History of Psychology - Session 4: Psychoanalysis PDF

History of Psychology Session 4: Psychoanalysis Rui Mata, Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences October 14, 2024  Learning Objectives for Today Understand the historical context of the development of psychoanalysis, focusing on the contributions of key gures like Sigmund Freu...

History of Psychology Session 4: Psychoanalysis Rui Mata, Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences October 14, 2024  Learning Objectives for Today Understand the historical context of the development of psychoanalysis, focusing on the contributions of key gures like Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. Identify the key concepts and phase of Freudian psychoanalysis, including the unconscious mind, repressed trauma, and defense mechanisms. Explore the methods and techniques used in psychoanalysis, such as dream interpretation, free association, and projective tests. Discuss the impact and critiques of psychoanalysis, particularly its con icts with behaviorism and attachment theory. 3 fl fi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sj2JFI4BsRQ 4  Sigmund Freud – 1856 Birth in Přibor (Freiberg/Mähren; Czech Rep.) – 1873 studies Medicine in Vienna – 1878 name change (Sigismund Schlomo > Sigmund) – 1881 Doctoral degree – 1885 Habilitation in Neuropathology – 1885-1886 Visiting researcher with Charcot in Paris – 1886 opens private practice in Vienna – from 1891 at Berggasse 19 (today Freud Museum) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) – 1895 publishes Studies on Histeria with Josef Breuer – 1899 The Interpretation of Dreams – 1902 Ordinarius at the University of Vienna – 1909 Visit to USA, Clark University, w/ Carl Jung by invitation of G. Stanley Hall – 1920 Beyond the pleasure principle – 1938 Flees Nazis through Paris to London – Freuds Psychoanalysis as “jüdische Irrlehre” – 1939 Death (assisted suicide) 5  The origins and development of psychoanalysis The relationship between trauma and mental illness was rst investigated by the neurologist Jean Martin Charcot, a French physician who was working with traumatized (histeric) women in the Salpêtrière hospital, Paris. Hysterical symptoms were characterized by sudden paralysis, amnesia, sensory loss, and convulsions, and at the time, such symptoms were thought to originate in the uterus. Until Charcot, the common treatment for hysteria was hysterectomy. Charcot was the rst to understand that the origin of hysterical symptoms was not physiological but rather psychological in nature. He noted that traumatic events could induce a hypnotic state in his patients and was the Ringel, S. & Brandell, J.R.(2012) Trauma: Contemporary rst to “describe both the problems of Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research. SAGE suggestibility in these patients, and the fact that Publications: Maryland. hysterical attacks are dissociative problems— the results of having endured unbearable experiences” 6 fi fi fi  The origins and development of psychoanalysis From Trauma to Phantasy In Studies on Hysteria (1895), coauthored with Josef Breuer, Freud suggested that “we must point out that we consider it essential for the explanation of hysterical phenomena to assume the presence of a dissociation, a splitting of the content of consciousness. [T]he regular and essential content of a hysterical attack is the recurrence of a physical state which the patient has experienced earlier.” Later, Freud stopped believing that every client who walked into his o ce with 'hysteria' had been sexually abused. Rather, he seemed to believe that symptoms resulted from repressed phantasies. Ringel, S. & Brandell, J.R.(2012) Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research. SAGE Publications: Maryland. 7 ffi Psychoanalysis: Theses (and phases) Psychoanalysis as … – General theory of human psychology and behavior – Method to diagnose and treat psychopathology – Historical-cultural movement Phases of Psychoanalytic Theory – Pre-psychoanalysis (1881-1894) – Trauma theory (1895-1899) repressed traumas reinterpretation as phantasies (castration complex, penis envy, Oedipus complex) – Topographical Theory (1900-1922) Theses: According to Psychoanalysis, human Levels of conscious access behaviour is largely in uenced by drives that are – Structural Theory (1923 onwards) rooted in the unconscious; mental/emotional disturbances (e.g., depression, anxiety) arise Id, Ego, Super Ego from con icts between the conscious and the Es = Eros (Desire) und Thanatos (Death) unconscious. 8 fl fl Psychoanalysis: Examples of Defence Mechanisms 9 Psychoanalysis: Methods Freud based his theories on observation of clinical cases; initially he used hypnosis, but from 1892 onwards, he started relying more on free association and, later (ca. 1895) dream interpretation. 10  Psychoanalysis: Methods Anamnesis: interpretation of patient biography in light of psychoanalysis, to reveal origins of trauma/con ict and defence mechanisms at play; bringing these to light and new framing may help resolve tensions Hypnosis: probe the unconscious and cure (hypnotic suggestion), abandoned Dream analysis: dreams as “the royal road” to the unconscious (like hypnosis, represents an altered state of consciousness), dreams deal with wish ful lment, unconscious desires and con icts; dreams contain both manifest (conscious) and latent content, with the latter representing repressed, symbolic meaning. The therapist aims to uncover the meaning of the latent content and uses additional techniques (e.g., free association) to further probe the mental con ict Free association: the analyst asks the individual to share thoughts, words, or images that come freely to mind or in reaction to some cue; the results are interpreted by the analyst to uncover unconscious thoughts and con ict Freudian slips (i.e., slips of the tongue; “bread and butter” -> “bed and butter”): investigative technique to reveal sources of mental con ict Projective tests: psychoanalysts aim to uncover unconscious drives and con icts by interpreting responses to ambiguous cues (e.g., Rorschach ink blots) 11 fl fl fl fl fl fi fl Psychoanalysis: Impact (and Con ict) Freud on receiving his honorary doctorate "In Europe I felt as though I were despised; but over there I found myself received by the foremost men as an equal. As I stepped onto the platform at Worcester to deliver my Five Lectures upon Psychoanalysis it seemed like the realization of some incredible day-dream: psychoanalysis was no longer a product of delusion, it had become a valuable part of reality." The Great Schism… Clark University, Mass., USA, September 1909. Front row: Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung. Stanley Hall studied with Wundt in Leipzig, was a pioneer in Developmental Psychology and founder of the American Psychological Association (APA). Freud and Jung, among others. were invited to the 10-year Anniversary of Clark University and awarded Honorary Doctorates. Soon after, however, Freud and Jung would go their separate ways once Jung published Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (1912) detailing his analytical psychology. 12 fl 13  Carl Gustav Jung – 1875 Born in Kesswil (Bodensee) – 1895 Studies Medicine in Basel – 1900 Psychiatric Hospital Burghölzli (Zürich): Assistant to Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939); experiments with word associations and reaction times to understand pathology – 1902 Doctorate – 1907 Contact with Freud – 1909 Travels with Freud to Clark University – 1909 Leaves Burghölzli (disagreement with Bleuler) Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) – 1910-1914 President „Internat. Psychoanalytic Association“ – 1912 „Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido“ – 1913 Rupture with Freud “Die tatsächlich bestehenden und einsichtigen Leuten schon längst bekannten Verschiedenheiten der – 1913 House and work at Küsnacht (Zürichsee) germanischen und der jüdischen Psychologie sollen nicht mehr verwischt werden, was der Wissenschaft nur – 1933-1942 Professorship in Zürich förderlich sein kann.” – 1944 Professorship in Basel (for only 1 year) C. G. Jung, Geleitwort im Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie und ihre Grenzgebiete VI/3 (Leipzig 1933). – 1946 Retirement – 1961 Death 14 Carl Gustav Jung Libido as a more general term to describe mental energy (as opposed to sexual energy) Collective unconscious: aspects of unconsciousness experienced by all people in different times and cultures Archetypes – inherited images, symbols (e.g., giants, magicians, heroes) – double-nature as instincts and cultural traditions – as foundation of human communion Personality types – distinguish introverts (focused on the internal world) and extroverts (focused on the external world) Publication record – little systematic treatment of theoretical ideas – publications on religion, mystical topics, alchemy… 15  “Modern” Freudian Psychoanalysis Individual Psychology Active Therapy continuation of ideas neuroses arise from therapist plays more but new foci (child overcompensation for active role psychoanalysis), new Analytical feelings of insecurity techniques (children Psychology drawings) or less focus on sexuality, Sándor emphasis on speci c archetypes and types Alfred Ferenczi mechanisms Adler (transference) Carl Anna Jung Freud 16 fi Psychoanalysis: Methods (critique) Freud seems to have paid little interest to systematic empirical research: “ I c h h a b e i h re e x p e r i m e n t e l l e n A r b e i t e n z u r P r ü f u n g psychoanalytischer Behauptungen mit Interesse zur Kenntnis genommen. Sehr hoch kann ich diese Bestätigungen nicht einschätzen, denn die Fülle sicherer Beobachtungen, auf denen jene Beobachtungen beruhen, macht sie von der experimentellen Prüfung unabhängig. Immerhin, sie kann nicht schaden.” Freud (letter to Saul Rosenzweig, 1934) 17 Psychoanalysis: Methods (critique) “Everybody has won, and all must have prizes.” Carroll, Lewis (1865). Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Dodo bird verdict A controversial topic in psychotherapy, referring to the claim that all psychotherapies, regardless of their speci c components, produce equivalent outcomes. The conjecture was introduced by Saul Rosenzweig in 1936, drawing on imagery from Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. More info the session Psychotherapy Research. 18 fi Psychoanalysis: Methods (critique) Karl Popper 1902-1994 Karl Popper critiqued psychoanalysis for being unfalsi able, meaning it could not be empirically tested or disproven, a key criterion for scienti c theories in his view. Popper argued that psychoanalytic theories, such as Freud's ideas about the unconscious mind and repressed desires, could explain any possible behavior, making them exible and adaptable to all outcomes. This adaptability, according to Popper, rendered the theory scienti cally weak because no observation could potentially prove it wrong. As a result, Popper classi ed psychoanalysis as a pseudoscience, contrasting it with scienti c theories that make bold predictions, which can be tested and potentially refuted. 19 fi fi fi fl fi fi Psychoanalysis: Impact (and Con ict) Korn, J. H., Davis, R., & Davis, S. F. (1991). Historians’ and chairpersons’ judgments of eminence among psychologists. American Psychologist, 46(7), 789–792. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.46.7.789 20 fl Psychoanalysis vs. Behaviorism – Watson’s investigation of children’s conditioning can be seen partly as a response to psychoanalysis’ focus on early childhood. Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1-14. Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1-14. 21 Psychoanalysis vs. Attachment Theory – 1913 Born in Ohio – 1939 PhD Developmental Psychology (Univ Toronto) worked with William Blatz who rejected Freudian theories asserting that "it is not necessary to postulate an unconscious”; applied security theory to understand how children strive for security (at rst dependent of caregivers and, later, dependent on own skills) – 1942 Joined Canadian Army Corps (testing and personnel selection) – 1950 Moved to London, worked with John Bowlby (psychiatrist interested in patterns of family interaction), where she studied maternal- Mary Ainswoth (1913-1999) infant attachments (comparison of disrupted mother-child vs normal mother-child bonds) – 1954 East African Institute of Social Research, Kampala, Uganda: mother-infant observations – 1956 Johns Hopkins University ( rst on a temporary position) – 1965: Strange Situation Procedure: assessment child attachment by observing children’s behaviour when separated and reunited with their mother – 1975 University of Virginia – 1992 Retirement 22 – 1999 Death fi fi Psychoanalysis vs. Attachment Theory – The Ainsworth Strange Situation Paradigm is a structured observational method used to assess attachment between a caregiver and a child. The procedure involves a series of separations and reunions between the caregiver and child, along with the introduction of a stranger, to observe the child's responses. Based on these interactions, Ainsworth identi ed different attachment styles. The method helps understand the nature of the child's attachment and emotional bond with the caregiver. 23 fi Psychoanalysis vs. Attachment Theory Psychoanalysis Attachment Theory Drives as primary Primacy of caregiving Objects (attachment gures) function (imprinting) secondary to drive Learning and independence grati cation as a motivating force in Normative view: Sexuality and development aggression as primary drives Individual differences Ainsworth, M. D. (1969). Object relations, dependency, and attachment: A theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child Development, 40(4), 969–1025. 24 fi fi  WHAT DO YOU THINK? Compare and contrast the schools: structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis 25  Summary: Psychoanalysis The power of the unconscious: Central to psychoanalysis is the exploration of the unconscious, where repressed desires and con icts reside. Psychoanalysis seeks to uncover these unconscious drives and understand how they con ict with conscious thoughts, in uencing behavior and mental health. Pathology, sexuality, and beyond: Freud emphasized that many psychological issues stem from trauma and sexuality, and other psychological problems arising from parent-child relations; theory of drives and psychological defence mechanisms; initial focus on sexuality, later on death and aggression; progression of theory and techniques; plural methodology (e.g., interpretation of dreams, free association, projective tests). Therapeutic focus: psychoanalysis was proposed as a therapeutic method, techniques like dream interpretation, free association, and projective tests were introduced to bring unconscious con icts to light, aiding in the resolution of psychological con ict. Impact and critique: Psychoanalysis as opposition to the medical/biological model and opposition to mainstream psychology’s focus on consciousness; emphasis on clinical experience relative to quanti cation/experimentation; in uence on different views through opposition by close (e.g., Jung, Adler) and more distant perspectives (e.g., behaviorism, attachment theory). 26 fl fl fi fl fl fl fl