System Integument Hair Nails Glands Epidermis Skin Dermis 14  Describe the structure and function of the dermis The dermis The dermis is connective tissue so its made up of cells in a matrix. Cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages Matrix: collagen, elastin, reticular fibres Other structures in the dermis: blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, lymphatic vessels. The boundary between the epidermis and dermis is histologically conspicuous and usually wavy. 15  Describe the structure and function of the dermis The dermis The upward waves are finger-like extensions of the dermis called dermal papillae, and the downward epidermal waves between the papillae are called epidermal ridges. The dermal and epidermal boundaries thus interlock like corrugated cardboard, an arrangement that resists slippage of the epidermis across the dermis. 16  Identify the components of the integumentary system In addition to the epidermis and the dermis, there are also other layers that sit beneath these. 17  Identify the components of the integumentary system Name of Layer Technically part of skin? Type of tissue Superficial to deep Epidermis yes Epithelial Tissue Dermis yes Connective Tissue Hypodermis no Connective Tissue Bone or muscle no Bone is connective tissue or muscle tissue In addition to the epidermis and the dermis, there are also other layers that sit beneath these. 18  Identify the components of the integumentary system The Integumentary System Epidermis Integument Dermis Skin Hypodermis 19  Describe the structure and function of the hypodermis The hypodermis Beneath the skin is a layer called the hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue. It is connective tissue. Cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages Matrix: collagen, elastin The boundary between the dermis and hypodermis is indistinct, but the hypodermis generally has more areolar and adipose tissue. It pads the body and binds the skin to the underlying tissues. 20  Identify the components of the integumentary system In addition to the epidermis and the dermis, there are also other layers that sit beneath these. 21  Describe the structure and function of the hypodermis The hypodermis Subcutaneous fat in the hypodermis composed predominantly of adipose tissue. It serves as an energy reservoir and thermal insulation, and it is compressible and protects deeper tissue by absorbing pressure and blows to the body. It is not uniformly distributed; for example, it is virtually absent from the scalp but relatively abundant in the abdomen, hips, thighs, and female breasts. The subcutaneous fat averages about 8% thicker in women than in men and varies with age. Infants and elderly people have less subcutaneous fat than other people and are therefore more sensitive to cold. 22  Clinical Concepts Subcutaneous injections A subcutaneous injection is one into the fatty tissues just beneath the skin. If you are interested in learning about intramuscular and subcutaneous drug absorption, check out this paper https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien ce/article/pii/0378517394901031 Also see presenter notes for a quick summary. 23  Clinical Concept Skin wound healing – click on the image above then click on the play symbol to watch this video. 24 Drag and drop the elements in the correct boxes in the table Click and Drag the Elements Below jaundice erythema cyanosis albinism pallor 25 haematoma  Lecture Resources Selby, J.C. (2011). Mechanobiology of Epidermal Keratinocytes: Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes, Keratin Intermediate Filaments, and Blistering Skin Diseases. In: Wagoner Johnson, A., Harley, B. (eds) Mechanobiology of Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8083-0_9 Image by macrovector on Freepik Hypothalamus Controls Thermoregulation. The hypothalamus controls thermoregulatory networks leading to an increase or decrease in the core body temperature. Original image OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology CC-by-4.0. Image edited by Aric Warner. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209012321400023X https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical By MajorB - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51437003 https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/a-frostbitten-male-hand-with-raynauds-syndrome-raynauds-phenomenon-or-raynauds-gm1369354297-439130524 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322710#medications-used-in-subcutaneous-injections By British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). Download this book for free at http://open.bccampus.ca - https://opentextbc.ca/clinicalskills/chapter/safe- injection-administration-and-preparing-medication-from-ampules-and-vials/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58444279 Primal pictures interactive anatomy Anatomy.tv : the world’s most detailed 3D model of human anatomy online. (2001). Primal Pictures Marieb, E., & Hoehn, K. (2018). Human anatomy and physiology, global edition. Pearson Education, Limited. Saladin, K. S., Gan, C. A., & Cushman, H. N. (2021). Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function (Ninth edition.). McGraw-Hill. Martini, F., Ober, C. E., Welch, K., Hutchings, R. T., & Welch, K. (Kathleen M. (2018). Visual anatomy & physiology (3rd edition. Global edition). Pearson. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/thermoregulation/ 26