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Personal PDF Edition Study Guide TOGAF® 9 Foundation 3rd Edition Preparation for the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination Prepared by Rachel Harrison of Oxford Brookes University...
Personal PDF Edition Study Guide TOGAF® 9 Foundation 3rd Edition Preparation for the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination Prepared by Rachel Harrison of Oxford Brookes University © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Copyright © 2009-2013, The Open Group All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. The views expressed in this Study Guide are not necessarily those of any particular member of The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between text in this Study Guide and the official TOGAF documentation, the TOGAF documentation remains the authoritative version for certification, testing by examination, and other purposes. The official TOGAF documentation can be obtained online at www.opengroup.org/togaf. Study Guide TOGAF® 9 Foundation, 3rd Edition Document Number: B133 Published by The Open Group, November 2013. Comments relating to the material contained in this document may be submitted to: The Open Group Apex Plaza Reading Berkshire, RG1 1AX United Kingdom or by electronic mail to: [email protected] ii Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Contents Preface........................................................................................................................................... ix About the Author..................................................................................................................................... xiii Trademarks......................................................................................................................................... xiv Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................. xv References......................................................................................................................................... xvi Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Key Learning Points................................................................................................ 1 1.2 The TOGAF Certification for People Program........................................................ 1 1.2.1 Certification Document Structure.............................................................. 2 1.2.2 Program Vision and Principles.................................................................. 4 1.2.3 TOGAF 9 Foundation............................................................................... 4 1.2.4 The Certification Process.......................................................................... 5 1.2.5 Preparing for the Examination................................................................... 6 1.3 Summary.................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Test Yourself Questions.......................................................................................... 7 1.5 Recommended Reading........................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 Basic Concepts................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Key Learning Points................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Introduction to TOGAF 9........................................................................................ 9 2.2.1 What is the TOGAF Standard?.................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Structure of the TOGAF Document........................................................ 10 2.3 What is an Enterprise?........................................................................................... 11 2.4 What is Architecture in the Context of the TOGAF Standard?............................. 11 2.5 Why do I Need Enterprise Architecture?............................................................... 12 2.6 What is an Architecture Framework?.................................................................... 13 2.7 Why do I Need a Framework for Enterprise Architecture?................................... 14 2.8 Why is the TOGAF Standard Suitable as a Framework for Enterprise Architecture?......................................................................................................... 14 2.9 What are the Different Architecture Domains that the TOGAF Standard deals with?............................................................................................................. 15 2.10 What does the TOGAF Standard Contain?............................................................ 15 2.10.1 The Architecture Development Method (ADM)..................................... 17 2.10.2 ADM Guidelines and Techniques........................................................... 17 2.10.3 Architecture Content Framework............................................................ 17 2.10.4 The Enterprise Continuum...................................................................... 17 2.10.5 TOGAF Reference Models...................................................................... 18 2.10.6 The Architecture Capability Framework................................................. 18 2.11 Summary................................................................................................................ 18 2.12 Test Yourself Questions........................................................................................ 19 2.13 Recommended Reading......................................................................................... 20 Chapter 3 Core Concepts.................................................................................................................. 21 3.1 Key Learning Points.............................................................................................. 21 3.2 What are the Phases of the ADM?......................................................................... 21 TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition iii © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition 3.3 Deliverables, Artifacts, and Building Blocks......................................................... 22 3.4 The Enterprise Continuum..................................................................................... 24 3.5 The Architecture Repository.................................................................................. 25 3.6 Establishing and Maintaining an Enterprise Architecture Capability.................... 26 3.7 Establishing an Operational Architecture Capability............................................. 27 3.8 Using the TOGAF Framework with Other Frameworks....................................... 28 3.9 Summary................................................................................................................ 29 3.10 Test Yourself Questions........................................................................................ 30 3.11 Recommended Reading......................................................................................... 31 Chapter 4 Key Terminology............................................................................................................. 32 4.1 Key Learning Points.............................................................................................. 32 4.2 Key Terms............................................................................................................. 32 4.3 Summary................................................................................................................ 42 4.4 Test Yourself Questions........................................................................................ 42 4.5 Recommended Reading......................................................................................... 43 Chapter 5 Introduction to the Architecture Development Method.................................................... 44 5.1 Key Learning Points.............................................................................................. 44 5.2 The Architecture Development Cycle................................................................... 45 5.3 What is the Relationship of the ADM to Other Parts of the TOGAF Standard?............................................................................................................... 48 5.3.1 Relationship to the Enterprise Continuum and Architecture Repository............................................................................................... 48 5.3.2 The ADM and the Foundation Architecture............................................ 49 5.3.3 The ADM and Supporting Guidelines and Techniques........................... 49 5.4 Key Points of the ADM Cycle............................................................................... 50 5.5 How to Adapt the ADM to your Enterprise........................................................... 50 5.6 The Need for Architecture Governance................................................................. 52 5.7 Scoping the Architecture Activity for your Organization...................................... 52 5.8 Integrating the Architecture Domains for your Organization................................ 53 5.9 Summary................................................................................................................ 54 5.10 Test Yourself Questions........................................................................................ 55 5.11 Recommended Reading......................................................................................... 56 Chapter 6 The Enterprise Continuum and Tools............................................................................... 57 6.1 Key Learning Points.............................................................................................. 57 6.2 Overview of the Enterprise Continuum................................................................. 58 6.3 The Enterprise Continuum and Architecture Re-Use............................................ 58 6.4 The Constituent Parts of the Enterprise Continuum.............................................. 59 6.4.1 The Enterprise Continuum...................................................................... 59 6.4.2 The Architecture Continuum................................................................... 59 6.4.3 The Solutions Continuum........................................................................ 60 6.5 The Architecture Continuum in Detail.................................................................. 60 6.5.1 Foundation Architecture.......................................................................... 61 6.5.2 Common Systems Architectures............................................................. 61 6.5.3 Industry Architectures............................................................................. 61 6.5.4 Organization-Specific Architectures....................................................... 61 6.6 The Solutions Continuum in Detail....................................................................... 61 6.6.1 Foundation Solutions............................................................................... 62 6.6.2 Common Systems Solutions.................................................................... 62 6.6.3 Industry Solutions.................................................................................... 63 6.6.4 Organization-Specific Solutions.............................................................. 63 6.6.5 The Relationship of the Architecture Continuum to the Solutions Continuum............................................................................................... 63 6.7 Using the Enterprise Continuum within the ADM................................................ 64 iv Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition 6.8 The Architecture Repository.................................................................................. 65 6.8.1 The Architecture Landscape.................................................................... 66 6.8.2 The Standards Information Base............................................................. 67 6.9 Tools Standardization............................................................................................ 67 6.10 Summary................................................................................................................ 67 6.11 Test Yourself Questions........................................................................................ 68 6.12 Recommended Reading......................................................................................... 70 Chapter 7 The ADM Phases.............................................................................................................. 71 7.1 Key Learning Points.............................................................................................. 71 7.2 Preliminary Phase.................................................................................................. 71 7.2.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 71 7.2.2 Approach................................................................................................. 72 7.3 Phase A: Architecture Vision................................................................................ 76 7.3.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 76 7.3.2 Approach................................................................................................. 76 7.4 Phase B: Business Architecture............................................................................. 78 7.4.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 78 7.4.2 Approach................................................................................................. 78 7.5 Phase C: Information Systems Architectures........................................................ 80 7.5.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 80 7.5.2 Approach................................................................................................. 80 7.6 Phase D: Technology Architecture........................................................................ 83 7.6.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 83 7.6.2 Approach................................................................................................. 83 7.7 Phase E: Opportunities and Solutions.................................................................... 84 7.7.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 84 7.7.2 Approach................................................................................................. 84 7.8 Phase F: Migration Planning.................................................................................. 86 7.8.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 86 7.8.2 Approach................................................................................................. 86 7.9 Phase G: Implementation Governance................................................................... 87 7.9.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 87 7.9.2 Approach................................................................................................. 87 7.10 Phase H: Architecture Change Management......................................................... 88 7.10.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 88 7.10.2 Approach................................................................................................. 88 7.11 Requirements Management................................................................................... 91 7.11.1 Objectives................................................................................................ 91 7.11.2 Approach................................................................................................. 91 7.12 Summary................................................................................................................ 92 7.13 Test Yourself Questions........................................................................................ 92 7.14 Recommended Reading......................................................................................... 95 Chapter 8 ADM Guidelines and Techniques.................................................................................... 96 8.1 Key Learning Points.............................................................................................. 96 8.2 ADM Guidelines and Techniques Overview......................................................... 96 8.3 Architecture Principles.......................................................................................... 97 8.3.1 The TOGAF Template for Defining Architecture Principles.................. 98 8.3.2 What Makes a Good Architecture Principle?.......................................... 99 8.4 Business Scenarios................................................................................................. 99 8.4.1 What is a Business Scenario?.................................................................. 99 8.4.2 The Use of Business Scenarios in the ADM......................................... 101 8.5 Gap Analysis........................................................................................................ 101 8.6 Interoperability.................................................................................................... 103 8.6.1 Interoperability and the ADM............................................................... 105 TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition v © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition 8.7 Business Transformation Readiness Assessment................................................ 106 8.8 Risk Management................................................................................................ 106 8.8.1 Risk Management in the ADM.............................................................. 107 8.9 Capability-Based Planning.................................................................................. 107 8.10 Summary.............................................................................................................. 108 8.11 Test Yourself Questions...................................................................................... 108 8.12 Recommended Reading....................................................................................... 110 Chapter 9 Architecture Governance................................................................................................ 111 9.1 Key Learning Points............................................................................................ 111 9.2 Introduction to Architecture Governance............................................................ 111 9.3 TOGAF Architecture Governance Framework.................................................... 113 9.3.1 Conceptual Structure............................................................................. 113 9.3.2 Organizational Structure........................................................................ 114 9.4 The Benefits of Architecture Governance........................................................... 115 9.5 Architecture Board............................................................................................... 116 9.6 Architecture Contracts......................................................................................... 117 9.7 Architecture Compliance..................................................................................... 117 9.7.1 The Meaning of Architecture Compliance............................................ 117 9.7.2 The Need for Architecture Compliance................................................. 118 9.7.3 The Purpose of Architecture Compliance Reviews............................... 119 9.7.4 The Architecture Compliance Review Process..................................... 119 9.8 Using the ADM to Establish an Architecture Capability..................................... 121 9.9 Summary.............................................................................................................. 122 9.10 Test Yourself Questions...................................................................................... 122 9.11 Recommended Reading....................................................................................... 125 Chapter 10 Views, Viewpoints, and Stakeholders............................................................................ 126 10.1 Key Learning Points............................................................................................ 126 10.2 Concepts and Definitions..................................................................................... 126 10.2.1 System................................................................................................... 127 10.2.2 Stakeholders.......................................................................................... 127 10.2.3 Concerns................................................................................................ 127 10.2.4 View...................................................................................................... 128 10.2.5 Viewpoint.............................................................................................. 128 10.3 Architecture Views and Viewpoints.................................................................... 129 10.4 The Relationship between Stakeholders, Concerns, Views, and Viewpoints...... 131 10.5 The View Creation Process.................................................................................. 131 10.6 Summary.............................................................................................................. 132 10.7 Test Yourself Questions...................................................................................... 133 10.8 Recommended Reading....................................................................................... 133 Chapter 11 Building Blocks.............................................................................................................. 134 11.1 Key Learning Points............................................................................................ 134 11.2 What is a Building Block?................................................................................... 134 11.3 Architecture Building Blocks and Solution Building Blocks.............................. 135 11.3.1 Architecture Building Blocks................................................................ 135 11.3.2 Solution Building Blocks...................................................................... 136 11.4 Building Blocks and the ADM............................................................................ 137 11.5 Architecture Patterns........................................................................................... 138 11.6 Summary.............................................................................................................. 138 11.7 Test Yourself Questions...................................................................................... 139 11.8 Recommended Reading....................................................................................... 139 Chapter 12 ADM Deliverables......................................................................................................... 140 12.1 Key Learning Points............................................................................................ 140 12.2 The Role of Architecture Deliverables................................................................ 140 vi Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition 12.3 The Purpose of Key Deliverables........................................................................ 140 12.3.1 Architecture Building Blocks (ABBs)................................................... 141 12.3.2 Architecture Contract............................................................................ 141 12.3.3 Architecture Definition Document........................................................ 141 12.3.4 Architecture Principles.......................................................................... 142 12.3.5 Architecture Repository......................................................................... 142 12.3.6 Architecture Requirements Specification.............................................. 142 12.3.7 Architecture Roadmap........................................................................... 142 12.3.8 Architecture Vision............................................................................... 142 12.3.9 Business Principles, Business Goals, and Business Drivers.................. 143 12.3.10 Capability Assessment.......................................................................... 143 12.3.11 Change Request..................................................................................... 143 12.3.12 Communications Plan............................................................................ 144 12.3.13 Compliance Assessment........................................................................ 144 12.3.14 Implementation and Migration Plan...................................................... 144 12.3.15 Implementation Governance Model...................................................... 144 12.3.16 Organizational Model for Enterprise Architecture................................ 145 12.3.17 Request for Architecture Work............................................................. 145 12.3.18 Requirements Impact Assessment......................................................... 145 12.3.19 Solution Building Blocks...................................................................... 145 12.3.20 Statement of Architecture Work............................................................ 145 12.3.21 Tailored Architecture Framework......................................................... 145 12.4 Summary.............................................................................................................. 146 12.5 Test Yourself Questions...................................................................................... 146 12.6 Recommended Reading....................................................................................... 147 Chapter 13 TOGAF Reference Models............................................................................................. 148 13.1 Key Learning Points............................................................................................ 148 13.2 The TOGAF TRM as a Foundation Architecture................................................ 148 13.3 The Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model............................... 150 13.4 Boundaryless Information Flow.......................................................................... 151 13.5 Summary.............................................................................................................. 153 13.6 Test Yourself Questions...................................................................................... 154 13.7 Recommended Reading....................................................................................... 155 Appendix A Answers to Test Yourself Questions.............................................................................. 156 A.1 Answers to the Test Yourself Questions.............................................................. 156 Appendix B Test Yourself Examination Papers................................................................................. 160 B.1 Examination Papers............................................................................................. 160 B.2 Test Yourself Examination Paper 1..................................................................... 161 B.3 Test Yourself Examination Paper 2..................................................................... 170 Appendix C Test Yourself Examination Paper Answers.................................................................... 179 C.1 Scoring the Examinations.................................................................................... 179 C.2 Answers to Test Yourself Examination Paper 1.................................................. 179 C.3 Answers to Test Yourself Examination Paper 2.................................................. 183 Appendix D TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus...................................................................................... 188 D.1 Basic Concepts.................................................................................................... 188 D.2 Core Concepts...................................................................................................... 189 D.3 General Definitions.............................................................................................. 189 D.4 Introduction to the ADM..................................................................................... 190 D.5 Enterprise Continuum and Tools......................................................................... 191 D.6 ADM Phases (Level 1)........................................................................................ 192 D.7 ADM Guidelines and Techniques........................................................................ 193 D.8 Architecture Governance (Level 1)..................................................................... 194 TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition vii © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition D.9 Architecture Views, Viewpoints, and Stakeholders............................................. 194 D.10 Building Blocks................................................................................................... 195 D.11 ADM Deliverables............................................................................................... 195 D.12 TOGAF Reference Models (Level 1).................................................................. 196 D.13 TOGAF Certification Program............................................................................ 196 Index........................................................................................................................................ 197 viii Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Preface This Document This document is a Study Guide for TOGAF® 9 Foundation. It is based on Version 2 of the TOGAF Certification for People Conformance Requirements and is aligned to TOGAF Version 9.1. This third edition contains minor updates to remove references to the TOGAF 8-9 Advanced Bridge Examination1 and also adds a second Test Yourself Examination paper to Appendix B. It gives an overview of every learning objective for the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus and in- depth coverage on preparing and taking the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. It is specifically designed to help individuals prepare for certification. The audience for this Study Guide is: Individuals who require a basic understanding of TOGAF 9 Professionals who are working in roles associated with an architecture project such as those responsible for planning, execution, development, delivery, and operation Architects who are looking for a first introduction to TOGAF 9 Architects who want to achieve Level 2 certification in a stepwise manner A prior knowledge of enterprise architecture is advantageous but not required. While reading this Study Guide, the reader should also refer to the TOGAF 9 documentation2 available online at www.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch and also available in book form. The Study Guide is structured as shown below. The order of topics corresponds to the learning units of the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus (see Appendix D). Chapter 1 (Introduction) provides a brief introduction to TOGAF certification and the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination that leads to TOGAF 9 Foundation, as well as how to use this Study Guide. Chapter 2 (Basic Concepts) introduces the basic concepts of enterprise architecture and the TOGAF standard. This provides a high-level view of the TOGAF framework, enterprise architecture, architecture frameworks, and the contents of the TOGAF standard. Chapter 3 (Core Concepts) describes the core concepts of TOGAF 9. Chapter 4 (Key Terminology) introduces the key terminology of TOGAF 9. 1 The TOGAF 8-9 Advanced Bridge Examination was withdrawn on November 1, 2013. 2 TOGAF Version 9.1 (ISBN: 978 90 8753 679 4, G116), available at www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/g116.htm. TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition ix © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Chapter 5 (Introduction to the ADM) introduces the Architecture Development Method (ADM), the objectives of each phase of the ADM, and how to adapt and scope the ADM for use. Chapter 6 (The Enterprise Continuum and Tools) describes the Enterprise Continuum and tools; its purpose, and its constituent parts. Chapter 7 (The ADM Phases) describes how each of the ADM phases contributes to the success of enterprise architecture. Chapter 8 (ADM Guidelines and Techniques) describes guidelines and techniques provided to support application of the ADM. Chapter 9 (Architecture Governance) describes Architecture Governance. Chapter 10 (Views, Viewpoints, and Stakeholders) introduces the concepts of views and viewpoints and their role in communicating with stakeholders. Chapter 11 (Building Blocks) introduces the concept of building blocks. Chapter 12 (ADM Deliverables) describes the key deliverables of the ADM cycle and their purpose. Chapter 13 (TOGAF Reference Models) describes the TOGAF reference models, including the Technical Reference Model (TRM) and the Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model (III-RM). Appendix A (Answers to Test Yourself Questions) provides the answers to the Test Yourself sections provided at the end of each chapter. Appendix B (Test Yourself Examination Papers) provides two Test Yourself examinations to allow you to assess your knowledge of the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus and readiness to take the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. Appendix C (Test Yourself Examination Paper Answers) provides the answers to the examinations in Appendix B. Appendix D (TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus) provides the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus. How to Use this Study Guide The chapters in this Study Guide are arranged to follow the organization of the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus (see Appendix D) and should be read in order. However, you may wish to use this Study Guide during review of topics with which you are already familiar, and it is certainly possible to select topics for review in any order. Where a topic requires further information from a later part in the syllabus, a cross-reference is provided. Within each chapter are “Key Learning Points” and “Summary” sections that help you to easily identify what you need to know for each topic. Each chapter has a “Test Yourself” questions section that will help you to test your understanding of the chapter and prepare for the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. The purpose of this is to reinforce key learning points in the chapter. These are multiple-choice format questions where you must identify one correct answer. x Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Each chapter also has a “Recommended Reading” section that indicates the relevant sections in the TOGAF 9 documentation that can be read to obtain a further understanding of the subject material. Finally, at the end of this Study Guide are two “Test Yourself” examination papers that you can use to test your readiness to take the official TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. These papers are designed to include the same question formats and a similar difficulty level to the official TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. Conventions Used in this Study Guide The following conventions are used throughout this Study Guide in order to help identify important information and avoid confusion over the intended meaning. Ellipsis (…) Indicates a continuation; such as an incomplete list of example items, or a continuation from preceding text. Bold Used to highlight specific terms. Italics Used for emphasis. May also refer to other external documents. (Syllabus reference: Unit X, Learning Outcome Y: Statement) Used at the start of a text block to identify the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus learning outcome. In addition to typographical conventions, the following conventions are used to highlight segments of text: A Note box is used to highlight useful or interesting information. A Tip box is used to provide key information that can save you time or that may not be entirely obvious. About the TOGAF Standard TOGAF, an Open Group Standard, is a proven enterprise architecture methodology and framework used by the world's leading organizations to improve business efficiency. It is the most prominent and reliable enterprise architecture standard, ensuring consistent standards, methods, and communication among enterprise architecture professionals. Enterprise architecture professionals fluent in TOGAF standards enjoy greater industry credibility, job TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition xi © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition effectiveness, and career opportunities. The TOGAF standard helps practitioners avoid being locked into proprietary methods, utilize resources more efficiently and effectively, and realize a greater return on investment. About The Open Group The Open Group is a global consortium that enables the achievement of business objectives through IT standards. With more than 400 member organizations, The Open Group has a diverse membership that spans all sectors of the IT community – customers, systems and solutions suppliers, tool vendors, integrators, and consultants, as well as academics and researchers – to: Capture, understand, and address current and emerging requirements, and establish policies and share best practices Facilitate interoperability, develop consensus, and evolve and integrate specifications and open source technologies Offer a comprehensive set of services to enhance the operational efficiency of consortia Operate the industry’s premier certification service Further information on The Open Group is available at www.opengroup.org. The Open Group has over 15 years’ experience in developing and operating certification programs and has extensive experience developing and facilitating industry adoption of test suites used to validate conformance to an open standard or specification. The Open Group publishes a wide range of technical documentation, most of which is focused on development of Open Group Standards and Guides, but which also includes white papers, technical studies, certification and testing documentation, and business titles. A catalog is available at www.opengroup.org/bookstore. Readers should note that updates – in the form of Corrigenda – may apply to any publication. This information is published at www.opengroup.org/corrigenda. xii Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition About the Author Rachel Harrison is a Professor of Computer Science in the Department of Computing and Communication Technologies at Oxford Brookes University. Previously she was Professor of Computer Science, Head of the Department of Computer Science, and Director of Research for the School of Systems Engineering at the University of Reading. Her research interests include systems evolution, software metrics, requirements engineering, software architecture, usability, and software testing. She has published over 100 refereed papers and consulted widely with industry, working with organizations such as IBM, the DERA, Philips Research Labs, Praxis Critical Systems, and The Open Group. She is Editor-in-Chief of the Software Quality Journal, published by Springer. Prof. Harrison holds an MA in Mathematics from Oxford University, an MSc in Computer Science from University College London, and a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Southampton. She is a Member of the British Computer Society, an Affiliate Member of the IEEE-CS, a Member of the Association of Computing Machinery, and is a Chartered Engineer. TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition xiii © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Trademarks ArchiMate®, DirecNet®, Jericho Forum®, Making Standards Work®, OpenPegasus®, The Open Group®, TOGAF®, and UNIX® are registered trademarks and Boundaryless Information Flow™, Dependability Through Assuredness™, FACE™, Open Platform 3.0™, and The Open Group Certification Mark™ are trademarks of The Open Group. All other brand, company, and product names are used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks that are the sole property of their respective owners. xiv Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Acknowledgements The Open Group gratefully acknowledges The Open Group Architecture Forum for developing the TOGAF standard. The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the following reviewers who participated in the review of this Study Guide: Geoff Burke Steve Else Bill Estrem Cathy Fox Kyle Gabhart Howard Gottlieb Paul Holdforth Henk Jonkers Andrew Josey Graham Neal Kiichiro Onishi Arnold van Overeem Andras Szakal Robert Weisman Ron Widitz TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition xv © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition References The following documents are referenced in this Study Guide: TOGAF Version 9.1, available online at www.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch, and also available as TOGAF Version 9.1 “The Book” (ISBN: 978 90 8753 679 4, G116) at www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/g116.htm. Why Does Enterprise Architecture Matter?, White Paper by Simon Townson, SAP, November 2008 (W076), published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/w076.htm). Interoperable Enterprise Business Scenario, October 2002 (K022), published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/k022.htm) ISO/IEC 42010:2007, Systems and Software Engineering – Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems, Edition 1 (technically identical to ANSI/IEEE Std 1471-2000). TOGAF Certification for People: Program Summary Datasheet, 2013, published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/togaf9/cert/docs/togaf9_cert_summary.pdf). TOGAF 9 Foundation Datasheet, 2013, published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/togaf9/cert/docs/togaf9_foundation.pdf). TOGAF Certification for People: Certification Policy, February 2009 (X091), published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/x091.htm). TOGAF Certification for People: Conformance Requirements (Multi-Level), Version 2, December 2011 (X111), published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/x111.htm). The Clinger-Cohen Act (US Information Technology Management Reform Act 1996).The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (US Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act 2002). EU Directives on the Award of Public Contracts Bill Estrem, “TOGAF to the Rescue” (www.opengroup.org/downloads) The following web links are referenced in this Study Guide: The Open Group TOGAF 9 Certification web site: www.opengroup.org/togaf9/cert The TOGAF information web site: www.togaf.info xvi Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Key Learning Points This document is a Study Guide for TOGAF® Version 9 for students planning to become certified for TOGAF 9 Foundation. It will familiarize you with all the topics that you need to know in order to pass the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. It gives an overview of every learning objective for the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus and in- depth coverage on preparing and taking the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. It is specifically designed to help individuals prepare for certification. This first chapter will familiarize you with the TOGAF 9 certification program and its principles, as well as give you important information about the structure of the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. The objectives of this chapter are as follows: To provide an understanding of TOGAF certification and why you should become certified To learn key facts about the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination 1.2 The TOGAF Certification for People Program (Syllabus Reference: Unit 13, Learning Outcome 1: You should be able to briefly explain the TOGAF certification program, and distinguish between the levels for certification.) Certification is available to individuals who wish to demonstrate they have attained the required knowledge and understanding of TOGAF Version 9.3 There are two levels defined for TOGAF 9 People certification, denoted Level 1 and Level 2, which lead to certification at TOGAF 9 Foundation and TOGAF 9 Certified, respectively. This Study Guide covers the first of these – TOGAF 9 Foundation. Studying for TOGAF 9 Foundation can be used as a learning objective towards achieving TOGAF 9 Certified, as the learning outcomes in TOGAF 9 Foundation are also required in TOGAF 9 Certified. 3 This edition of this Study Guide covers Version 2 of the TOGAF Certification for People Conformance Requirements, which are aligned to TOGAF Version 9.1. TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition 1 © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Table 1: Certification Levels and Associated Labels Certification Level Certification Label Level 1 TOGAF 9 Foundation Level 2 TOGAF 9 Certified Why is TOGAF certification important? The existence of a certification program for the TOGAF standard provides a strong incentive for organizations to standardize on the TOGAF standard as the open method for enterprise architecture, and so avoid lock-in to proprietary methods. It is an important step in making enterprise architecture a well-recognized discipline, and in introducing rigor into the procurement of tools and services for enterprise architecture. The two certification levels are summarized in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the relationship between Level 1 and Level 2. Level 2 (TOGAF 9 Certified) is a superset of the requirements for Level 1 (TOGAF 9 Foundation).4 Figure 1: TOGAF 9 Certification Program Overview 1.2.1 Certification Document Structure The documents available to support the program are as shown in Figure 2. 4 The gap at the top of the pyramid is to signify that additional certification levels may be added in the future. 2 Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition TOGAF 9 CERTIFICATION PROGRAM Program Description Documents Program Definition Documents ACCREDITATION POLICY PROGRAM SUMMARY CERTIFICATION POLICY CONFORMANCE DATASHEETS REQUIREMENTS ACCREDITATION FOR REQUIREMENTS INDIVIDUALS STUDY GUIDE EXAMS Figure 2: Certification Document Structure Program description documents, such as this Study Guide, are intended for an end-user audience including those interested in becoming certified. The Program definition documents are intended for trainers, examination developers, and the Certification Authority. All these documents are available from The Open Group web site.5 5 Available from the TOGAF 9 Certification web site at www.opengroup.org/togaf9/cert, or from The Open Group Bookstore at www.opengroup.org/bookstore. TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition 3 © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Why become certified? Becoming certified demonstrates clearly to employers and peers your commitment to enterprise architecture as a discipline. In particular, it demonstrates that you possess a body of core knowledge about the TOGAF standard as an open, industry standard framework and method for enterprise architecture. The Open Group publishes the definitive directory of TOGAF Certified individuals, and certified service and product offerings, and issues certificates. 1.2.2 Program Vision and Principles The vision for the program is to define and promote a market-driven education and certification program to support TOGAF 9. The program has been designed with the following principles in mind: Table 2: TOGAF Certification Principles Principle Certification Aspects Openness The program is open to applicants from all countries. Fairness Certification is achieved only by passing an examination that is equivalent to that taken by any other candidate. Market Relevance The program is structured to meet the needs of the market for conversion from TOGAF 8, as well as for people without prior TOGAF certification, and for certification at two levels. Additional levels may be introduced during the life of the program, as may updated versions of the TOGAF standard. Learning Support Training courses are provided by third parties, according to the needs of the market. Quality Training course providers may choose to seek Open Group accreditation for their courses. Accredited courses are listed on The Open Group web site. Best Practice The program is designed to follow industry best practice for equivalent certification programs. 1.2.3 TOGAF 9 Foundation The purpose of certification to TOGAF 9 Level 1, known as TOGAF 9 Foundation, is to provide validation that the candidate has gained an acceptable level of knowledge of the terminology, structure, and basic concepts of TOGAF 9, and understands the core principles of enterprise architecture and the TOGAF standard. The learning objectives at this level focus on knowledge and comprehension. Individuals certified at this level will have demonstrated their understanding of: The basic concepts of enterprise architecture and the TOGAF standard The core concepts of TOGAF 9 4 Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition The key terminology of TOGAF 9 The ADM cycle and the objectives of each phase, and how to adapt and scope the ADM The concept of the Enterprise Continuum; its purpose, and its constituent parts How each of the ADM phases contributes to the success of enterprise architecture The ADM guidelines and techniques How Architecture Governance contributes to the Architecture Development Cycle The concepts of views and viewpoints and their role in communicating with stakeholders The concept of building blocks The key deliverables of the ADM cycle The TOGAF reference models The TOGAF certification program Examination Certification for TOGAF 9 Foundation is achieved by passing the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. This is a multiple-choice examination with 40 questions.6 What is the relationship between TOGAF 9 Foundation and TOGAF 9 Certified? The learning outcomes for TOGAF 9 Foundation are a subset of those for TOGAF 9 Certified. Candidates are able to choose whether they wish to become certified in a stepwise manner by starting with TOGAF 9 Foundation and then at a later date TOGAF 9 Certified, or alternately to go direct to TOGAF 9 Certified by taking the combined examination. 1.2.4 The Certification Process This Study Guide is aimed at preparing you to become certified for TOGAF 9 Foundation. The examination for this level is the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination, which comprises 40 multiple- choice questions. The TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus for the examination is contained in Appendix D. Certain topic areas are weighted as more important than others and thus have more questions. The 11 topic areas covered by the examination together with the number of questions per area in the examination follows: 1. Basic Concepts (3 questions) 2. Core Concepts (3 questions) 6 For the latest information on examinations, see the TOGAF 9 Certification web site at www.opengroup.org/togaf9/cert. TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition 5 © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition 3. Introduction to the ADM (3 questions) 4. The Enterprise Continuum and Tools (4 questions) 5. ADM Phases (9 questions) 6. ADM Guidelines and Techniques (6 questions) 7. Architecture Governance (4 questions) 8. Architecture Views, Viewpoints, and Stakeholders (2 questions) 9. Building Blocks (2 questions) 10. ADM Deliverables (2 questions) 11. TOGAF Reference Models (2 questions) 1.2.4.1 Format of the Examination Questions The examination questions are multiple-choice questions. These are very similar in format to the Test Yourself questions included in each chapter. Note that the exact format for display is test center-specific and will be made clear on the screens when taking the examination. Exam Tip Please read each question carefully before reading the answer options. Be aware that some questions may seem to have more than one right answer, but you are to look for the one that makes the most sense and is the most correct. 1.2.4.2 What do I need to bring with me to take the Examination? You should consult with the test center regarding the forms of picture ID you are required to bring with you to verify your identification. 1.2.4.3 Can I refer to materials while I take the Examination? No; it is a closed-book examination. 1.2.4.4 If I fail, how soon can I retake the Examination? You should consult the current policy on The Open Group web site. At the time of writing, the policy states that individuals who have failed the examination are not allowed to retake the examination within one (1) month of the first sitting. 1.2.5 Preparing for the Examination You can prepare for the examination by working through this Study Guide section-by-section. A mapping of the sections of this Study Guide to the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus is given in Appendix D. After completing each section, you should answer the Test Yourself questions and read the referenced sections from the TOGAF documentation. Once you have completed all the sections in this Study Guide, you can then attempt the Test Yourself examination papers in Appendix B. These are designed to give a thorough test of your knowledge. If you have 6 Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition completed all the prescribed preparation and can attain a pass mark for the Test Yourself examination papers as described in Appendix C, then it is likely you are ready to sit the examination. 1.3 Summary The TOGAF 9 People certification program is a knowledge-based certification program. It has two levels, Level 1 and Level 2, which lead to certification for TOGAF 9 Foundation and TOGAF 9 Certified, respectively. The topic for this Study Guide is preparation for taking the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination that leads to the TOGAF 9 Foundation certification. The examination comprises 40 simple multiple- choice questions to be completed in one hour.7 Preparing for the examination includes the following steps: You should work through this Study Guide step-by-step. At the end of each chapter, you should complete the Test Yourself questions and read the sections of the TOGAF documentation listed under Recommended Reading. Once you have completed all the chapters in this Study Guide, you should attempt the Test Yourself examination papers given in Appendix B. If you can attain the target score in Appendix C, then you have completed your preparation. 1.4 Test Yourself Questions Q1: How many certification levels are there in the TOGAF 9 People certification program? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Q2: Which one of the following is the entry level certification for an individual? A. TOGAF 9 Certified B. TOGAF 9 Foundation C. TOGAF 9 Professional D. TOGAF 9 Architect 7 Additional time is allowed for candidates for whom English is a second language where the examination is not available in the local language. For further information see the advice to candidates sheet on The Open Group TOGAF 9 Certification web site. TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition 7 © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Q3: Which one of the following describes three principles of the TOGAF 9 People certification program? A. Integrity, Scalability, Flexibility B. Objectivity, Robustness, Simplicity C. Openness, Fairness, Quality D. Knowledge-based, Valuable, Simplicity E. All of these Q4: Which of the following topic areas is not included in the TOGAF 9 Foundation Syllabus? A. Architecture Governance B. Basic Concepts C. Building Blocks D. Guidelines for adapting the ADM: Iteration and Levels E. Introduction to the ADM Q5: All of the following apply to the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination, except which statement? A. Candidates who fail cannot take the examination again within one (1) month. B. The examination consists of more than 100 questions. C. The examination has multiple-choice format questions. D. It is a closed-book examination. 1.5 Recommended Reading The following are recommended sources of further information for this chapter: TOGAF Certification for People: Program Summary Datasheet, 2013, published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/togaf9/cert/docs/togaf9_cert_summary.pdf) TOGAF 9 Foundation Datasheet, 2013, published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/togaf9/cert/docs/togaf9_foundation.pdf) TOGAF Certification for People: Certification Policy, February 2009 (X091), published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/x091.htm) TOGAF Certification for People: Conformance Requirements (Multi-Level), December 2011 (X111), published by The Open Group (www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/x111.htm) The Open Group TOGAF 9 Certification web site: www.opengroup.org/togaf9/cert The TOGAF information web site: www.togaf.info 8 Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 2.1 Key Learning Points This chapter will familiarize you with the fundamentals that you need to know to pass the TOGAF 9 Part 1 Examination. The objectives of this chapter are as follows: To provide an introduction to the basic concepts of enterprise architecture and the TOGAF framework, including providing a high-level view of the TOGAF standard, enterprise architecture, architecture frameworks, and the contents of TOGAF 9 Key Points Explained This chapter will help you to answer the following questions: What is the TOGAF standard? What is an enterprise? What is enterprise architecture? Why do I need enterprise architecture? What are the business benefits? What is “architecture” in the context of the TOGAF standard? What is an architecture framework? Why do I need a framework for enterprise architecture? Why is the TOGAF standard suitable as a framework for enterprise architecture? What does the TOGAF standard contain? What are the different types of architecture that the TOGAF standard deals with? 2.2 Introduction to TOGAF 9 2.2.1 What is the TOGAF Standard? (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 7: You should be able to briefly explain what the TOGAF standard is.) The TOGAF standard is an architecture framework. The TOGAF standard is a tool for assisting in the acceptance, production, use, and maintenance of enterprise architectures. It is based on an iterative process model supported by best practices and a re-usable set of existing architectural assets. TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition 9 © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition The TOGAF standard is developed and maintained by The Open Group Architecture Forum. The first version of the TOGAF standard, developed in 1995, was based on the US Department of Defense Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management (TAFIM). Starting from this sound foundation, The Open Group Architecture Forum has developed successive versions of the TOGAF standard at regular intervals and published each one on The Open Group public web site. This document covers TOGAF Version 9.1, referred to as “TOGAF 9” within the text of this document. TOGAF 9.1 is a maintenance update and was published in December 2011. It supersedes the original TOGAF 9 that was published in January 2009. TOGAF 9 can be used for developing a broad range of different enterprise architectures. The TOGAF standard complements, and can be used in conjunction with, other frameworks that are more focused on specific deliverables for particular vertical sectors such as Government, Telecommunications, Manufacturing, Defense, and Finance. The key to the TOGAF standard is the method – the TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM) – for developing an enterprise architecture that addresses business needs. Study Guide References When appropriate, this Study Guide contains references to sections within the TOGAF standard. The references are intended to be functional for the web version and printed version of the document. Therefore, the format of the reference number contains both the Part and the Chapter reference, but not the page references since they exist only in the printed book. 2.2.2 Structure of the TOGAF Document (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 6: You should be able to describe the structure of the TOGAF document, and briefly explain the contents of each of the parts.) Table 3 summarizes the parts of the TOGAF document. Table 3: Structure of the TOGAF Document TOGAF Part Summary Part I: Introduction This part provides a high-level introduction to the key concepts of enterprise architecture and, in particular, to the TOGAF approach. It contains the definitions of terms used throughout the TOGAF standard and release notes detailing the changes between this version and the previous version of the TOGAF standard. Part II: Architecture This part is the core of the TOGAF standard. It describes the TOGAF Development Method (ADM) Architecture Development Method (ADM) – a step-by-step approach to developing an enterprise architecture. Part III: ADM Guidelines and This part contains a collection of guidelines and techniques available Techniques for use in applying the ADM. Part IV: Architecture Content This part describes the TOGAF content framework, including a Framework structured metamodel for architectural artifacts, the use of re-usable Architecture Building Blocks (ABBs), and an overview of typical architecture deliverables. 10 Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition TOGAF Part Summary Part V: Enterprise Continuum This part discusses appropriate taxonomies and tools to categorize and Tools and store the outputs of architecture activity within an enterprise. Part VI: TOGAF Reference This part provides two architectural reference models, namely the Models TOGAF Technical Reference Model (TRM), and the Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model (III-RM). Part VII: Architecture Capability This part discusses the organization, processes, skills, roles, and Framework responsibilities required to establish and operate an architecture practice within an enterprise. 2.3 What is an Enterprise? (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 1: You should be able describe what an enterprise is.) The TOGAF standard defines an “enterprise” as any collection of organizations that has a common set of goals. For example, an enterprise could be a government agency, a whole corporation, a division of a corporation, a single department, or a chain of geographically distant organizations linked together by common ownership. The term “enterprise” in the context of “enterprise architecture” can be used to denote both an entire enterprise, encompassing all of its information systems, and a specific domain within the enterprise. In both cases, the architecture crosses multiple systems and multiple functional groups within the enterprise. Confusion often arises from the evolving nature of the term “enterprise”. An extended enterprise frequently includes partners, suppliers, and customers. If the goal is to integrate an extended enterprise, then the enterprise comprises the partners, suppliers, and customers, as well as internal business units. For example, an organization with an online store that uses an external fulfillment house for dispatching orders would extend its definition of the enterprise in that system to include the fulfillment house. 2.4 What is Architecture in the Context of the TOGAF Standard? (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 8: You should be able to explain what architecture is in the context of the TOGAF standard.) ISO/IEC 42010:20078 defines “architecture” as: 8 ISO/IEC 42010:2007, Systems and Software Engineering – Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems, Edition 1 (technically identical to ANSI/IEEE Std 1471-2000). TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition 11 © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition “The fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships to each other and the environment, and the principles governing its design and evolution.” The TOGAF standard embraces but does not strictly adhere to ISO/IEC 42010:2007 terminology. In the TOGAF standard, “architecture” has two meanings depending upon the context: 1. A formal description of a system, or a detailed plan of the system at a component level to guide its implementation 2. The structure of components, their inter-relationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time What is enterprise architecture? There are many definitions of enterprise architecture. Most focus on structure and organization. Two definitions are given below: Enterprise architecture is: 1. The organizing logic for business processes and IT infrastructure reflecting the integration and standardization requirements of the firm’s operating model. [Source: MIT Center for Information Systems Research] 2. A conceptual blueprint that defines the structure and operation of an organization. The intent of an enterprise architecture is to determine how an organization can most effectively achieve its current and future objectives. [Source: SearchCIO.com] 2.5 Why do I Need Enterprise Architecture? (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 2: You should be able to explain the purpose of an enterprise architecture.) The purpose of enterprise architecture is to optimize across the enterprise the often fragmented legacy of processes (both manual and automated) into an integrated environment that is responsive to change and supportive of the delivery of the business strategy. Effective management and exploitation of information through IT is a key factor to business success, and an indispensable means to achieving competitive advantage. An enterprise architecture addresses this need, by providing a strategic context for the evolution of the IT system in response to the constantly changing needs of the business environment. (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 3: You should be able to list the business benefits of having an enterprise architecture.) The advantages that result from a good enterprise architecture can bring important business benefits, including: A more efficient business operation: — Lower business operation costs 12 Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition — More agile organization — Business capabilities shared across the organization — Lower change management costs — More flexible workforce — Improved business productivity A more efficient IT operation: — Lower software development, support, and maintenance costs — Increased portability of applications — Improved interoperability and easier system and network management — Improved ability to address critical enterprise-wide issues, such as security — Easier upgrade and exchange of system components Better return on existing investment, reduced risk for future investment: — Reduced complexity in the business and IT — Maximum return on investment in existing business and IT infrastructure — The flexibility to make, buy, or out-source business and IT solutions — Reduced risk overall in new investments and their costs of ownership Faster, simpler, and cheaper procurement: — Simpler buying decisions, because the information governing procurement is readily available in a coherent plan — Faster procurement process, maximizing procurement speed and flexibility without sacrificing architectural coherence — The ability to procure heterogeneous, multi-vendor open systems — The ability to secure more economic capabilities Ultimately, the benefits of enterprise architecture derive from the better planning, earlier visibility, and more informed designs that result when it is introduced. [Source: Simon Townson, Why Does Enterprise Architecture Matter?] 2.6 What is an Architecture Framework? (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 4: You should be able to define what an architecture framework is.) An architecture framework is a foundational structure, or set of structures, that can be used for developing a broad range of different architectures. It should describe a method for designing a TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition 13 © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition target state of the enterprise in terms of a set of building blocks, and for showing how the building blocks fit together. It should contain a set of tools and provide a common vocabulary. It should also include a list of recommended standards and compliant products that can be used to implement the building blocks. 2.7 Why do I Need a Framework for Enterprise Architecture? Using an architecture framework will speed up and simplify architecture development, ensure more complete coverage of the designed solution, and make certain that the architecture selected allows for future growth in response to the needs of the business. Regulatory Drivers for Adoption of Enterprise Architecture There are a number of laws and regulations that have been drivers for the adoption and use of enterprise architecture in business: The Clinger-Cohen Act (US Information Technology Management Reform Act 1996)The US Information Technology Management Reform Act (Clinger-Cohen Act) is designed to improve the way the US Federal Government acquires and manages IT. It mandates the use of a formal enterprise architecture process for all US federal agencies. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (US Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act 2002) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in response to a number of major corporate and accounting scandals involving prominent companies in the US (for example, Enron and Worldcom). Under the Act, companies must provide attestation of internal control assessment, including documentation of control procedures related to IT. EU Directives on the Award of Public Contracts Similarly within the European Union, there are EU Directives that require vendors involved in Public Contracts to show that they are using formal enterprise architecture processes within their businesses when supplying products and services. 2.8 Why is the TOGAF Standard Suitable as a Framework for Enterprise Architecture? (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 5: You should be able explain why the TOGAF standard is suitable as a framework for enterprise architecture.) The TOGAF standard has been developed through the collaborative efforts of more than 300 Architecture Forum member companies from some of the world's leading companies and organizations. Using the TOGAF standard results in enterprise architecture that is consistent, reflects the needs of stakeholders, employs best practice, and gives due consideration both to current requirements and to the perceived future needs of the business. Developing and sustaining an enterprise architecture is a technically complex process which involves many stakeholders and decision processes in the organization. The TOGAF standard plays an important role in standardizing and risk reduction of the architecture development 14 Study Guide (2013) © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition process. The TOGAF standard provides a best practice framework for adding value, and enables the organization to build workable and economic solutions which address their business issues and needs. 2.9 What are the Different Architecture Domains that the TOGAF Standard deals with? (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 9: You should be able to list the different types of architecture that the TOGAF standard deals with.) TOGAF 9 covers the development of four architecture domains. These are commonly accepted as subsets of an overall enterprise architecture, all of which the TOGAF standard is designed to support. They are as follows: Table 4: Architecture Domains Supported by the TOGAF Standard Architecture Type Description Business Architecture The business strategy, governance, organization, and key business processes. Data Architecture The structure of an organization's logical and physical data assets and data management resources. Application Architecture A blueprint for the individual application systems to be deployed, their interactions, and their relationships to the core business processes of the organization. Technology Architecture The software and hardware capabilities that are required to support the deployment of business, data, and application services. This includes IT infrastructure, middleware, networks, communications, processing, and standards. 2.10 What does the TOGAF Standard Contain? (Syllabus Reference: Unit 1, Learning Outcome 6: You should be able to describe the structure of the TOGAF standard, and briefly explain the contents of each part.) The TOGAF standard reflects the structure and content of an architecture capability within an enterprise, as shown in Figure 3. TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 3rd Edition 15 © 2013 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved Personal PDF Edition. Not for redistribution Personal PDF Edition Definition of “Capability” An ability that an organization, person, or system possesses. Capabilities are typically expressed in general and high-level terms and typically require a combination of organization, people, processes, and technology to achieve. For example, marketing, customer contact, or outbound telemarketing. [Source: TOGAF 9 Part I: Introduction, Chapter 3 (Definitions)] A
