ECU KIN 2183: Basic Nutrition PDF

KIN 2183: Basic Nutrition Topic 13: Lifecycle 2 Fall & Spring Semesters Presented by Riley Bailey  Toddlers Age 1 to 3 years Macronutrients o Rapid growth rate of o 30–40% of total kcal infancy begins to slow from fat...

KIN 2183: Basic Nutrition Topic 13: Lifecycle 2 Fall & Spring Semesters Presented by Riley Bailey  Toddlers Age 1 to 3 years Macronutrients o Rapid growth rate of o 30–40% of total kcal infancy begins to slow from fat o Gain 5.5 to 7.5 inches o 1.10 g of protein per kg and 9 to 11 pounds body weight per day o High energy requirement o 130 g carbohydrates per due to increased activity day level o 14 g fiber per 1,000 kcal of energy consumed 2  Toddlers Micronutrients Fluid needs o Ensure adequate intake of o 1.3 liters/day the micronutrients obtained Supplements from fruits and vegetables, including o Toddlers may need supplements due to their  Vitamins A, C, E; calcium; iron; zinc erratic eating habits, especially for fluoride o Calcium is necessary to promote optimal bone mass o Supplements should not exceed 100% of the o Iron-deficiency anemia is the Daily Value for any most common nutrient nutrient deficiency in young children 3  Toddlers: Nutritious Food Choices Most toddlers have an innate ability to match their intake with their needs Keeping a nutritious variety of foods available encourages a healthful diet Food should not be forced on a child Do not use bribery to encourage children to eat Foods prepared should be fun 4  Vegan Diets for Toddlers Vegan diets may not be healthful for toddlers. Due to the restriction of no foods from animal origin there are potential risks: o Protein o Calcium o Zinc and iron o Vitamins D and B12 o Fiber 5  Young Children Age 4 to 8 years Macronutrients o Dietary Reference Intake o Total fat intake should (DRI) values are the gradually drop to a level same for both boys and closer to adult fat intake girls through the age of o 25–35% of total energy about 8 from fat o Growth rate is 2 to 4 o 0.95 g of protein per kg inches per year body weight per day o 130 g carbohydrate per day o 14 g fiber per 1,000 kcal of energy consumed 6  Young Children Micronutrients Fluid o Vitamins and minerals o 1.7 liters/day (about 5–8 from fruits and cups), including water vegetables continue to Supplements be a concern o May be recommended o Vitamins A, C, E; when particular food calcium; iron; zinc groups are not eaten o Increases in DRIs regularly compared to toddlers o Supplements should be appropriate for the child’s age 7  Young Children Nutritious food choices o Parents can teach children about healthful food choices  Some foods “help us grow healthy and strong”  Some foods are better used as occasional treats o Eating a balanced breakfast has many benefits o Some school lunch programs are in need of updated and more healthful menu selections 8  Children: Nutrition-Related Concerns 1. Overweight and Obesity 2. Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) 3. Inadequate Calcium Intake 4. Body Image Concerns 5. Childhood Food Insecurity (Hunger) 9  Older Children Age 9 to 13 years Macronutrients o Growth is slow and o 25–35% of total energy steady—2 to 4 inches per from fat year o 0.95 g protein per kg o Growth is primarily body weight per day driven by hormones o 130 g carbohydrates per during puberty day o Children begin to make o 45–60% of kcal from their own food choices carbohydrates o Activity levels vary o 14 g fiber per 1,000 kcal of energy consumed 10  Older Children Micronutrients Fluid o Micronutrient needs rise o Adequate intake (AI) of sharply as children fluids varies by gender, approach puberty ranging from 2.1 o Meeting the needs for liters/day (females) to calcium and iron is very 2.4 liters/day (males) important Supplements o A vitamin/mineral supplement supplying no more than 100% of the daily values may be warranted 11  Older Children Nutritious food choices o Peer pressure can influence a child’s food choices o Healthy role models, such as athletes, can be used to encourage good choices o School lunches must meet U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) guidelines, but this does not control what the child actually eats 12  Adolescents Age 14 to 18 years Macronutrients o Growth spurts begin o Estimated energy requirements at age 9 to 10 for girls (EERs) for adolescents are and 10 to 11 for boys based on gender, age, activity o Weight and body level, height, and weight composition also o 25–35% of total energy from fat change o 45–65% of kcal from carbohydrates o 0.85 g protein per kg body weight per day o 26 g of fiber per day 13  Adolescents Micronutrients Fluid o Calcium and vitamin D o The need to maintain intakes must be fluid intake is increased sufficient for achieving by higher activity levels peak bone density o Boys: 3.3 liters/day o Iron needs are relatively o Girls: 2.3 liters/day high  15 mg/day for girls Supplements  11 mg/day for boys o A multivitamin can be a o Vitamin A is critical for safety net but should not supporting rapid growth replace a healthful diet and development 14  Adolescents Nutritious food choices o Peer influences and fast-paced lifestyle can lead adolescents to choose fast foods o Parents can act as role models and keep healthful food choices available o Adequate intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains should be encouraged 15  Adolescents Nutrition-related concerns o Bone density concerns arise from inadequate calcium intake o Eating disorders and poor body image problems can begin during these years o Hormonal changes are largely responsible for acne flare-ups o Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and illegal drug use all have a significant impact on growth and health 16  Pediatric Obesity Obesity in children Obesity is now epidemic in o Obese: a BMI at or above the United States among the 95th percentile school-aged children o Increased risk of Caused by too many developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and other Calories and not enough serious medical problems physical activity Overweight children are Dietary Guidelines for at much greater risk of Americans recommend that becoming overweight children be very active for adults at least 1 hour per day 17  Pediatric Obesity: Prevention Constructive support for physical activity Healthful, balanced, regular meals Developing healthful eating habits early in life Family-wide support for nutritious food choices Parental control of food purchase and preparation Minimize the amount of meals eaten out of the home, especially fast food School support for healthful food choices Daily activity and exercise 18  Older Adults Physiologic changes to the bodies of older adults, age 65 years and older, include o Decreased muscle and lean tissue o Increased fat mass o Decreased bone density o Impaired absorption of nutrients o Taste and smell perception is often diminished 19  Older Adults Macronutrients o Energy needs usually decrease due to reduced activity levels and lower lean body mass o General recommendations for fat, carbohydrate, and protein intakes are the same as for younger adults o Recommended to not consume more than 30% of energy from sugars o Fiber recommendations are slightly lower for older adults 20  Older Adults Micronutrients o Calcium and vitamin D requirements increase due to poor calcium absorption o Iron needs decrease o Zinc intake should be maintained for optimizing immune function o Adequate intake of B-vitamins is a special concern o Vitamin A requirements are the same as for all adults, but older adults should be careful to not exceed the RDA 21  Older Adults Fluid o AI for fluid is the same as for younger adults  Men: 3.7 liters/day  Women: 2.7 liters/day o Older adults are especially susceptible to dehydration because changes in kidney function in older adults can impair their thirst mechanism o Important to seek medical attention for incontinence and to drink plenty of fluids 22  Older Adults Nutrition-related concerns o Many chronic diseases are more prevalent in overweight or obese adults o Underweight may result from illness, disability, loss of sense of taste or smell, depression, and social isolation o Dental health issues may cause older adults to avoid meats, firm fruits, and vegetables 23 Nine Ds of Geriatric Weight Loss 24  Older Adults Nutrition-related concerns o Age-related eye diseases can cause vision impairment and blindness  Macular degeneration and cataracts o Some prescription medications can alter nutrient absorption or decrease appetite o Financial and mobility problems 25  In Depth: The Fountain of Youth Growing numbers of people are experimenting with new methods to achieve greater longevity o Calorie restriction o Intermittent fasting o Supplements 26  In Depth: The Fountain of Youth Calorie restriction (CR) o Researchers have not identified a precise number of Calories to qualify as “restricted” o Typically involves eating fewer Calories than your body needs to maintain normal weight o Should allow for differences in gender, height, age, body composition, activity level, and so forth o Many people practicing CR strive to consume 20– 30% fewer Calories than usual 27  In Depth: The Fountain of Youth Metabolic effects of Calorie restriction o Decreased fat mass and lean body mass o Decreased blood glucose levels o Decreased LDL and total cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol o Decreased core body temperature and blood pressure o Decreased energy expenditure o Decreased oxidative stress o Lower levels of DNA damage o Lower levels of chronic inflammation o Protective changes in some hormone levels 28  In Depth: The Fountain of Youth Challenges of Calorie restriction o Data are still preliminary o May be ethical concerns for some people’s participation (potential malnutrition) o Much of the data are self-reported from CR groups o May be necessary for CR to last many years to see longevity benefits o Reported side effects include constant hunger, feeling cold, lower sex drive o Long-term effects are not known 29  In Depth: The Fountain of Youth Alternatives to Calorie restriction o Intermittent fasting (IF):  Alters the pattern of food consumption  Has shown positive effects in animals  May be tolerable for more people o Limiting total protein intake o Exercise-induced leanness 30  In Depth: The Fountain of Youth Supplements o The “anti-aging” market is rife with supplements making longevity claims o No research trials to date have shown a clear connection between increased nutrient intake from supplements and lower rates of death o Greatly increased nutrient intake levels may pose dangers to some people o Many non-nutrient supplements (such as gingko, DHEA) can have potentially serious side effects 31  In Depth: The Fountain of Youth Proven things you can do to increase your chances of living a long and healthful life: o Get regular physical activity o Eat nutritious, balanced meals o Take only supplements recommended by a qualified healthcare provider, in only the amounts recommended o Maintain a healthful body weight o Don’t smoke or use tobacco products o Consume alcohol in moderation 32 Questions, Cusswords, Comments? 33