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## Technical Foundation for - ### 30. Linux: Null - What is the output of the following command: `pthread_cond_init(&my_cond, NULL);` - Initializes a new condition variable named `my_cond`. ### 29. Shell Program - What will be the output of the below code when `str = programming` and `c = g`? ```bash read -p "Enter a string (str): " str read -p "Enter a character (c): " c len=$(echo "$str" | wc -c) len=$(expr $len - 1) x=1 while [ $x -le $len ] do a=$(echo "$str" | cut -c $x) if [ "$a" == "$c" ]; then echo $x fi x=$(expr $x + 1) done ``` - 4 ### 28. Scripting - What will the below given code do? ```bash #!/bin/sh if [ $1 ] then while read folder do files=$(ls $folder | wc -l) if [ $files -eq 0 ] then rmdir $folder fi done fi ``` - Takes a name of a folder, and delete all sub folders of size 0. ### 27. Linux: Shared - What is the output of the following command? ```bash declare -i shared_var=0 declare -i num_threads=4 declare -i counter=0 Increment() { while true do if [[ "$(counter)" -ge 100000 ]]; then break fi shared_var=$((shared_var + 1)) counter=$((counter + 1)) done } main() { for ((i=0; i<num_threads; i++)) do increment & done wait echo "Shared variable: ${shared_var}" } main ``` - Shared variable: 400000 ### 26. Unix Scripts - What will be the output of the below code when `p = 12` and `q = 14`? ```bash read p read q x='expr $p + $q' echo $x ``` - 26 ### 25. Linux: Example - Which command is used to display the number of words in the file named `example.txt`? - `wc -w example.txt` ### 24. Linux: Following - What is the output of the following command? `find /-type f -name "*.txt" -size +5M -user root 2>/dev/null` - List of all files with .txt extension, size greater than 5MB and owned by root user in the root directory and sub-directories ### 23. Linux: Permissions - What command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory in Linux? - `chmod` ### 22. Linux: Open Files - Which of the following commands is used for setting the maximum number of open files in the system? - `ulimit -n` ### 21. Linux: Directory - Which of the following is the root directory of a Linux system? - `/` ### 21. Linux: Owner - Which command can be used to create a new file with read-write permissions for the owner only, named `newfile.txt` in the current directory? - `touch newfile.txt; chmod 600 newfile.txt` ### 22. Statement - What is true about the below `ls -il` listing? ``` 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 myfile.txt 145389 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ownerid groupid 7285 Sep 30 10:17 coffee.txt 268394 -rw-rw-rw- 1 ownerid groupid 8912 Nov 4 19:42 tea.txt 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 person.txt ``` - There is one physical file with 2 hard links. ### 23. Linux: Permissions - What command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory in Linux? - `chmod` ### 24. Linux: Head - What does the command `ls -1 | head -n +5` do? - Lists the first 5 files in the current directory, displaying details including file permissions and ownership. ### 25. Linux: Following - What is the output of the following command? `find /-type f -name "*.txt" -size +5M -user root 2>/dev/null` - List of all files with .txt extension, size greater than 5MB and owned by root user in the root directory and sub-directories ### 26. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command? `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory` - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello". ### 27. Linux: Owner - Which command can be used to create a new file with read-write permissions for the owner only, named `newfile.txt` in the current directory? - `touch newfile.txt; chmod 600 newfile.txt` ### 1. Linux: Purpose - What is the purpose of the command `chmod 777 file.txt`? - Gives all users full read/write/execute permissions to the file. ### 4. To/Backup/ Directory - Which command will copy all `.jpg` files from the current directory to `/backup/` directory? - `find . -iname "*.jpg" | xargs -i cp {} /backup/` ### 6. Linux: Remove - What command is used to remove a directory and its contents in Linux? - `rm -r` ### 8. In Current Directory - Which command will generate an archive of all files in the current directory? - `cpio -ov archive.cpio` ### 12. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command: `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory`? - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello" ### 15. EGREP Command - Which statement is true for `egrep` command with option `-n`? - Prefix each line of output with the line number within its input file. ### 10. Statement - What is true about the below `ls -il` listing? ``` 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 myfile.txt 145389 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ownerid groupid 7285 Sep 30 10:17 coffee.txt 268394 -rw-rw-rw- 1 ownerid groupid 8912 Nov 4 19:42 tea.txt 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 person.txt ``` - There is one physical file with 2 hard links. ### 7. Linux: Head - What does the command `ls -1 | head -n +5` do? - Lists the first 5 files in the current directory, displaying details including file permissions and ownership. ### 9. Linux: Directories - What command is used to list all files and directories in the current directory in Linux? - `ls` ### 11. Unix: Output - What is the output of the following command: `grep -oE '([0-9]+-)+' file.txt`? - All the hyphen-separated numbers are in `file.txt`. ### 13. Linux: Shared - What is the output of the following command? ```bash declare -i shared_var=0 declare -i num_threads=4 declare -i counter=0 Increment() { while true do if [[ "${counter}" -ge 100000 ]]; then break fi shared_var=$((shared_var + 1)) counter=$((counter + 1)) done } main() { for ((i=0; i<num_threads; i++)) do increment & done wait echo "Shared variable: ${shared_var}" } main ``` - Shared variable: 400000 ### 14. Linux: Awk - What is the output of the following command? `awk '{print $1}' file.txt | sort -n` - The line count of `file.txt` ### 3. Linux: Following - What is the output of the following command? `find / -type f -name "*.txt" -size +5M -user root 2>/dev/null` - List of all files with .txt extension, size greater than 5MB and owned by root user in the root directory and sub-directories ### 5. Linux: Directory - Which of the following is the root directory of a Linux system? - `/` ### 11. Unix: Output - What is the output of the following command: `grep -OE '([0-9]+-)+' file.txt`? - All the hyphen-separated numbers are in `file.txt`. ### 13. Linux: Shared - What is the output of the following command? ```bash declare -i shared_var=0 declare -i num_threads=4 declare -i counter=0 Increment() { while true do if [[ "${counter}" -ge 100000 ]]; then break fi shared_var=$((shared_var + 1)) counter=$((counter + 1)) done } main() { for ((i=0; i<num_threads; i++)) do increment & done wait echo "Shared variable: ${shared_var}" } main ``` - Shared variable: 400000 ### 1. Linux: Null - What is the output of the following command: `pthread_cond_init(&my_cond, NULL);` - Initializes a new condition variable named `my_cond`. ### 2. Unix Scripts - What will be the output of the below code when `p = 12` and `q = 14`? ```bash read p read q x='expr $p + $q' echo $x ``` - 26 ### 15. EGREP Command - Which statement is true for `egrep` command with option `-n`? - Prefix each line output with the line number within its input file. ### 28. Linux: Name - What is the output of the following command: `echo $awk`? - `awk` ### 27. Unix Scripts - What will be the output of the below code when `p=12` and `q=14`? ```bash read p read q x='expr $p + $q' echo $x ``` - 26 ### 4. To/Backup/ Directory - Which command will copy all `.jpg` files from the current directory to `/backup/` directory? - `find . -iname "*.jpg" | xargs -i cp {} /backup/` ### 6. Linux: Remove - What command is used to remove a directory and its contents in Linux? - `rm -r` ### 8. In Current Directory - Which command will generate an archive of all files in the current directory? - `cpio -ov archive.cpio` ### 12. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command: `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory`? - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello". ### 7. Delta Echo Foxtrot - What will be the output of following command: `$ echo "The process id is" $\$\$\$\$$`? - The process id is ### 10. Linux: Device - What is the purpose of the `/dev/null` device file in Linux? - To discard any data written to it. ### 9. Kill the Process - Which command kill the process but allows the process to "clean up" before exiting? - `kill -TERM [pid]` ### 8. File Contains - The files `/var/run/utmp` and `/var/log/wtmp` contains which of the following? - Logs for users logins and logouts ### 17. UNIX: Complex File - How would you change the permissions of `file.txt` to be read-only for the user, and not accessible by group and others? - `chmod 400 file.txt` ### 9. Data Linux - How many data streams does every linux command line program have? - 3 ### 15. UNIX: Advanced File - In a UNIX shell script, which command sequence creates a new file named `data.txt` and writes `Hello, World` into it? - `echo "Hello, World" > data.txt` ### 17. UNIX: Complex File - How would you change the permissions of `file.txt` to be just read-only for the user, and not accessible by the group and others? - `chmod 400 file.txt` ### 21. Linux: Owner - Which command can be used to create a new file with read-write permissions for the owner only, named `newfile.txt` in the current directory? - `touch newfile.txt; chmod 600 newfile.txt` ### 22 Statement - What is true about the below `ls -il` listing? ``` 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 myfile.txt 145389 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ownerid groupid 7285 Sep 30 10:17 coffee.txt 268394 -rw-rw-rw- 1 ownerid groupid 8912 Nov 4 19:42 tea.txt 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 person.txt ``` - There is one physical file with 2 hard links. ### 23. Linux: Permissions - What command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory in Linux? - `chmod` ### 24. Linux: Head - What does the command `ls -1 | head -n +5` do? - Lists the first 5 files in the current directory, displaying details including file permissions and ownership. ### 25. Linux: Following - What is the output of the following command? `find /-type f -name "*.txt" -size +5M -user root 2>/dev/null` - List of all files with .txt extension, size greater than 5MB and owned by root user in the root directory and sub-directories ### 26. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command: `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory`? - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello" ### 27. Linux: Owner - Which command can be used to create a new file with read-write permissions for the owner only, named `newfile.txt` in the current directory? - `touch newfile.txt; chmod 600 newfile.txt` ### 28. Linux: Name - What is the output of the following command: `echo $awk`? - `awk` ### 29. Shell Program - What will be the output of the below code when `str = programming` and `c = g`? ```bash read -p "Enter a string (str): " str read -p "Enter a character (c): " c len=$(echo "$str" | wc -c) len=$(expr $len - 1) x=1 while [ $x -le $len ] do a=$(echo "$str" | cut -c $x) if [ "$a" == "$c" ]; then echo $x fi x=$(expr $x + 1) done ``` - 4 ### 30. Linux: Null - What is the output of the following command: `pthread_cond_init(&my_cond, NULL);` - Initializes a new condition variable named `my_cond`. ### 1. Linux: Purpose - What is the purpose of the command `chmod 777 file.txt`? - Gives all users full read/write/execute permissions to the file. ### 2. Unix Scripts: - What will be the output of the below code when `p = 12` and `q = 14`? ```bash read p read q x='expr $p + $q' echo $x ``` - 26 ### 3. Linux: Head - What does the command `ls -1 | head -n +5` do? - Lists the first 5 files in the current directory, displaying details including file permissions and ownership. ### 4. To/Backup/ Directory - Which command will copy all `.jpg` files from the current directory to `/backup/` directory? - `find . -iname "*.jpg" | xargs -i cp {} /backup/` ### 5. Linux: Directory - Which of the following is the root directory of a Linux system? - `/` ### 6. Linux: Remove - What command is used to remove a directory and its contents in Linux? - `rm -r` ### 7. Delta Echo Foxtrot - What will be the output of following command: `$ echo "The process id is" $\$\$\$\$$`? - The process id is ### 8. In Current Directory - Which command will generate an archive of all files in the current directory? - `cpio -ov archive.cpio` ### 9. Linux: Directories - What command is used to list all files and directories in the current directory in Linux? - `ls` ### 10. Linux: Device - What is the purpose of the `/dev/null` device file in Linux? - To discard any data written to it. ### 11. Unix: Output - What is the output of the following command: `grep -OE '([0-9]+-)+' file.txt`? - All the hyphen-separated numbers are in `file.txt`. ### 12. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command: `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory`? - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello" ### 13. Linux: Shared - What is the output of the following command? ```bash declare -i shared_var=0 declare -i num_threads=4 declare -i counter=0 Increment() { while true do if [[ "${counter}" -ge 100000 ]]; then break fi shared_var=$((shared_var + 1)) counter=$((counter + 1)) done } main() { for ((i=0; i<num_threads; i++)) do increment & done wait echo "Shared variable: ${shared_var}" } main ``` - Shared variable: 400000 ### 14. Linux: Awk - What is the output of the following command? `awk '{print $1}' file.txt | sort -n` - The line count of `file.txt` ### 15. EGREP Command - Which statement is true for `egrep` command with option `-n`? - Prefix each line output with the line number within its input file. ### 16. UNIX: File Manipulation - In UNIX, what is the primary use of the `grep` command? - To search text in files. ### 17. UNIX: Complex File - How would you change the permissions of `file.txt` to be read-only for the user, and not accessible by group and others? - `chmod 400 file.txt` ### 18. Linux: Following - What is the output of the following command? `find / -type f -name "*.txt" -size +5M -user root 2>/dev/null` - List of all files with .txt extension, size greater than 5MB and owned by root user in the root directory and sub-directories ### 19. Linux: Owner - Which command can be used to create a new file with read-write permissions for the owner only, named `newfile.txt` in the current directory? - `touch newfile.txt; chmod 600 newfile.txt` ### 20. Statement - What is true about the below `ls -il` listing? ``` 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 myfile.txt 145389 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ownerid groupid 7285 Sep 30 10:17 coffee.txt 268394 -rw-rw-rw- 1 ownerid groupid 8912 Nov 4 19:42 tea.txt 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 person.txt ``` - There is one physical file with 2 hard links. ### 21. Linux: Permissions - What command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory in Linux? - `chmod` ### 22. Linux: Open Files - Which of the following commands is used for setting the maximum number of open files in the system? - `ulimit -n` ### 23. Linux: Directory - Which of the following is the root directory of a Linux system? - `/` ### 24. Linux: Head - What does the command `ls -1 | head -n +5` do? - Lists the first 5 files in the current directory, displaying details including file permissions and ownership. ### 25. Linux: Following - What is the output of the following command? `find /-type f -name "*.txt" -size +5M -user root 2>/dev/null` - List of all files with .txt extension, size greater than 5MB and owned by root user in the root directory and sub-directories ### 26. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command: `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory`? - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello". ### 27. Linux: Owner - Which command can be used to create a new file with read-write permissions for the owner only, named `newfile.txt` in the current directory? - `touch newfile.txt; chmod 600 newfile.txt` ### 28. Linux: Name - What is the output of the following command: `echo $awk`? - `awk` ### 29. Shell Program - What will be the output of the below code when `str = programming` and `c = g`? ```bash read -p "Enter a string (str): " str read -p "Enter a character (c): " c len=$(echo "$str" | wc -c) len=$(expr $len - 1) x=1 while [ $x -le $len ] do a=$(echo "$str" | cut -c $x) if [ "$a" == "$c" ]; then echo $x fi x=$(expr $x + 1) done ``` - 4 ### 30. Linux: Null - What is the output of the following command: `pthread_cond_init(&my_cond, NULL);` - Initializes a new condition variable named `my_cond`. ### 1. Linux: Purpose - What is the purpose of the command `chmod 777 file.txt`? - Gives all users full read/write/execute permissions to the file. ### 2. Unix Scripts: - What will be the output of the below code when `p = 12` and `q = 14`? ```bash read p read q x='expr $p + $q' echo $x ``` - 26 ### 3. Linux: Head - What does the command `ls -1 | head -n +5` do? - Lists the first 5 files in the current directory, displaying details including file permissions and ownership. ### 4. To/Backup/ Directory - Which command will copy all `.jpg` files from the current directory to `/backup/` directory? - `find . -iname "*.jpg" | xargs -i cp {} /backup/` ### 5. Linux: Directory - Which of the following is the root directory of a Linux system? - `/` ### 6. Linux: Remove - What command is used to remove a directory and its contents in Linux? - `rm -r` ### 7. Delta Echo Foxtrot - What will be the output of following command: `$ echo "The process id is" $\$\$\$\$$`? - The process id is ### 8. In Current Directory - Which command will generate an archive of all files in the current directory? - `cpio -ov archive.cpio` ### 9. Linux: Directories - What command is used to list all files and directories in the current directory in Linux? - `ls` ### 10. Linux: Device - What is the purpose of the `/dev/null` device file in Linux? - To discard any data written to it. ### 11. Unix: Output - What is the output of the following command: `grep -OE '([0-9]+-)+' file.txt`? - All the hyphen-separated numbers are in `file.txt`. ### 12. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command: `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory`? - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello" ### 13. Linux: Shared - What is the output of the following command? ```bash declare -i shared_var=0 declare -i num_threads=4 declare -i counter=0 Increment() { while true do if [[ "${counter}" -ge 100000 ]]; then break fi shared_var=$((shared_var + 1)) counter=$((counter + 1)) done } main() { for ((i=0; i<num_threads; i++)) do increment & done wait echo "Shared variable: ${shared_var}" } main ``` - Shared variable: 400000 ### 14. Linux: Awk - What is the output of the following command? `awk '{print $1}' file.txt | sort -n` - The line count of `file.txt` ### 15. EGREP Command - Which statement is true for `egrep` command with option `-n`? - Prefix each line output with the line number within its input file. ### 16. UNIX: File Manipulation - In UNIX, what is the primary use of the `grep` command? - To search text in files. ### 17. UNIX: Complex File - How would you change the permissions of `file.txt` to be read-only for the user, and not accessible by group and others? - `chmod 400 file.txt` ### 18. Linux: Following - What is the output of the following command? `find / -type f -name "*.txt" -size +5M -user root 2>/dev/null` - List of all files with .txt extension, size greater than 5MB and owned by root user in the root directory and sub-directories ### 19. Linux: Owner - Which command can be used to create a new file with read-write permissions for the owner only, named `newfile.txt` in the current directory? - `touch newfile.txt; chmod 600 newfile.txt` ### 20. Statement - What is true about the below `ls -il` listing? ``` 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 myfile.txt 145389 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ownerid groupid 7285 Sep 30 10:17 coffee.txt 268394 -rw-rw-rw- 1 ownerid groupid 8912 Nov 4 19:42 tea.txt 619880 -rw-rw-rw- 2 ownerid groupid 428 Apr 14 19:42 person.txt ``` - There is one physical file with 2 hard links. ### 21. Linux: Permissions - What command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory in Linux? - `chmod` ### 22. Linux: Open Files - Which of the following commands is used for setting the maximum number of open files in the system? - `ulimit -n` ### 23. Linux: Directory - Which of the following is the root directory of a Linux system? - `/` ### 24. Linux: Head - What does the command `ls -1 | head -n +5` do? - Lists the first 5 files in the current directory, displaying details including file permissions and ownership. ### 25. Linux: Following - What is the output of the following command? `find / -type f -name "*.txt" -size +5M -user root 2>/dev/null` - List of all files with .txt extension, size greater than 5MB and owned by root user in the root directory and sub-directories ### 26. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command: `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory`? - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello". ### 27. Linux: Owner - Which command can be used to create a new file with read-write permissions for the owner only, named `newfile.txt` in the current directory? - `touch newfile.txt; chmod 600 newfile.txt` ### 28. Linux: Name - What is the output of the following command: `echo $awk`? - `awk` ### 29. Shell Program - What will be the output of the below code when `str = programming` and `c = g`? ```bash read -p "Enter a string (str): " str read -p "Enter a character (c): " c len=$(echo "$str" | wc -c) len=$(expr $len - 1) x=1 while [ $x -le $len ] do a=$(echo "$str" | cut -c $x) if [ "$a" == "$c" ]; then echo $x fi x=$(expr $x + 1) done ``` - 4 ### 30. Linux: Null - What is the output of the following command: `pthread_cond_init(&my_cond, NULL);` - Initializes a new condition variable named `my_cond`. ### 1. Linux: Purpose - What is the purpose of the command `chmod 777 file.txt`? - Gives all users full read/write/execute permissions to the file. ### 2. Unix Scripts: - What will be the output of the below code when `p = 12` and `q = 14`? ```bash read p read q x='expr $p + $q' echo $x ``` - 26 ### 3. Linux: Head - What does the command `ls -1 | head -n +5` do? - Lists the first 5 files in the current directory, displaying details including file permissions and ownership. ### 4. To/Backup/ Directory - Which command will copy all `.jpg` files from the current directory to `/backup/` directory? - `find . -iname "*.jpg" | xargs -i cp {} /backup/` ### 5. Linux: Directory - Which of the following is the root directory of a Linux system? - `/` ### 6. Linux: Remove - What command is used to remove a directory and its contents in Linux? - `rm -r` ### 7. Delta Echo Foxtrot - What will be the output of following command: `$ echo "The process id is" $\$\$\$\$$`? - The process id is ### 8. In Current Directory - Which command will generate an archive of all files in the current directory? - `cpio -ov archive.cpio` ### 9. Linux: Directories - What command is used to list all files and directories in the current directory in Linux? - `ls` ### 10. Linux: Device - What is the purpose of the `/dev/null` device file in Linux? - To discard any data written to it. ### 11. Unix: Output - What is the output of the following command: `grep -OE '([0-9]+-)+' file.txt`? - All the hyphen-separated numbers are in `file.txt`. ### 12. Linux: Directory - What is the output of the following command: `grep -r "Hello" /path/to/directory`? - Displays all the files containing the string "Hello". ### 13. Linux: Shared - What is the output of the following command? ```bash declare -i shared_var=0 declare -i num_threads=4 declare -i counter=0 Increment() { while true do if [[ "${counter}" -ge 100000 ]]; then break fi shared_var=$((shared_var + 1)) counter=$((counter + 1)) done } main() { for ((i=0; i<num_threads; i++)) do increment & done wait echo "Shared variable: ${shared_var}" } main ``` - Shared variable: 400000 ### 14. Linux: Awk - What is the output of the following command? `awk '{print $1}' file.txt | sort -n` -

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