Architectural Design Principles PDF

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3. CONTRAST OF SIZE Deals with the object which PRINCIPLES have the same shape and are principles of concepts that are...

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3. CONTRAST OF SIZE Deals with the object which PRINCIPLES have the same shape and are principles of concepts that are direction but vary in size. incorporated into a structure’s or system’s Gradation – it is the change in architecture (whole concept) to produce size and gradual and uniform. specific outcomes. 4. CONTRAST OF TONE are the artificial and technical methods that Tone may be done through contrast in we apply to produce architectural designs texture, opening or -Main purpose is just to make a building planes. with visual CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURAL beauty, stability and full of functions. SUBJECTS I.CONTRAST A.. CONTRAST OF MASS -Opposition or different elements in a work Contrast of vertical and horizontal volumes of design giving a composition in abstract to intensify each element’ s properties and form which becomes capable of housing produce human interests through the more dynamic expression. introduction of windows, doors, and floor levels PURPOSE OF CONTRAST IN DESIGN. -Avoid monotony B. CONTRAST OF DIRECTION: -Create Diversified effect Horizontal and vertical details. -Give emphasis and thus hold attention -Produce variety C. CONTRAST OF TREATMENT: -Surface finish. The same material in TYPICAL CONTRAST different treatment,. 1. CONTRAST OF FORM -Contrast of pattern different If form is used to mean merely surface materials or to imply a 2-dimensional area, there exists only the element of shape. II. PROPORTIONS The different shapes in a structure. -Proportion is largely a matter of relationships. 2. CONTRAST OF LINE -It is evident by a comparison, which - Lines may vary with reference to direction. the eye makes between the size, -It is possible to have a horizontal line shape and tone of the various opposing objects or parts of a composition. a vertical or diagonal lines may form a composition. -A line may also offer contrast on account of TYPES OF PROPORTION its 1. RELATIVE PROPORTION change in type or character. -parts of the object as it is -deals with the relationship between the parts of an object and the whole example 2.ABSOLUTE PROPORTION- -parts of the object or the beauty and harmony. whole to the various parts. -deals with the relationship between the different parts of an object or the whole to the various parts PROPORTIONS MAY BE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS Geometrical Forms Which Have Very 1.Natural Material Proportion Definite Proportions 2.Manufactured Proportion CIRCLES 3.Mode of Construction or Structural In plan: a circular or square units acts as Proportion. a focal point on the center for radiating 4.Requirements of the Program, function or lines. government ordinances On an elevation: these same shapes -The proportion of the height of a room is will give emphasis to that particular controlled by the portion in which they are incorporated. local building ordinances, logics and artistic sense. SQUARE TO RECTANGLE 5. Traditions and Generally Accepted Taste: Often, a rectangle is mistaken for a square if -At the exterior, the height of an edifice the rectangle approaches a square’s should be in proportion to the character that dimension. edifice demands An observer will have a doubt to its real -Buildings of worship such churches and geometric temples usually have traditional proportions shape. On the other hand, if it’s too long the observer would OTHER BASIS / THEORIES OF divide it into 2 equal spaces. PROPORTION ❑Thus the rectangle to the diagonal of a 1.Golden Section – can be defined as the square based upon the short sides – and ration between two sections of a line or the this is called the Golden Mean. two dimensions of the plane figure, in which The Golden Mean the lesser of the two is to the greater as the Inclusive rectangle greater is to the sum of both. Exclusive rectangle 2. Ken-Japanese Mat(3.15 x6.30)- The 'KEN' modular grid is a Japanese way of TRIANGLE proportioning the size of rooms where one The equilateral triangle, or one with MAT is 3.15 x 6.30 or 1 x 2 ken in Kyo-man equal sides and angles method.This uses 6 shaku = 1 ken grid in the lnaka-Ma Method. CLASSICAL PROPORTION 3.Human Proportions/ Anthropometrics – In this regard, whenever we talk of Anthropomorphic proportioning methods proportion we often refer to seek not abstract or symbolic ratios, but the Classical Orders. functional ones. They are predicated on the -To the Greeks and Romans, Orders theory that forms represented in their proportioning of and spaces in architecture are either elements the perfect representation of containers or extensions of the human body and should, therefore, be known-size in their context as measuring determined by its dimensions. devices 3.B FURNICUBE – a formula discovered by the Auhtor as based These are know as scale-giving elements from Le Corbusiers Modulor. A height and fall into two general categories : of any preson in meters divided by the Building elements whose size and no. 7.85 will give the dimension of the characteristics are familiar to us through head or H experience like doors, window, tables, 4. MODULOR - is an anthropometric scale chairs, stairs tec. of proportions devised by the Swiss-born Human figure French architect Le Corbusier (1887–1965). - The Modulor is a system of measurements KINDS OF SCALE on a human scale created by Le Corbusier GENERIC – size of a building element from the golden ratio. “The Modulor is a relative to other forms in its context. measurement tool derived from human HUMAN- size of a building element or stature and mathematics. space relative to the dimensions and proportion of a human body Proportioning Systems (Dynamic & Harmonic Series) FACTORS THAT EFFECTS SCALES : 1. Dynamic Rectangles -is a right-angled, 1. Normal requirements of human beings foursided figure (a rectangle) with dynamic 2. Sizes of familiar materials and those of symmetry which, in this case, means that nature. aspect ratio (width divided by height) is a 3. Beauty or appearance distinguished value in dynamic symmetry, a 4.Character – whether it is a monument, proportioning system. residential, rustic or formal 2. Square System – a square of side 1 has 5. Function or purpose a diagonal length = √2 two rparalle sides of 6. Location or visual distance the square are extended indefinitely 7.Economics 3. Dynamic series – projected in two dimensions offers a series of square a with TYPES OF SCALE: areas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…. Square units 1. INTIMATE - Intimate sizes are smaller 4. Alternating positive & negative than what is normal. These don’t shock you, rotation – to the x and y axis produces an but they are smaller than what we expect, intermittent series of dynamic rectangles being cocoon like. 5. Diagonal system – giving a diminishing 2. NORMAL - The human scale is what we gradation of lines using the square are used to. Our houses are typically built to this natural scale. We should feel III. SCALE comfortable walking through our doorways. -Scale refers to how we perceive the size of The ceiling neither bumps our heads, a building element or space relative to other nor is lost in the shadows. forms. 3. MONUMENTAL - is impressive. Our In visually measuring the size of an public buildings are monumental. This is a element we tend to use other elements of statement of hierarchy, highlighting their importance in our society. 4. SHOCKING - Shock scale can be either but which lacks some of the essentials of smaller or larger, but it is so out of the this kind of composition. ordinary that it jolts us. The general mass and grouping of parts may be similar, but there IV. BALANCE & GRAVITATIONAL are dissimilarities in plan, elevation, or CURVES details. It is the foundation upon which ❑ RADIAL- is characterized by an arrangement, harmony and adjustment of arrangement where all the parts radiate weights, tones, values, etc. are from a center like the spokes in a wheel. developed. GRAVITATIONAL-natural tendency toward UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE - some point or object -A more subtle and elusive and is more of influence. The gravitation of people difficult to attain. towards suburbs. -It attempts to satisfy the eye without any BALANCE - is equality. effort to place equal masses at AXIS - The most elementary means of similar distances from the center of the organizing forms and spaces in architecture. composition. It is a line established by two points in space and about which forms and spaces GRAVITATIONAL / PICTURESQUE- can be arranged in a regular or irregular A kind of composition is the complete manner. adaptation to its surroundings. This type of composition is often far removed from THREE TYPES OF BALANCE conscious composition. SYMMETRICAL BALANCE -monumental effect V. RHYTHMN AND REPETITION -centralized RHYTHM- refers to the regular or - formal harmonious recurrence of lines, shapes, or - radial colors.it Incorporates the fundamental UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE notion of repetition as a device to organize - informal forms and spaces in architecture. GRAVITATIONAL BALANCE -picturesqueness of surroundings. TWO TYPES OF RHYTHM 1. UNACCENTED RHYTHM - SYMMETRICAL BALANCE : equally spaced windows are introduced on ❑ CENTRAL AXIS- The easiest and the unbroken wall, then regular repetition is simplest kind of balance is the purely present symmetrical type in which the elements are 2. ACCENTED RHYTHM - arranged in precisely the same manner on if the openings or details are arranged in either side of a central axis or line. such a manner that some are more important than others, then the eye grasps the significance of this relationship and ❑ FORMAL BALANCE - is a type of pauses longer in contemplating the larger balance which approach absolute symmetry elements RHYTHM is ORGANIZED MOVEMENT  symbolic roles they play in their Rhythm may be one of the following : organization. a. Rhythmic use of color- movement of the eye across a painting from spot to spot of TYPES similar color. ❑ 1. EXCEPTIONAL SIZE - A form or b.Rhythmic use of line-repetition of a similar space may dominate an architectural type of line in a piece of sculpture. composition by being significantly different c. Rhythm of motion-the movement of in size than all other elements in the dancers. composition. d. Rhythm of direction -continuity of a series ❑ 2. UNIQUE SHAPE - Forms and spaces of arches forming an arcade. can be made visually dominant, and thus, important by clearly differentiating their VI. UNITY AND HIERARCHY shape from that of. the other elements in the -Unity is the culmination of all the previously composition. mentioned elements of design. ❑ 3. A STRATEGIC LOCATION: -The simplest kind of unity dealing with Forms and spaces may be. motifs of more than one member is to be ▪ strategically placed to call attention to found in ordinary REPETITION. Like themselves as being the important elements repetition of sound or beads of the same in a composition. size and spacing. To give emphasis and interest, an accent is then introduced. VII. CHARACTER -Character grows out of the function of the COMPETITION building and the consideration ▪ When elements compete with each other of all the creative principles of composition. for the place of importance. There is -It is something, which should be kept in competition. mind during the entire process of ▪ This causes 'DUALITY' or the presence of design. two strong conflicting personalities or masses resulting in discord and redundancy THREE TYPES OF CHARACTERS: 1.FUNCTION - Of use of the building. CONFUSION 2.ASSOCIATION - or influence of traditional ▪ Another kind of competition where types. dissimilarity is too pronounced. 3.PERSONALITY - or the human quality or ▪ There is no harmonious treatment and emotional appeal. dissimilarities in architectural elements such as door, windows are combined. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER - the most important kind of character in HIERARCHY architecture is that, which results from the ▪ implies that in most architectural purpose of the building or the compositions, real differences exist reason for its erection among their forms and spaces ▪ These differences reflect in a sense, the Types of classification of functional degree of importance of these forms and character : spaces, and the functional, formal, and Permanent structure - will have performance of repetitive functions or MOVIE- CINEMA HOUSE -a place of actions. Hence use of more permanent relaxation or recreation after a hectic day of materials. discharging one's obligations of the day. In Semi-permanent Structure - use of this building psychological use of color and materials will be of such a nature which can decoration is important. be removed and reused like portable HOUSE - should reflect the informal cabins, thatch roof, or AC sheet, intimacy of home life. Polycarbonate sheet etc. Transient structures - are meant to satisfy 2. ASSOCIATED CHARACTER - This the immediate need and can be dismantled character develops from the influence of or removed ideas or impression related to or growing out of past experience. with particular style CHARACTER MUSEUM - must have galleries with ample 3. PERSONAL CHARACTER / INDIVIDUAL wall space and top light, which eliminates CHARACTER - Each architect windows and necessitates the use of would express certain character which skylights makes hi/ her own style. ▪ SCHOOL BUILDING - must contain many It is to these qualities of vitality, repose, windows to admit the necessary side light grace, restraint, festivity, dignity, etc. and to offer an interesting contrast with the that we give the name of personal possible monotony of the character. class-room walls. ▪ SHOP - with large show windows is Personality in a building has more to do with usually a shop for the display and sale of the spirit of the building than its merchandise. purpose-They are abstract rather that ▪ FACTORY - expresses the efficient concrete. operation of the manufacturing within. he Example exterior shows often only the structural ❖ Custom-house - here a sense of strength members - which are stripped of all and solidity is required. Strong walls are unnecessary decoration together with the deemed necessary, and heavy masonry enclosing expanses of the glass to light the with few openings is used to give the interior. desired character. MONUMENT-serves to perpetuate a ❖ A large house- for those who want to memory of a person or an important event. display evidence of his It does not produce any revenue. It must be wealth. impressive and should have dignity and ❖ A simple designed house-for the quiet command respect. Its function, then, is to be and unassuming monumental, usually symmetrical people. BANK-should have dignity-it is a building GESALT THEORY designed to house an activity which is very Gestalt theorists followed the basic near to the heart and mind of the average principle that the whole is greater than the citizen-that of caring for his money. sum of its parts.  In viewing the "whole," a cognitive process -It is established by the shapes and takes place – the mind makes a leap from interrelationships of planes that describes comprehending the parts to realizing the the boundaries of the volume. whole. The word "GESTALT" has no direct FORM PROPERTIES translation in English, but refers to "a way a Shape thing has been gestellt ; i.e.,‘placed,’ or ‘put The characteristic outline or surface together’"; configuration of a particular form. It is the common translations include "form" and principal aspect of which we categorize amd "shape” identify form. Size FIGURE GROUND SEGREGATION The Physical dimension of width and depth When you look at the environment, you of a form. look at it as a whole picture, not separate Colour parts. A phenomenon of light and visual There are images in the environment that perception which may be described in people are aware, this would be the figure. terms of an individual perception of hue, saturation and tonal value.It affects the GESTALT LAWS OF ORGANIZATION visual length of a form. 1.PROXIMITY - elements tend to be Texture grouped together according to their The visual and especially tactile quality nearness given to a surface by the size, shape and 2.SIMILARITY - items similar in some arrangement and proportions of the part. respect tend to be grouped together Texture also determines the degree to which 3.CLOSURE - items are grouped together if the surface of a form refelct or absorb they tend to complete some entity incident light 4.CONTINUATION – the eye is compelled Position to move through one object and The location of a form relative to its continue to another object environment or the visual field within which it is seen. Do still check the org. pdf file if Orientation The direction of a form relative to the you have time, as I may have ground plane, the compass points, other missed some information that form, or to the pertaining viewing of the you may need. form. Visual Inertia The degree of concentration and stability of a form. The visual inertia of a form depends on its geometry as well as its orientation relative to the ground plane. Surface FORM AND SPACE refers to any figure having only two Form dimensions, such as flat plane. - is the primary identifying characteristic of volume The term, however, can also allude to a faces being a right angle. The cube is a two-dimensional locus of points defining the static form that lacks apparent movement or boundary of a three-dimensional solid. direction. Sphere Unstable when it stands on one of its edge A solid generated by the evolution of a or corners. semicircle about its diameter, whose surface is at all points equidistant from the center. A sphere is a centralized and highly concentrated form Circle symbolizes unity, stability, rationality. It is ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: also the symbol of infinity, without beginning SPACE or end, perfection, the ultimate geometric symbol. It represents completeness which Enclosure encompasses space and time. Four vertical plane encompassing a field Hemisphere of space, is probably the most typical, -cut horizontally in half and certainly the strongest, type of -cut portion forms an edge, circular in plan. spatial definition in architecture. Space -The dome and edge portion give the visual character is naturally introverted. Cylinder Degree of Enclosure -a solid generated by the revolution of a The degree of enclosure of a space, as rectangle about one of its side. determined by the configuration of its -A cylinder is centralized about the axis defining elements and the pattern of its passing through the center of its two circular opening. faces. TYPES The cylinder is stable if it rests on one of its Space within a space circular faces; it becomes unstable when it's Interlocking space - overlapping central axis is inclined from the vertical. Adjacent space - near Cone Spaces linked by a common space A solid generated by a revolution of the right triangle about one of its sides. Spatial Organization -Is a highly stable form when resting on its The way we can arrange and organize circular base, and unstable when its vertical the spaces of a building. In a typical axis is tipped or overturned. building program, there are usually Pyramid requirements for various kinds of A polyhedron having a polygonal base and spaces. triangular faces meeting at a common point or vertex The pyramid has properties similar to those of the cone. Hard and angular. Cube Centralized Organization A prismatic solid bounded by six equal squares , the angle between two adjacent is a stable concentrated composition that consists of number of secondary spaces grouped around a large, dominant, central space. Linear Organization A linear organization consists essentially of a series of spaces. -usually consists of repetitive spaces which are alike in size, form and function. -serving as wall barrier for separation. Radial Organization -combines elements of both linear and centralized organization. -consists of a dominant central space from which a number of linear organization extend in a radical manner. Clustered Organization relies on physical proximity to relate its space to one another. It often consists of repetitive, cellular space that have similar functions and share a common visual trait such as shape or orientation. Grid Organization -consists of form and space whose position in space and relationship with one another are regulated by a three-dimensional grid pattern or field. -A grid is created by two, usually perpendicular sets of parallel lines that establish a regular pattern of points of the intersection. DO STILL CHECK THE ORIGINAL PDF AS IT CONTAINS MANY PICTURES, WHICH MIGHT HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC MORE. GOODLUCK REVIEWING GUYZ!! (⁠｡⁠ ⁠ᴗ ̀ ⁠-⁠)⁠✧