TLE-8 Agricultural Crop/Animal Production Learning Module 2 PDF 2024-2025

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION - 8 AGRICULTURAL CROP/ANIMAL PRODUCTION LEARNING MODULE-2 SCHOOL YEAR 2024-2025 MS. JESA E. LAGUNERO, LPT TLE Teacher 1 What Is This Module About?...

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION - 8 AGRICULTURAL CROP/ANIMAL PRODUCTION LEARNING MODULE-2 SCHOOL YEAR 2024-2025 MS. JESA E. LAGUNERO, LPT TLE Teacher 1 What Is This Module About? Welcome to the world of Agricultural Crop Production! These four common competencies are covered separately in four Lessons. As shown below, each Lesson is directed to the attainment of one or two learning outcomes: Lesson 1 –Use Farm Tools and Equipment Lesson 2 –Perform Estimation and Basic calculation Lesson 3 –Interpret Plans and Drawings Lesson 4 –Apply Safety Measures in Farm Operations These four common competencies are covered separately in four Lessons. As shown below, each Lesson is directed to the attainment of one or two learning outcomes: Lesson 1 –Use Farm Tools and Equipment LO1. Select and Use Farm Tools and equipment Lesson 2 –Perform Estimation and Basic calculation LO1. Perform Estimation LO2. Perform Basic Workplace Calculations Lesson 3 –Interpret Plans and Drawings LO1. Interpret Farm Plans and Lay-outs Lesson 4 – Apply safety measures in farm operations LO1.Apply appropriate Safety Measures while Working in the Farm Your success in this exploratory course on Agricultural Crop Production is shown in your ability to perform the performance standards found in each learning outcome. How Do You Use This Module? To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following: 1.Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Performance Standards. These tell you what you should know and be able to do at the end of this Module. 2.Find out what you already know by taking the Pre-test then check your answer against the Answer Key. If you get 99 to 100% of the items correctly, you may proceed to the next Lesson. 3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information that you need to know. After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on how much you learned by means of the Self-check. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job Sheet directs you to do. 4.You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real life situation. 5..Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed. 2  Lesson 1 Use Farm Tools and Equipment LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 1.1.select and use farm tools PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Appropriate farm tools are identified according to use.  Farm tools are checked for faults. What Do You Need To Know? The Philippines is largely an agricultural country. Around 40% of its land area is considered arable land. Agriculture generally means raising animals or taking care of plants for consumption or commerce. It is a science because it represents systems of knowledge. Crop production deals with raising plants from vegetables, flowers, rice, weeds, and tress. Animal Production is not just merely livestock or poultry raising, it also includes fishery and aquaculture. In the midst of the technological advances and rapid industrialization, the Department of Education through its K to 12 programs provides an opportunity for students to explore the field of agriculture. Farmers provide us with food. They wake up early in the morning and go home late in the afternoon for lunch. They work in and day out. They work during sunny days and even rainy days. Farming is one of the important professions in our country and because of farmers, we have food. Filipino farmers earn higher than 3 ordinary employees in the Philippines, but sadly many young people in our farming communities opt to take other work opportunities for them abroad. The farmers know the tools and equipment in the farm and also on how to use them correctly and properly. This lesson will help you to identify the different farm tools and equipment, uses of these tools, safety measures, and to identify appropriate tools and equipment in animal production. If you learn these, you can perform some farm activities. Information Sheet 1.1 TOOLS Farm tools or sometimes called hand tools are used in performing farm activities in small areas such as backyards and school gardens. They are usually light and are used without the aid of farm animals. The hand tools still used by gardeners originate from the earliest agricultural implements used by man. 1. SHOVEL A shovel is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. A tool with a handle and somewhat flattened scoop. Types of shovel A. Gardening Trowel A trowel in general is a small, single-hand implement for digging, scooping, spreading, or otherwise manipulating dirt or other bulk materials (such as mortar). In gardening and horticulture, they are useful in planting and potting, for digging holes and breaking up clumps of soil. Gardening trowels typically have strong, narrow blades with sharp points. They are small type of spade. 4  B. Square Shovel A general category of shovel that includes many types with a generally square outline (rather than being pointed like many spades are). But there is no rigorous, always-enforced distinction between square shovels and spades How to use a Shovel to Dig a Hole Step 1: Take a shovel and go outside to find a nice spot to dig up. Step 2: Place the shovel, head first on the surface of the ground at about an eighty-degree angle. Step 3: Place one foot on one side of the shovelhead and firmly press down with the foot and the hands which should be gripping the handle. Step 4: Dig up the soil inside the shovel’s head and throw it out behind you. It is a good idea that you look around to make sure there isn’t anything important you could soil by flinging dirt. Step 5: Repeat steps 2-4 until you have the desired hole size. 2. BOLO Bolo is a tool used for cutting small to medium branches of trees and for weeds and tall grasses. KINDS OF BOLO Various types of bolos are employed. An assortment of bolos and related implements include: 2.1. The ALL-PURPOSE BOLO. is used for all sorts of odd jobs, including to break open coconuts. 2.2. The HARAS. Is similar to a small scythe, it is used for cutting tall grass. 2.3 The KUTSILYO. Is a term from the Spanish word cuchillo, meaning knife generally used to kill and bleed pigs during slaughter. 2.4. The BOLO-GUNA (or simply guna). Is a bolo specifically shaped for digging out roots and weeding. 2.5. The GARAB. is used to harvest rice. 2.6. A large PINUTI. Traditionally, it is tipped in snake, spider, or scorpion venom and used for self-defense. 2.7. The SUNDANG. Is supposedly used mainly to open coconuts, the sundang, also called “tip bolo” or itak, was popular weapon of choice in the revolution against the Spanish colonial government and during the Philippine-American War. 3. RAKE A rake with an iron hand (old English racam cognate with Dutch raaak, German Rechen, from the root meaning “to scrape together, ‘’ heap up’) a broom for outside use; for levelling and grading soil; removing rocks, and soil lumps and stirring up the soil surface. It is a horticultural implement consisting of a toothed bar fixed transversely to a handle, and used to collect leaves, hay, grass, etc., and in gardening, for loosening the soil, light weeding and levelling, removing dead grass from lawns, and generally for purposes performed in agriculture by the harrow. 5  THE USES OF RAKE Raking has dual benefits. It’s good for the grass and it’s a good physical exercise for us. All you need is a rake. You may be able to avoid raking altogether if you use a mulching mower. These power mowers run over dry leaves and shred them into small pieces that sift down through the grass blades and onto the soil, where they will decompose, enriching your soil. During the rest of the year, the mower will mulch the grass it trims, also enriching the soil. 1. Determine the destination area where the leaves will go after collection. 2. Decide how much time you can spend raking each day. 3. Get a rake and big plastic sheet around 6 feet (2 m) square. 4. Moving your feet, rake leaves straight back and move with the rake as you walk toward the back. 5. Spread the plastic sheet on the ground near the raking area. KINDS OF RAKE A. TINES RAKE When it comes to raking leaves, the leaf rake, also called a lawn rake, is what you need. Sold in varying widths (up to 30’’), it has a long handle with tines that fan out in a triangle or are arranged in a straight row. The tines are generally made of metal, plastic, or bamboo. Metal is the most resilient, but perhaps not quite as effective as plastic tines when moving large quantities of leaves, especially if they’re wet. Bamboo tines are the most fragile, of course, but are much gentler on plants, if you are raking over ground cover or beds. B. PLASTIC RAKE Large 24”head ideal for clearing leaves and debris. Flat ‘A’ shape head allows all tines to be in contact with the ground. Ideal for clearing leaves, grass trimmings, and other debris. Strong carbon steel handle, finished with a soft grip 170cm in length. C. STEEL RAKE A heavy-duty “bow rake” used for soil and rocks. HAND TOOLS A hand tool is any tool that is not a power tool- that is, one powered by hand (manual labor) rather than by an engine. Some examples or hand tools are garden forks, secateurs, hammers, spanners, pliers, screwdriver, and chisels. Hand tools are generally less dangerous than power tools. A tool that is “powered” by an operator, such as a hammer or screwdriver. Hand tools must be kept clean, sharp and keep safe in order to avoid injury. Every farm needs a variety of hand tools. 6  Hand tools Wrench Hammer pliers wiring strippers \ Screwdrivers digging bars taping knife saw Shovel trowels chisel 7 FENCING TOOLS Fencing tools – devices for fence construction and layout of animal houses. FENCING TOOLS Carpenter’s Level Steel Tape Power Digger Hand Digger Steel Post Driver Stretching Clamp Double Jack Stretcher Fencing Pliers Post Puller 1. CARPENTER’S LEVEL Considered to be an essential tool in woodworking and building projects of many types, the carpenter’s level is utilized to verify the alignment of various surfaces during the construction process. The carpenter’s level is usually composed of a simple rectangular frame. The frame proper can be constructed with metal, plastic, or wood. Included within the structure of the frame will be one or more small vials containing liquid. When the level is placed on a surface, the vials of liquid help to demonstrate if the surface is perfectly level, or if there is a slight incline or decline that needs to be corrected. 2. STEEL TAPE A tape of cloth, paper, or steel marked off in a linear scale, in inches or centimetres, for measurements. It is also called tapeline. 3. POWER DIGGER Today’s power post hole diggers can be used with a common drill. Making earth augers easier to use than ever before. No need for gas powered auger engines, tractors, or laborious “clam shell” diggers. Simply attach the auger to your heavy duty ½’ drill by chucking up firmly on the shaft and begin drilling. 8  4. STEEL POST DRIVER A post pounder, post driver, post knocker or fence driver is a tool used for driving fence posts and similar posts into the ground. It consists of a heavy steel pipe which is closed at one end and has handles welded onto the sides. It is normally used by one person, but larger versions may require two. 5. STRETCHING CLAMP Any of various devices used to join, grip, support, or compress mechanical or structural parts. Any various tools with opposing, often adjustable sides or parts for bracing objects or holding them together. 6. FENCING PLIERS Heavy duty pliers used to cut thick wire. May also include a claw to remove pins and fasteners. EQUIPMENT POULTRY PIGS Feeders Water dispenser Water dispensers / waterers Incubator Feeder MISCELLANEOUS 9 Pocket knives Garden Hoses Digging Bar Heavy Duty Flashlight Lesson 2 Perform Estimation and basic calculation Learning outcomes At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 2.1. Perform estimation LO 2.2. Perform basic workplace calculations Performance Standards  Correct method of calculation is determined.  Calculations needed to complete work task are performed using the four basic mathematical operations. What Do You Need To Know? Optimal brooding is essential to optimize animal health and contributes to a good performance and survival in later life. The most important brooding condition to control is the body temperature because chickens are unable to regulate their body temperature post hatch. 10 Learning Outcome2.1: Perform estimation Performance standard  Correct method of calculation is determined. Information sheet 2.1 RECOMMENDED BROODING TEMPERATURE FOR BROILER Age of Chicks Brooding Temperature (weeks) (℃) 0-1 week 32.2-35.0 ℃ (90-95 F) 1-2 weeks 29.4-32.2 ℃ (85-90 F) 2-4 weeks 26.7-29.4 ℃ (85-90 F) Above 4 weeks Remove the supply of heat BROILER REQUIREMENT A. Recommended Minimum Watering Space Requirements 1. Day-old to 4 weeks 0.5 cm/bird or two 1-gal drinking fountains/100 birds 2. 4 weeks to 8 weeks 0.6 to 1 cm/bird or two 2-gal drinking fountains/100 birds 3. 9 weeks to near laying age 1 to 2 cm/bird or four 2-gal drinking fountains/100 birds B. The following space requirements may serve as guide 4. Day-old to 3 weeks 0.3 sq ft/chick 5. 3 weeks to 4 weeks 0.5 sq ft/chick 6. 5 weeks to near laying age 1.0 sq -9 ft/bird C. Recommended Minimum feeding space Requirements 7. Day-old to 4 weeks 2.5 to 5 cm/bird 8. 4 weeks to 8 weeks 5 to 6.5 cm/bird 9. 9 weeks to near laying age 7.5 to 9 cm/bird 11  ANALYZE RECORD KEPT IN POULTRY PRODUCTION ENTERPRISE The analysis of production should be simple to suit the needs of backyard and small scale poultry raisers. These are the first hand information on the basic requirements and financial gains in raising poultry. A. Inputs in Production In poultry production, prospective investor should consider the following consideration before going into business. THE COST  Broiler feeds  Water  Housing and facilities  Heat and light  Vaccines , medicines, and supplements  Labor  Capital B. Returns  Sales of good condition empty feeds bag  Sales of broilers  Sales of chicken manure to vegetable growers Computing a sample of broiler production Mr. Carlisle has the following data in his broiler project. ITEMS PRODUCTION COST 1. Cost of chicks/head is Php 60.00 Php 6,000.00 2. Cost of feeds Php 6412.50 3. Medicine and antibiotics Php 3500.00 4. Electricity , water,labor, etc. Php 8, 000.00 TOTAL Php 23, 912.50 Ninety five broilers are ready for market Average weight per broiler is 1.5 kg Cost of live weight per kg. is php 245.00 The total cost of production is php 23,912.50 Return on Investment, ROI Mortality rate of 5% (95 heads) ROI= (Net Income/ cost of production) x 100 ROI = (Php 4 100/Php 13 000)x 100 95 broilers x 1.5 kg = 1.5 kg x Php 245/kg= Php 34,912.50 ROI= 0.3154 x 100 Total Gross Sales --------------------------- Php 34,912.50 ROI = 31.54% Less Cost of Production--------------------Php 23,912.50 Mortality Rate = (Number of dead birds/total number of birds) x 100 Net Income-------------------------------------------Php 11, 000.00 12 Learning Outcome 2.2: Perform basic workplace calculations PERFORMANCE STANDARD  Calculations needed to complete work task are performed using the four basic mathematical operations. Information sheet 2.2 TWO BASIC TYPES OF CALCULATIONS (NUTRIENT VS. FERTILIZER) 1. Calculating NUTRIENT in GIVEN AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER  You have a given amount of fertilizer and you need to calculate how much nutrient is in it. (Weight of fertilizer) x (% of Nutrient) = weight of nutrient Example: How many pounds of Nitrogen (N) are in a 50 lb bag of ammonium nitrate (35-0-0: 35%N - 0% P - 0% K)? (50 lb of fertilizer) x 35% = (50 lb of fertilizer) x (0.35) = 17.5 lb of Nitrogen (50 lb 0f fertilizer) x (0.35 lb Nitrogen/lb of fertilizer) = 17. 5 lb Nitrogen 2. Calculating Fertilizer needed to apply Given Amount of Nutrient  You have a given of a nutrient to apply and you need to calculate how much fertilizer to use. Weight of fertilizer = (weight of nutrient) / (% of nutrient) Example: How many pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer (35-0-0) do you need to give 5 lb of N? Weight of ammonium nitrate needed = x 5 lb of N = (x) (35%) = (x) (.35) (5 lb of N) / (.35) = x 14.3 lb of ammonium nitrate = x 13  Lesson 3 Interpret plans and drawings LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 3.1. Interpret farm plans and lay-outs Performance standards  Identify the types of housing and its components used in poultry and livestock;  Draw layout plan of different types of housing; and  Enumerate the building codes in constructing and livestock houses. What do you need to know? Animals also need housing to protect them from adverse weather conditions. Good housing should be durable, easy to clean, and gives accessibility to feeding, loading and unloading activities. Furthermore, it should allow the entry of sunlight, have enough space for every animal, and should have proper ventilation. Information Sheet 3.1 POULTRY HOUSE In the construction of the poultry house, consider not only the price of the materials to be used but also the length of time it can be used. Nipa, bamboo, and cogon are usually used materials for poultry houses 14 but wood and galvanized iron can also be used. The size of the poultry house depends on the number of animals, size, and type of breed and purpose. Types of Poultry Housing 1. Free-range or extensive system 2. Semi-intensive system 3. Folding-unit system 4. Intensive system a. Battery system b. Deep litter system 1. Free-range system – is located in the middle of the pasture. Native chickens need a wide land area where they are free to roam around. It is the oldest type and has been used for centuries by general farmers where there is no shortage of land. This system allows great but not unlimited , space to the birds on land where they can find an appreciable amount of food in the form of herbage, seeds, and insects. 2. Semi-intensive system- has provisions for a sun porch or runway for additional space for movement of the birds. Wherever possible, this space should be divided giving a run on either side of the house of 10-15 square yards per bird, thus, enabling the birds to move onto fresh ground. The floor is the slat-type made of liter. It is made of bamboo splits, lumber, rattan, or wire mess. 3. Folding-unit system- This system of housing is an innovation of recent years. In portable folding units birds being confined to one small run, the position is changed each day, giving them fresh ground and the birds find a considerable proportion of food from the herbage are healthier and harder. The most convenient folding unit to handle is that which is made for 25 hens. A floor space of 1 square foot should be allowed for each bird in the house, and 3 square feet in the run, so that a total floor space for the whole unit is 4 square feet per bird, as with the intensive system. 4. Intensive system- This system is usually adopted where land is limited and expensive. The birds are confined to the house entirely, with no access to land outside. This has only been made possible by admitting the direct rays of the sun on to the floor of the house so that part of the windows are removable, or either fold or slide down to permit the ultraviolet rays to reach the birds. The most methods in intensive system are the following:  Battery system – This is the most intensive type of poultry production and is useful to those with a small quantity of floor space at their disposal. The usual floor space is 14 x 16 inches and the height , 17 inches and made of standard strong galvanized wire set at a slope from back to the front, so that the eggs as they are laid roll out of the cage to a receiving gutter. Underneath is a tray for droppings. Both food and water receptacles are outside the cage.  Deep litter system – The poultry birds are kept in large pens up to 250 birds each, on floor covered with litters like straw, sawdust or leaves up to depth of 8-12 inches. Deep litter can be defined as the accumulation of the material used for litter with poultry manure until it reaches a depth of 8 to 12 inches. Suitable dry organic materials like straw ( needs to be cut into 2 or 3 inch length ), sawdust, leaves, dry grasses, groundnut shells, broken up maize stalks and cobs, bark of trees in sufficient quantity to give a depth of about 6 inches in the pen should be used. The droppings of the birds gradually combine with the materials used to build up the litter. In about 2 months, it has usually become deep litter, and by 6 months, it has become built-up deep litter. At about 12 months of old stage, it is fully built up. 15  Types of Roofs for Poultry Houses There are various types of construction. The construction may be determined by the following factors: Availability of materials, amount of investment, and size of operations. TYPES OF ROOFS USED IN POULTRY HOUSES Shed or single span type – This type of roof is used in small construction which makes use of the simplest materials. Cable or double span – This type of roof is the most common type of roof system. Monitor Type – This type of roof is ideal for big establishment especially in commercial farms. It is actually double span with an outlet of air at the top of the roof Semi-monitor type – This type of roof is similar to the monitor type except that the outlet of air is made on one side only. HOUSING PIGS Careful planning is necessary to be sure the facility is built in the best location and provides for future expansion. Consider the following in constructing houses for hogs:  Location or site selection - Odor problems always exist with hog production thus, proper selection of pig pen location is important. Facilities should be located downwind from the residence on the farm. It is important to consider the following during selection.  Availability and accessibility of essential services such as feed suppliers or stores, water and electricity sources.  The surroundings should be suitable for construction of drainage and manure disposal thus, there should be ample distance from neighbors and other farms.  The possibility of expansion should also be considered. 16   Drainage and water supply- Good drainage and runoff control are necessary, as well as good water supply to facilitate cleaning the animals and the alleys of the pen.  Sunlight – is a stimulating growth promoting properties and it destroyed disease-causing organism.  Zoning and permit – Check out local zoning laws and regulations for a proposed location. Secure all required permits such as building, environment and other permits required by the government before constructing.  Accessibility – Check the availability and cost of feeds, water, and electricity. Water source should be able to supply for the peak demands and for future expansion. A farm to market road should also be accessible to facilitate the transport of feeds and pigs throughout the year. Factors to consider in Planning Farm Buildings a. Environmental control f. Dryness b. Future expansion g. Sanitation c. Proper ventilation h. Rodent and bird control d. Minimum labor requirements i. Safety e. Durability of building materials VENTILATION Normal air movement inside the house is very important. Thus, pigs houses should not be constructed too close to each other. A distance of 10-15 meters between houses should be maintained for proper ventilation. Ventilation serves the following purposes. 1. Replacement of foul air with fresh air or removal of odors 2. Removal of moisture 3. Removal of excess heat To achieve proper ventilation, consider the following factors. 1. Inlets to serve as passageway of fresh air into the pig house. 2. Insulation should be available to keep house warm/cool when necessary 3. Supplemental heat during cold weather and cooling during hot weather 4. Presence of vapour barriers 5. Removal of moist air through the outlets. Different Designs of Ventilation System a. Natural ventilation - is mainly a ventilation system which depends on wind effect and convection effect. Ventilation in wind effect is created by the windblown against one side of the building creating suction pressure. In the convection effect, ventilation is caused by a still or slowly moving air. One example of natural ventilation is the monitor type building. b. Automatically controlled natural ventilation system – is a system where curtains of flaps are installed constructed on the sides of the building, and adjusted when the temperature inside the pen is high or low. c. Fan ventilation system – uses a fan to maintain the normal temperature inside the pen. Ventilating or oscillating fans/blowers are the most commonly used equipment for putting air where it is needed. Building Pig Houses It is important to give close attention on the different parts of the building and the materials to be used when constructing pig houses. It is necessary to consider the quality of the materials, its life span and cost. a. Floor construction – There is a direct and unavoidable contact between the pig and the flooring. Thus, the texture and the slope of the floor are two main considerations during the constructions. 17  b. Ground pen – The flooring should be set firmly on the earth free from organic matters or on well tramped gravel or crush rock fills. The floor should not be too rough to avoid foot and leg problems. It is recommended that the flooring should be finished with the use of a wooden trowel. The slope should be two to three centimetre depths per meter length towards the canal. c. A slatted flooring- slatted floor allows the pig manure to drop or to be forced through the slats. This lessens direct contact of the pig with the wastes possibly carrying pathogenic organisms and parasites. Recommended slat spacing for fatteners is two centimetres. SPACE REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT FOR SWINE Pen size per Height of Height of Width of Self-feeder Feed trough Age and size of animal pen Doors Doors space Space per animals (sq m) partitions (cm) (cm) (number of Animal for (m) animals hand linear) processing (Linear m/ animal) Sow before 1.5 2-2.5 100 100 7 0.5 farrowing Glits Mature sows 2 2-2.5 100 100 9 0.6 Sow with pigs 4 2-2.5 100 100 3 0.5 Young sows Mature sows 6 2-2.5 100 100 3 0.5 Herd boars 2 2-2.5 120 100 3 0.6 Growing/finishing swine Weanling to 35 0.5 2-2.5 75 75 13 0.2 kgs 35 to 60 kgs 0.7 2-2.5 85 85 9 0.3 60 to 80 kgs 0.1 2-2.5 100 100 9 0.4 Source: Supnet, M.G. Housing and Manure Management SEARCA Swine Production Training Manual Building and Construction Code Building codes – are a set of rules that must be followed to satisfy the minimum acceptable levels of safety for buildings and nonbuilding structures. The objective of buildings codes is to ensure the health, safety, and protection of the public when it comes to the construction and occupancy of buildings. Buildings codes are determined by appropriate authorities in different areas and may vary widely from country to country. Building codes stipulates details of the construction and maintenance of a building or construction. These include the following: 1. Fire safety rules – include provisions for safety exists in buildings, limitations regarding how far a fire should spread and the provision of adequate fire fighting equipment. 2. Structural Rules – include directives on building construction to be strong enough to resist internal and external forces without collapsing. 3. Health stipulations – include provisions for buildings to have adequate air circulation, washrooms, and plumbing facilities. 18  4. Other building codes make sure that proper noise limitations are set in place to protect occupants from noise pollutions through walls and windows. There may also be special provisions to ensure that disabled people have proper access to and throughout the property. Anyone construction that fails to adhere to the proper building codes is liable to very severe penalties. SIGNS, SIGNALS, AND BARRICADES USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Signs and symbols must be visible at all times when work is being performed, and must be removed or covered promptly when the hazard no longer exists. Danger signs – Danger signs shall be used only where an immediate hazard exist. Danger signs should be read as the predominating color for the upper panel; outline on the borders; and a white lower panel for additional sign wording. Caution signs – caution signs used only to warn against or caution against practices.  Caution signs use yellow as the predominating color; black upper panel and borders; yellow lettering of caution on the black panel; and the lower yellow panel for the additional sign wording.  Black lettering shall be used for additional wording.  Standard color of the background shall be yellow; and the panel, black with yellow letters.  Any letter used against the yellow background shall be black. The colors shall be those of opaque glossy samples.  Any letter used against the yellow background shall be black. The colors shall be those of opaque glossy samples. Exit signs – Exit signs, when required, shall be lettered in legible red letters, not less than 6 inches high, on a white field and the principal stroke of the letters shall be at least three-fourths in width. Safety Instructions Signs – Safety instruction signs, when used, shall be with green upper panel with white letters to convey the principal message. Any additional wording on the sign shall be black letters on the white background. Directional Signs- Directional signs, other than automotive traffic signs, shall be white with a black panel and white directional symbol. Any wording on the sign shall be black letters on the white background. Traffic Signs- Construction areas shall be posted with legible traffic signs at point hazard. All traffic control signs or devices used for protection of construction workers shall conform to Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA) standards. Accident Prevention Tags – shall use as temporary means of warning of an existing hazard such as defective tools, equipment, and others. They shall not be used in place of, or as a substitute for, accident prevention signs. Specifications for accident prevention tags similar as shown below shall apply. Signaling Flagmen- Hand signalling by flagmen shall use red flags, at least 18 inches square or sign paddles, and in periods of darkness, red lights. Flagmen shall be provided with and shall wear a red or orange garment while flagging. Warning garments worn at night shall be of reflectorized material. Barricades – These are for protection of employees and shall conform to the OSHA standards. 19  Lesson 4 Apply Safety Measures in Farm Operations LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 4.1. Apply appropriate safety measures while working in the farm Performance standards  Outfit is worn in accordance with farm requirements.  Safety measures are applied based on work requirement and farm procedures  Shelf life and or expiration of materials are effectively checked against manufacturer‘s specifications. 20 LEARNING OUTCOME 4.1 Apply appropriate safety measures while working in the farm. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Safety measures are applied based on work requirement and farm procedures.  Outfit is worn in accordance with farm requirements.  Hazards in the workplace are identified and reported in line with farm guidelines  Emergency and accidents are responded to and prevented. Information sheet 4.1 APPLY APPROPRIATE SAFETY MEASURES WHILE WORKING IN FARM Many hazards are present in the farm. If the farmers are not aware of these hazards these may cause injury to their body or may cause diseases and even death. Farmer should always apply appropriate safety measures while working in the farm. In this lesson the students with the guidance and supervision of their teacher should identify farm works that involve the use of chemicals and hazardous tools and equipment; determine the uses of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and determine farm emergency procedures regarding safety working environment. HAZARD, RISK AND EXPOSURE IN THE FARM Agricultural crop production deals with a lot of activities to be done in the different workplace. While performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot of risk. Workplace hazard is a major cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker who performs such task. These hazards should be the major concern of all who are involved in a certain job or work. It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking risk management.  Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee‘s health. Anything which may cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.  Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration and frequency of exposure.  Exposure occurs when a person comes into contact with a hazard. Types of Hazard Hazards are classified into five different types. They are: 1. Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling objects, slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud and prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold, radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air quality 2. Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity, machinery, equipment, pressure vessels, dangerous goods, fork lifts, cranes, hoists 3. Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that could lead to fire or explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes from various processes such as welding 4. Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin, animals 5. Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors arising from a variety of sources. 21 Farm emergency procedures regarding safety working environment 1. Identify the potential emergencies. The emergencies that may occur on a crop production farm could include: a. Fire b. Flood c. Typhoon d. machinery entrapment e. electrical shock f. snake or spider bite g. chemical exposure h. injuries i. illness and j. accidents 2. Provide emergency facilities appropriate for the sorts of emergencies that might occur on the farm (e.g. deluge showers, eye washes, fire fighting equipment, first aid kits). 3. Make sure that the correct equipment is available to contain and handle any chemical or other dangerous materials spills that might happen. 4. To help minimize the risk of personal injury or property damage in the event of an emergency, people working on and visiting the farm need to know and understand the emergency procedures and their responsibilities. 5. Instruct everyone working on the farm in the emergency response procedures 6. Everyone should know the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers and first aid kits; 7. Where to contact emergency services; and where to safely assemble in the event of an emergency. The following factors may increase risk of injury or illness for farm workers: 1. Age – injury rates are highest among children age 15 and under and adults over 65. 2. Equipment and Machinery – most farm accidents and fatalities involve machinery. Proper machine guarding and doing equipment maintenance according to manufacturers‘ recommendations can help prevent accidents. FARM WORKS THAT INVOLVE USING CHEMICALS AND HAZARDOUS TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 1. Spraying Chemicals Many different chemicals are used on a farm including pesticides. These chemicals are used to fertilize and control pests such as insects, weeds, etc. Most of these chemicals are applied by spraying. Examples of chemical hazards:  Spraying in a strong wind and the spray drifting over a dam or the farm house.  Washing spray equipment and the water running into open drains, collecting in puddles, or running into stockyards or dams.  Containers or chemicals left lying around. Empty containers lying in a heap. Some ways you can reduce the risk of hazards from chemicals are:  Use personal protective equipment such as respirators, waterproof clothes, rubber gloves and waterproof footwear.  Make sure chemicals are safely stored and cupboards locked.  Never spray chemicals on days when there is a high wind.  Know first aid procedures.  Keep a list of all hazardous substances used on the farm. Safe use of chemicals 22  Consider if a chemical substance is really needed.  Eliminate a hazardous substance, or if that is not possible, substitute it with less hazardous one.  Safe work practices or personal protective equipment should be used  Keep records of farm chemicals. 23 2. Land Preparation Using Tractor a. Victims fall off or are thrown from the tractor b. Run over by either the tractor or an implement being towed, or both. c. Overturn Safety Reminders  Use seat belts when driving tractors.  ROPS will protect the operator from serious injuries. Causes of run over accidents  Sudden stops  Driving over holes, stumps and debris, or a sharp turn How to prevent run over  Never allow riders on tractors.  Discuss with family members and farm workers the potential risks of riding tractor.  It's also helpful to post 'no riders' decals on all tractors to remind others about the policy.  Use or provide other vehicles that allow passengers, such as trucks or cars, when transportation is needed to fields or remote work sites. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment (PPE) can reduce the number and severity of farm work related injuries and illnesses. Personal protective equipment not only helps protect people but also improves productivity and profits. Farmers and ranchers can share in these benefits by using the appropriate protective equipment for themselves, family members and employees when the job and its potential hazards call for it. Protect your head with a hard hat when performing construction work, trimming trees, repairing machinery, and doing other jobs with head injury risks. Use a sun safety hat (one with a wide brim and neck protection) to assist in the prevention of skin cancer. Protect your vision with appropriate safety eyewear (safety glasses, goggles, face-shields) when applying pesticides, fertilizers, working in the shop, or in heavy dust conditions. Protect your hearing with acoustic earmuffs or plugs when operating noisy equipment such as grain dryers, feed grinders, older tractors, chain saws, etc. Protect your lungs with the correct respiratory equipment (dust masks, cartridge respirators, gas masks, air pacts) when working in dusty or moldy conditions, spray painting, applying chemicals, working in bins, tanks, silos, and manure storage places. 1  1. 1. It is an implement mounted to a tractor used for tilling and pulverizing the soil. Rotavator 2. These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or mounted to machine which are usually used in the preparation of land.. Farm implement 3. It is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a large area of land. Hand tractor 4. it is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in preparing much bigger area of land. Four wheel tractor 5. It is used to draw irrigation water from a source. Water pump 6-7. give at least two examples of farm implements 8-10 give at least three examples of farm equipment 2 3