Sigmund Freud's Classical Psychoanalytic Theory PDF

PSY2 LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC FIRST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PROF. GERALD M. LLANES, RPm, LPT Breuer found out that some of the symptoms of his S...

PSY2 LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC FIRST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PROF. GERALD M. LLANES, RPm, LPT Breuer found out that some of the symptoms of his SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC patients would disappear temporarily or permanently by encouraging them to express their feelings and emotions. Psychoanalysis is considered as the most interesting, He called this process catharsis. controversial and famous of all personality theories. Freud first used hypnosis (induction of a state of This is because Freud believed that people are motivated consciousness in which a person apparently loses the primarily by drives of which they have little or no power of voluntary action and is highly responsible to awareness. suggestion or direction) for treating hysteria but later abandoned it because he found out that not all of his ○ These drives include SEX and AGRESSION which are patients could be hypnotized. considered as the twin corner stones of psychoanalysis. Eventually, he developed the Technique of free association which he called the "The fundamental rule of Freud believed that all human behaviors have a cause. psychoanalysis" here the patients were encouraged to Nothing happened simply by chance not even an speak freely and to report whatever their thoughts were, accident. regardless of the apparent relationship or lack of relationship to their symptoms. Freud believed that minor mistakes like slips of the tongue are also manifestations of unconscious motives. Then he began his self-analysis because he felt that before one can analyze others, he must first undergo Freud likewise indicated that through humor a person can analysis himself. express his aggressiveness or sexual desires without fear of retaliation by either the ego or the superego. However, Breuer found that during the course of treatment, the patient responds to the therapy thinking as SIGMUND FREUD’S BIOGRAPHY if he or she was an important person in the doctor's life. Breuer called this transference. Sigmund Freud was born in Feinberg Moravia (now Czechoslovakia) He moved to Vienna where he lived for Likewise, the analyst may also form an emotional nearly 80 years. attachment to the patient which he termed counter transference. These can bring about failure in treatment. He died in England one year after his family migrated there. Freud later went to France where he studied under Jean Charcot, a French psychiatrist who was using hypnosis in He was the first of six children by the second wife of his the treatment of hysteria. From Charcot, Freud learned father. two(2) things: He and his mother had a very close and powerful 1. It is possible to treat hysteria as a psychological relationship. disorder rather than as an organic one. 2. The possibility that a patient's problem has a sexual He was an excellent student, graduating as the head of basis. his class. He was accepted in medical school at the age of 17. OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT SIGMUND FREUD Although he was not interested in medicine he saw it as 1. He became highly enthusiastic about the Cocaine, means by which he can engage in scientific research. calling it a miracle drug and a magical substance that He had 6 children one of his daughters Ana, became a would cure many ills famous child psychiatrist in London. 2. He was criticized because of his promotion of cocaine Freud worked with Joseph Breuer a successful medical 3. Martha Bernays - his wife practitioner, who was then developing a new method of 4. Jean Martin Charcot - a pioneer in the use of treating hysteria, a disorder with a wide variety of hypnosis. The possible sexual basis of neurosis. symptoms such as paralysis , loss of sensation, 5. Freud assumed sexual preoccupation as the main disturbance of speech and sight. source of anxiety or emotional disturbance. PSY2: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC 1  PSY2 LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC FIRST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PROF. GERALD M. LLANES, RPm, LPT 6. Penis normalis dosim repetatur - It means that she B. Three Structures of the Personality (client) needs to have sex with a normal penis often (Repetative) 1. Id - It is concerned only with satisfying personal 7. Freud believed that it was these early sexual desires, regardless of the physical or social traumas that caused neurotic behavior in adulthood. limitations that might prevent us from getting 8. Jeffrey Masson (A psychoanalyst) claimed that Freud whatever we want. called these experiences fantasies to make his ideas more palatable and acceptable to the public. 2. Ego - The primary job of the ego is to mediate/ 9. He apparently abandoned his own sex life at the age balanced the demands of the ID and the outer forces of 41. of reality. 10. In his 40s, he experienced a severe neurotic episode, which he described as involving “odd states 3. Superego - The moral arm of the personality, of mind not intelligible to consciousness—cloudy corresponds to one's conscience. thoughts and veiled doubts, with barely here and there a ray of light. 11. Freud diagnosed his condition as anxiety neurosis and neurasthenia (a neurotic condition characterized by weakness, worry, and disturbances of digestion and circulation) 12. “The most important patient for me was my own person” FREUD’S CONCEPT A. Three Parts of Mind 1. Conscious - those thoughts of which you are currently aware. 2. Preconscious – stores all the thoughts you could bring into consciousness fairly easily if you wanted to; these are the thoughts which can easily be recalled without special techniques. 3. Unconscious – the material that we have no immediate access to, and that we cannot bring into Freud’s Model of Personality Structure consciousness except under certain extreme situation. Freud’s View of the Human Mind: The Mental Iceberg Conscious Level Thoughts, Perceptions Subconscious Level Memories, Stored Knowledge Unconscious Level Fears, Violent motives, Unacceptable sexual desires, Irrational wishes, Immoral urges, Shameful experiences, Selfish needs PSY2: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC 2  PSY2 LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC FIRST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PROF. GERALD M. LLANES, RPm, LPT C. Dynamics of Personality The unpleasantness is often vague and hard to pinpoint, but the anxiety itself is always felt. Dynamic – motivational principle, to explain the driving forces behind people’s action. To Freud, people are Three Kinds of Anxiety motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety. 1. Neurotic Anxiety Drives – Freud used the German word Trieb to refer to a Apprehension about an unknown danger. drive or stimulus within the person. It operates as a People may experience neurotic anxiety in the presence constant motivational force. This includes sex drive of a teacher, employer, or some other authority figure (libido) and aggression drive. because they previously experienced unconscious feelings of destruction against one or both parents. 1. Sex (Eros) - the aim of this drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction. Freud believe 2. Moral Anxiety that the entire body is invested with libido. Stems from the conflict between the ego and superego. After the children established a superego, they may Forms of Sex: experience anxiety as an outgrowth of the conflict A. Narcissism - is manifested in the infant who is between realistic needs and the dictates of their primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost superego exclusively in their own ego. 3. Realistic Anxiety B. Love - Love develops when people invest their libido This kind of anxiety is defined as an unpleasant, in an object or person other than themselves. nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger. C. Sadism - The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting It is closely related to fear. pain or humiliation on another person D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS D. Masochism - The need for sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by The ego is attempting to reduce or avoid anxiety, an themselves or by others. unpleasant emotional experience similar but not 2. Aggression (Thanatos) - considered as the destructive identical to feelings of nervousness, worry, agitation, or drive, according to Freud the aim of this drive is to return the panic. organism to an inorganic state. Awareness of certain unacceptable material creates ○ The ultimate inorganic condition is death, thus, the anxiety. final aim of the aggressive drive is self-destruction. How does the ego deal with anxiety-provoking material? ○ As with the sexual drive, aggression is flexible and The ego has its disposal at many different techniques, can take a number of forms, such as teasing, gossip, known collectively as defense mechanisms, which can sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and the enjoyment of be used to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires. other people's suffering. 1. Repression - a mechanism by which the ego prevents ○ The aggressive tendency is present in everyone and anxiety-provoking thoughts from being entertained in the is the explanation for wars, violence, and religious conscious level. persecution. ○ Freud believed that all of us use repression, for we FREUD’S CONCEPT OF ANXIETY all have material in our unconscious minds we would rather not bring into awareness. Freud emphasized that is a felt, affective, unpleasant ○ Repression is the cornerstone on which the whole state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns structure of psychoanalysis rests" – Freud the person against impending danger. PSY2: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC 3  PSY2 LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC FIRST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PROF. GERALD M. LLANES, RPm, LPT ○ Repressed wishes can find unconscious outlet is 7. Rationalization - the process of justifying one's conduct by through one's dream or through unconscious offering socially acceptable reasons in place of real reasons. expressive gestures. The excuses are made up to hide or disguise the true motive. Forms of Rationalization: A. Sour-grapes mechanisms - pretending to dislike what one really likes. B. Sweet-lemon mechanisms - pretending to like what one really dislikes. 8. Compensation - process of engaging in substitute behaviour in order to cover up or make up social or physical frustration or lack of ability in a certain area of personality 9. Regression - a mechanism in which a person turns to an earlier stage of development when he or she experience 2. Sublimation - Channeling or substituting of negative id stress. impulses into socially acceptable actions. 10. Identification - defense mechanism by which an ○ Freud called this sublimation whereby the individual enhances self-esteem by taking on the unconscious process of the libido or the sex instinct characteristics of someone viewed as successful. is transformed into a more acceptable form as artistic, scientific, social work, religious activities, 11. Undoing - "cancel out" or "make-up" for a bad act by and the like. doing good. ○ According to Freud, sublimation is a truly successful E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY defense mechanism, in that the more we use it, the more productive we become. 1. Oral stage (birth to one year) 3. Displacement - Channeling or substituting our impulses ○ Freud proposed that children enjoy sucking and from an original target to another person or object biting because it gives them a form of sexual pleasure. ○ Freud noted that many of our apparently irrational fears, or phobias, are merely symbolic ○ At the oral stage, the infant child is heavily displacements. dependent upon its parents for the satisfaction of his basic needs, and unless these needs are catered 4. Denial - an extreme form of defense. The more we use it, for the child will experience serious developmental the less we are in touch with reality. problems with an everlasting consequence on his personality. ○ When we use denial, we simply state that certain fact do not exist. ○ These basic needs are that of food, security, love and affection to mention but just a few. Freud therefore ○ This is more than saying we do not remember, as in suggested good child rearing habits such as breast repression. Rather, we are insisting that something is feeding, personal care, love and affection etc. This not true, despite all evidence to the contrary. stage is called dependency stage. 5. Reaction Formation - concealing a motive by giving strong 2. The anal stage (one to three years) expression to the opposite ○ Children are sexually gratified by the act of elimination. 6. Projection - Attributing an unconscious impulse to other people instead of to oneself. PSY2: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC 4  PSY2 LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC FIRST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PROF. GERALD M. LLANES, RPm, LPT ○ The anal stage is described in the biological sense of 5. Genital stage puberty - Onward the word. The child would need to be controlled and ○ Adolescent has mature sexual feelings and guided in the satisfaction of anal desires experiences from sexual relationship with other ○ This will teach him self control and independent ○ This period is characterized by obvious sexual tendencies. The two combines are very important in maturation manifested in the onset of puberty at the emotional growth and development of children. adolescence. There is renewed interest in obtaining sexual pleasure through the genitals. ○ Excessive punishment for or failure for toilet training may create a fixated personality. ○ Masturbation becomes frequent. Sexual and romantic interest in others also becomes a central 3. Phallic stage (three to five years) motive ○ Sexually gratification moves to the genitalia ○ Though, relationships are usually for selfish genital ○ During the phallic stage (three to five years), sexual pleasures, individuals at this stage often have gratification moves to the genitalia. genuine care for the loved ones as much as or more than self. ○ The Oedipus crisis, in which boys sexually desire their mothers and view their fathers as rivals for ○ Sublimation continued to be important during this their mothers’ love, occurs in this stage. period as sexual and aggressive id motives become transformed into energy for marriage, occupation ○ Some theorists have suggested that girls have a and child rearing. similar experience, the Electra crisis, in which they desire their fathers and see their mothers as ○ Freud suggested that children could get fixated in competition for his love. any one of the stages. A fixation could result from being either undergratified or overgratified. ○ Both the Oedipus and Electra crises are named after figures in Greek mythology who lived out these ○ For instance, a child who was not fed regularly or conflicts. who was overly indulged might develop an oral fixation. ○ In the phallic stage, Freud suggests that boys and girls notice their physical differences. As a result, ○ Such people, as adults, might evidence a tendency girls come to evidence penis envy, the desire for a to overeat, a propensity to chew gum, an addiction penis, and boys suffer from castration anxiety, the to smoking, or another similar mouth-related fear that if they misbehave, they will be castrated. behavior. ○ Boys specifically fear that their fathers will castrate ○ Freud described two kinds of personalities resulting them to eliminate them as rivals for their mothers. from an anal fixation due to a traumatic toilet training. 4. Latency stage years ○ Puberty sexual feeling exist but not yet developed ○ Someone with an anal expulsive personality tends to be messy and disorganized. The term anal retentive ○ During this period, sexual interest is relatively is used to describe people who are meticulously inactive. Sexual desire has been strongly repressed neat, hyper organized, and a bit compulsive. through the resolution of the oedipal or electral complex. ○ Fixation in the phallic stage can result in people who appear excessively sexually assured and aggressive. ○ Sexual energy is now sublimated and converted into sports, doing school work, riding bicycle etc. ○ Children should therefore be assisted to develop a degree of competence in these areas. The opportunity should also be adequately provided. PSY2: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC 5  PSY2 LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC FIRST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PROF. GERALD M. LLANES, RPm, LPT F. APPLICATIONS OF FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY 1. Dream Analysis ○ According to Freud, dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”. In 1900 he published The Interpretation of Dreams, presenting for the first time a psychological theory of what are dreams really mean. ○ Freud said that dreams provide the ID impulses with a stage of expression. A. Wish fulfillment – a representation of what the 2. Projective Test - are used to evaluate personality in a individual would like to have. very unique way. It describes the process, and shares examples of the most commonly used projective tests. B. Repetition compulsion – The dreams are frequently in people with PTSD who repeatedly This type of test emerged from the psychoanalytic dream of frightening, traumatic experience. school of thought, which suggested that people have unconscious thoughts or urges. 2 Contents of Dream: A. MANIFEST CONTENT - what the dreamer sees Projective tests are intended to uncover feelings, and remembers the actual literal subject matter of desires, and conflicts that are hidden from conscious the dream. awareness. B. LATENT CONTENT - the meaning of the manifest content, what is the unconscious interpretation of the said dream. DREAM ANALYSIS 3. Free Association - a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy to help patients learn more about what they are thinking and feeling. ○ Freud used free association to help his patients discover unconscious thoughts and feelings that had been repressed or ignored. 4. Freudian Slips (Parapraxes) - also called parapraxis, is a slip of the tongue that seems to inadvertently reveal an unconscious thought or attitude. ○ The term "Freudian slip" refers to the psychological theory that, when a person misspeaks, they are inadvertently revealing repressed or secret desires. PSY2: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC 6  PSY2 LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC FIRST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PROF. GERALD M. LLANES, RPm, LPT Freud first wrote about this concept in his 1901 book, "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life". ○ In 1979, researchers at UC Davis found that slips of the tongue occur most frequently when individuals are under stress or speaking quickly. From these findings, they concluded that unconscious sexual desires are not the sole cause of so-called Freudian slips. 5. Hypnosis ○ Early experiences with hypnosis helped Freud to understand that there was more to the human mind than what one can bring into awareness. ○ He argued late in his career that hypnosis provided proof for the existence of the unconscious. 6. Humor ○ According to Freud, for a joke to be funny, it must contain anxiety provoking material. We laugh only at the things that bother us. Most often, sex and death are the favorite topics. ○ According to Freud, if you want to know what has been Repressed in a person’s mind, examine what he or she finds humorous. 7. Symbolic Behavior ○ Just as our dreams are interpreted by Freudian psychologist as symbolic representations of our unconscious desires, so too can many of our daily behaviors be taken as symbolic gestures of these unconscious thoughts. PSY2: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD’S CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC 7