Tissues PDF

Tissues ROBERT UNCIANO Epithelial Tissues/ Epithelium  sheets of cells which are closely packed, Epithelial often with tight Tissue/ junctions. Epithelium covers the outside of body, organs, cavity  Polarized Characteristics...

Tissues ROBERT UNCIANO Epithelial Tissues/ Epithelium  sheets of cells which are closely packed, Epithelial often with tight Tissue/ junctions. Epithelium covers the outside of body, organs, cavity  Polarized Characteristics Apical surface faces of Epithelium lumen Basal Surface attached to a basal lamina  Protection protective barriers on the body's surfaces and linings of organs. Absorption Some epithelial tissues are specialized for Functions of Secretion Epithelium absorption, particularly in the digestive and urinary systems. Secretion secrete various substances, including mucus, enzymes, hormones, and sweat, depending on their location and specialization. CLASSIFICATION Epithelial tissues are classified according OF EPITHELIUM to cell shape and to its cell layers. Classifications of Epithelium (Based on Cell Layer) Simple Epithelium -Single layer from the base to the surface Stratified Epithelium -more than one layer but only basal attached to the base Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium -appears to be stratified -some cells are tall that extends to the surface some are shorter Transitional Epithelium -The shape of the cells changes Shapes of Epithelium Squamous -cells are flat or scalelike Cuboidal -cube shaped same in tallness and width Columnar -Tall and thin  A B C D E F G Types of Simple Epithelium Simple Squamous Epithelium Structure -single layer of flat hexagonal cells -nuclei appears to be bumped Function -Diffusion, filtration, secretion,protection Location -lining of blood vessels and heart, lympathic vessels, alveoli of lungs,lining of serous membrane,body cavities. Simple Squamous Types of Simple Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Structure -single layer cubed shape Functions -Secretion and absorption, Movement of particles Location -Kidney tubules,glands, Choroid plexuses, lining of terminal bronchioles, surface of the ovaries Simple Cuboidal Simple Cuboidal- Kidney tubules with microvilli Simple Cuboidal- Bronchioles with cilia  Types of Simple Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium Structures -single layer of tall narrow cells Functions -movement of particles, secretion, absorption Location -Glands,bronchioles, auditory tubes,uterus and uterine tubes, stomach, intestine,gall bladder, bile ducts, ventricles of brain Simple Columnar Simple Columnar- Auditory Tubes with Cilia Simple Columnar- Intestine with microvilli Types of Stratified Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium Structure - multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer progressively flattened towards the surface. - Nonkeratinized (moist)with nucleus and cytoplasm -Keratinized (dead cells) the cytoplasm is replaced by keratin Function - protection and reduction of water loss Location -Keratinized skin -Nonkeratinized- mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, anus,vagina,inferior urethra, cornea Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous- Skin Keratinized Stratified Squamous- Mouth= non-keratinized Types of Stratified Epithelium Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Structure -multiple layer of cube shaped cells Function - protection, secretion, absorption Location -Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary ducts Stratified Cuboidal Types of Stratified Epithelium Stratified Columnar Epithelium Structure -multiple layer of tall thin cells resting on cube shaped cells Function - protection and secretion Location -mammary gland ductsm larynx, male urethra Stratified Columnar Pseudostratified Epithelium Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium Structure -single layer of cells, some cells are tall and thin Function - Synthesis and secretion of mucus Location -Trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity,auditory tubes, pharynx Pseudostratified Columnar Transitional Epithelium Structure -stratified cells that appear cube-shaped when not streched and squamous when streched. -Number of layers decreases when streched. Function - accomodate fluctuations in the volume of the fluid Location -lining of the urinary bladder,ureters, superior urthra Transitional Epithelium Cell Connections Cells have structures that hold them together Mechanically bind cells together Help form permeability barrier Provide mechanism for intercellular communication Demosomes -adhesive glycoprotein that binds the cell together and intracellular proteins attached to the intermediate filaments.. Hemidemosomes- attach cells to the basement Tight Junction -fuse cells together tightly to prevent substances from passing between the cells. -formed by protein in the plasma membrane of adjacent cell. Adhesion Belt -found below tight junctions -found between plasma membranes of adjacent cell. -acts as weak glue that holds the cell together. Gap Junction -Small specialized contact region between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication. Intercalated disks-gap junction between cardiac muscle cells. Contain both gap junctions and demosomes  Secretory organs Glands epithelium with supporting connective tissue. develops from an infolding or outfolding of epithelium in the embryo  Types of Glands Based on Structure: Glands Unicellular Glands Multicellular Glands  These glands are dispersed among other cells in an epithelial tissue. Unicellular Examples include goblet cells in the Glands lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, which secrete mucus.  consist of many cells that work together to produce and secrete substances. Multicellular categorized into exocrine and endocrine glands based on their Glands secretion and mode of release Glands  composed of clusters of secretory cells and typically have a duct system. secrete substances into ducts that Exocrine Glands transport the secretions to specific sites, such as the body's surface or a body cavity. Examples: Salivary glands, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, mammary glands, and digestive glands (e.g., pancreas) are all examples of exocrine glands. Exocrine Glands Connective Tissues  characterized by its abundant Connective extracellular matrix Tissues includes fibroblasts (responsible for producing extracellular matrix), adipocytes (fat cells), -makes up part of every macrophages (immune cells that engulf organ in the body pathogens) - cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix  1. Enclosing and separating other tissues - Liver and kidneys were encapsulated to help them be separated from other tissues and organs. Connective 2. Cushioning and insulating. Adipose tissue cushions Tissues and protects the tissues it surrounds and provides an insulating layer beneath the skin that helps conserve heat. FUNCTION 3. Connecting tissues to one another. Connective tissues binds, supports and strengthen other tissues. For instance, tendons attaches muscles to bones while ligaments holds bones together.  4. Supporting and moving parts of the body. Connective tissues accommodates locomotion while providing rigid support and joints. Cells of the Connective 5. Storing compounds. Storing energy through fat tissues and cells provides reserves for Tissues the body. 6. Transportation. It transport materials throughout the body. 7. Protection. It protects the body by destroying invading microorganisms and eliminating cellular debris.  3 Kinds of Connective tissue fibers Collagenous fibers Strength and flexibility Collagen – strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in the body 3 Kinds of Connective tissue fibers Reticular fibers fills the spaces between tissues and organs Very short and thin that branch to form a network 3 Kinds of Connective tissue fibers Elastic fiber Elasticity Stretches like a rubber consist of protein elastin Major Types of Connective Tissue Embryonic connective Tissue - forms the embryo during third and fourth weeks of development -all adult connective tissue develops from it Mesenchyme Structure -irregular shaped - extracellular matrix is abundant with reticular fibers Location - this is where all the connective tissue arise Mesenchyme Mucous connective Tissue Structure - mesenchymal tissues that remains unspecialized Location - umbilical cord of newborn Mucous Connective Tissue Major Types of Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue Binds the epithelium to underlying tissues and hold the organs together Composed of 3 types of fibers Types of Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Structure - cells within a network of collagen fibers Function -loose packing, support, nourishment Location -widely distributed in the body Types of Loose Connective Tissue Adipose Connective Tissue Structure - little extracellular matrix - Adipocytes filled with lipids Functions -insulation, energy storage, protection Location -subcutaneous area, mesenteries, renal pelvis, kidneys colon, and mammary gland Types of Loose Connective Tissue Reticular Connective Tissue Structure - fine networks of reticular fibers arranged Functions -provides superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues Location -lymp nodes, spleen, bone marrow  Types of Dense Connective Tissue Dense regular collagenous Connective Tissue Structure - Matrix composed of collagen fibers that run one direction Function -withstand great pulling and stretch resistance Location -tendons and ligaments Types of Dense Connective Tissue Dense regular elastic Connective Tissue Structure - composed of regularly arranged collagen and elastic fibers Function -able to stretch Location -vocal folds and elastic ligaments Types of Dense Connective Tissue Dense irregular collagenous Connective Tissue Structure - Matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or alternating planes Function -withstand stretching Location -skin Types of Dense Connective Tissue Dense irregular elastic Connective Tissue Structure - matrix composed of bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers in multiple directions Function -capable of strength and stretching Location -elastic arteries Supporting Connective Tissue- Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Structure - collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed making the matrix transparent. Function - allows the growth of long bones, provides rigidity and flexibility. Location -long bones, ribs, nasal, embryonic skeleton Supporting Connective Tissue- Cartilage Fibrocartilage Structure - similar to Hyaline cartilage but fibers are more numerous arranged in thick bundles Function - flexible that can withstand pressure Location -intervetebral disks, articular disks Supporting Connective Tissue- Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Structure - similar to Hyaline cartilage Function - provides rigidity with more flexibility Location -ears and epiglottis  Major Types of Connective Tissue Bone (Osseous Tissue) Mineralized Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate ions forms the hard matrix Shape, support, and protection Types of Supporting Connective Tissue- Bone Spongy Bone (Cancellous) Structure -lattice-like network with large spaces Function -Acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support Location -interior of the bones, pelvis and long bone Types of Supporting Connective Tissue- Bone Compact Bone Structure -Hard bony matrix Function -forms solid outer shell, provides great strength and support Location -Outer portions of all bones Types of Fluid Connective Tissue- Blood Blood Structure -Blood cells and fluid matrix Function -Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, and immune response Location -Blood vessels Types of Fluid Connective Tissue- Blood and Hemopoietic tissue Bone Marrow Structure -Reticular framework with blood forming cells Function -produces blood cells and stores lipid Location -within marrow cavities of bones Muscle Tissues Muscle Tissue Filaments containing proteins, Actin and myosin is composed of elongated muscle cells called muscle fibers. generate force, which produces motion, maintains posture, and generates heat. Contracts or shorten to generate force. 3 Types of Muscle Tissues 3 Types of Muscle tissues Skeletal muscle Structure - cells are striated, large and long with many nuclei Function -Moves the body (Voluntary movements) Location -attached to the bone or other connective tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue 3 Types of Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Structure - cylindrical and striated, single central nucleus, branched and interconnected to one another with gap junctions Function -Pumps the blood (Involuntary movement) Cardiac Muscle Tissue 3 Types of Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscles Structure - not striated and have single nucleus Function -Regulates the size of the organs, forces fluids (Involuntary movement) Location -Digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive organs, respiratory passages Smooth muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue Receipt, processing, and transmission of information Contains nerve cells and glial cells Brain and spinal cord Nerve Cells/Neurons Basic unit of nervous system Transmit nerve impulses from its cell body to multiple extensions via dendrites Transmit impulses to neurons, muscles, and other cells via axon Nervous Tissue Glial Cells/Glial Support cells Nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons Modulate neuron function Multipolar Neuron Structure - Dendrites, cell body, long axon, and glia Functions -Transmit information, store information,integrate and evaluate data Location -brain, spinal cord, and glia Multipolar Neuron Pseudo-unipolar Neuron Structure -Neuron with a cell body and one axon Function -conducts action potentials from the periphery of the brain or spinal cord Location -Ganglia, brain and spinal cord Pseudo-unipolar Neuron Inflammatory Response Wound Healing Process END