THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person PDF

THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas UNIT 1 Christ as the Image of the Invisible God Who is JESUS CHRIST? TRUTH A. The Ult...

THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas UNIT 1 Christ as the Image of the Invisible God Who is JESUS CHRIST? TRUTH A. The Ultimate Revelation of the Father B. The Good Teacher ➥“veritas” C. Sheds lights on the mystery and dignity ➥according to dictionary, is conformity to of the human person fact or actuality; a statement proven to be D. Calls us to Discipleship or accepted as true ➥according to philosophy, the equation of thought and thing LESSON A: Christ as the Image of the ➥resides formally, or as such, in the Invisible God intellect which rightly judges a thing to be what it really is. HIERARCHY OF VALUES TYPES OF TRUTH ➥Abraham Maslow ➥ranks or orders needs of humans 1. Subjective Truth - based on the according to importance, immediacy and personal perspective, experience, or level of acquisition preferences of a person ➥physiological needs (bottom) 2. Objective Truth - based on real facts ➥self-actualization (at the pinnacle) and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings; something that is true for everyone What is our CORE? 3. Absolute or Universal Truth - highest form of truth; through personal ➥cor (Latin) means heart relationship with the one who claims to be [So, what it is in our hearts?] the truth ➥Jesus Christ “Jesus claimed to be the only way, the “You’ve got to figure out what you love… only truth, the only life and the only path to and its going to bring you great joy.” (Jeff God” (John 14:6) Bezos, founder CEO of Amazon) Beatific vision - face to face with God; to What is the meaning and purpose see God; the blessed hope of heaven, and of our life? the vision of God was for St. Thomas Aquinas ➥Human beings, embark on a lifelong search for that absolute good, which will *We embark on an anthropological, moral, lead them to the happiness that never and ethical enterprise toward ends. understanding who we are in the grand scheme of creation by following Christ, It is natural for human beings to desire to be who is: our only WAY toward the happy. However, happiness is temporary highest TRUTH and the fullness of caused by external entities and joy is LIFE. something within us. *St. Thomas Aquinas’ famous prayer, DIGNITY “Non nisi te, Domine” (“Nothing but you, ➥Our dignity is revealed in the very Lord”), he spoke on the desire for the mystery of the person of JESUS CHRIST infinite God which lies in every human who is the image of the invisible God, and heart. the Good Teacher. ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 1 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas *The eternal joy we will totally experience in heaven will emanate from God and ➥We look up to Christ as the ultimate being in His presence. revelation of the Father, who calls us to communion, and as the good teacher How do we attain God? who leads us to the Father. By claiming that we are redeemed. The road that leads to God is described Why is Jesus the Ultimate as: Revelation of the Father? ✔ narrow ✔ passing through the eye of a needle ➥God, as our personal absolute, gave Himself to us through the incarnation of Christ, His only Son, our Lord. 1. Jesus Christ, the Ultimate Revelation of the Father b. Christ is God in a Human Way ➥It is only through Christ, the only true God did more for human beings than for mediator between God and man, that any other creature that He has created: human beings can reach God. ➥He shared His life with them, which happened perfectly through the a. God as our Personal Absolute incarnation of Christ. “Thou hast made us for Thyself, O Lord, “In His Son and through Him, He invites and our heart is restless until it finds its rest men to become, in Holy Spirit, His in Thee” (St. Augustine and his mother, St. adopted children and heirs of his blessed Monica) from Confessions, Book 1, life.” (CCC, 13) Chapter 1. ➥Just like Saint Augustine, we know in ➥Through the mystery of Christ’s our hearts that, because God has made incarnation people actually live with God, us for Himself, our hearts can never find have a special bond or relationship with rest until they rest in Him. Him, and most importantly they feel or experience His love everyday of their ➥“God is a personal absolute in whom is lives. (Matthew 14:13-21, Matthew 5:3-12, Mark 2:13-17 and Luke 18:15-17) found the reason for our existence, and therefore, He is a being who gives absolute meaning to our lives.” Covenant is an agreement or promise (Schillebeeckx, Edward. Christ the Sacrament which brings relationship between God of the Encounter with God. London: Sheed and humanity. and Ward, 1963) ➥Through the mystery of Christ’s ➥“God, infinitely perfect and blessed in incarnation, God came down to meet Himself, in a plan of sheer goodness freely man in grace so that man actually lives in created man to make him share in his own a condition of active communication with blessed life. For this reason, at every time the One who, in this relationship becomes and in every place, God draws close to the “living God” and this encounter with man. He calls man to seek Him, to know God takes place in an act of faith. Him, to love Him with all his strength.” (Schillebeeckx, Christ: The Sacrament, 4) (Catechism of the Catholic Church or CCC) “By becoming like us, God entered into the ➥”To be a human being means to come most abysmal sufferings of mankind, since from God and go to God” (YOUCAT, 1) then, no one can say God does not know ➥“No mission is activated and no identity what I’m suffering.” (Schillebeeckx, Christ is clarified apart from Christ” (PCP II) the Sacrament) ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 2 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas c. Christ is Human in a Divine Way 2. Images of Jesus in the Gospels: The Way, The Truth, The Life God’s coming down to meet His people also means raising them up and ➥It is only in the mystery of the liberating them from their sinful incarnation of Christ that people can condition. understand who they are and what their purpose in this world is. The first sin ever committed was the sin of pride when Satan refused to recognize God Christ is the Way, the Truth, and the Life. as his Lord. Likewise, pride was the snare that seduced all of humanity in Adam and ➥Before performing his mission or public Eve as they turned towards their own ministry, Jesus was led by the Spirit to the ambitions to seek a life without God. desert where he was tempted by the devil (Mark 1:12,13; Matthew 4:1-11; Luke 4:1-13) Christ is the anti-thesis to the thesis that man is perverse and crooked. What are the 3 Temptations of Satan to Jesus Christ? What did Christ do by becoming a In the New Testament, Gospels of Matthew, human? Mark, and Luke, the Holy Spirit leads Jesus Christ became an example for all into the wilderness after his baptism. There people to follow because He manifested he remains and fasts for 40 days and 40 those characteristics that make man nights. During that time Satan tempts perfect. Jesus to 1) turn stones into bread, 2) Jesus Christ, through His life, words, throw himself from a temple, and 3) and works, revealed how people should submit to Satan in exchange for power. live their lives. Jesus corrected the false belief that 1) tell this stone to become bread. people are bad or helplessly sinful. ➥the devil lured or tempted Him with Jesus revealed what is true and good everything that human beings are about human beings: that they are all craving or longing for: food, power, invited by God to be perfect like Him. and wealth. (Matthew 5:48) 2) “If you are the Son of God,” he said, “throw yourself down from here. ➥The devil wanted Christ to follow or surrender to His selfish desires. 3) “I will give you all their authority and splendor; it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to. If you worship me, it will all be yours.” ➥Christ’s saying “NO” to the devil To be truly human is to be like God serves as an example for us to choose ➥a man who can love, forgive, show God always. compassion, and set aside prejudices towards others. *The devil wanted Christ to follow or surrender to His selfish desires. In other “Christ, our redeemer chose the cross so words, the temptation was for Christ to as to bear the guilt of the world and to use His powers for his personal benefit, suffer the pain of the world. So he brought and consequently, disobey or contradict the world back home to God by his perfect the reason why the Father sent Him, love.” (DOCAT, 101) which is total surrender to the Father's will. ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 3 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas ➥The very name of Jesus, which means “the one who is to save people from their 1. Jesus Opens Up the Faithful to sins” also means that Jesus is the the Sacred Scriptures greatest sign of God’s love for his ➥ The return to our moral foundations in people. Scripture is the first step toward a more balanced, authentic catechesis of Our Goal: Sequela Christi Christian moral life in family, school, and parish ➥We rise from the temporary setbacks of our lives and we redirect ourselves back ➥ Jesus’ name means “the one who is to Christ, “once to save people from their sins” we give up our own wealth and ➥ Christian moral vocation: commit very self.” ourselves through the power of Christ’s redeeming grace to the progressive ➥Following overcoming of the evil of sin in and around Christ entails us radical ➥ A personal human reaching out in conversion: loving service rather than avoiding sin or forgetting oneself shrinking from evil and committing everything to ➥ Jesus definitively confirms the Christ. Decalogue and proposes them as the way Stripping the old self of that sinful life to and condition of salvation take on the new white garment of Christ. “If you wish to enter into life, keep the It is dying to oneself but rising again as a commandments.” (Matthew 19:17) new person configured to Christ, no longer living one’s life for one’s own but for ➥ Christ is the key to the Scriptures, Christ. the center, and the recapitulation of the Being immersed in the waters of baptism Old and New Testaments; It is He who all over again and time and time again brings God’s commandments to fulfillment Metanoia, a greek word is often translated as "conversion" or "repentance." It is a ➥ The commandments are understood change of heart. not as a minimum limit not to be gone beyond, but a path involving a moral and spiritual journey towards perfection 2. Jesus Reveals the Father’s Will ➥ The Son of God, The Christ Jesus was never “YES” and “NO”, with Him, it was always a “YES”. ➥ Three-folded “YESES” covering the three dimensions of human life: LESSON B: Jesus Christ as the Good intra-personal, inter-personal, and societal Teacher ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 4 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas ➥ The only way we could possibly to respond to this calling is through Jesus develop an integral saying “YES” to the Christ fullness of human life is by our total committed “YES” to God, as disciples of Christ 5. Christ is Always Present in this Church and in the World ➥ This demands a radical change of ➥ It is to the Church that Christ entrusted heart, a real conversion, manifested in a the task of proclaiming the message of triple yes to self, others, and society, and salvation to all peoples grounded in the ultimate yes to God, and overcoming the “No” of sin ➥ Christ empowered the Church to proclaim, without fear of error, faith and morals, in the hope of leading people to 3. Jesus Teaches About Moral the realization or actualization of the Action kingdom of God here on earth ➥ In order to receive the answer to their questions about what is good and what is ➥ In embracing this divine mandate, the evil, people today need to turn to Christ Church confronted bravely the changes as once again well as the challenges that each generation brings, holding on to the ➥ Jesus as the patient and sensitive promise that Christ will be with his teacher answers the young man, taking people until the end of time him by the hand, and leading him step by step to the full truth ➥ The Church must always be deeply conscious of her duty in every age to ➥ To go to the heart of the Gospel’s moral examine the signs of the times and teaching and grasp its profound and interpret them in the light of the unchanging content, we must carefully Gospel, so that she can offer in a manner inquire into: appropriate to each generation replies to (1) The meaning of the question asked the continual human questionings of the by the rich young man, and meaning of this life and the life to come (2) The meaning of Jesus’ reply, and on how they are related allowing ourselves to be guided by him ➥ Hence, the Church as the People of God among the nations, while attentive to the new challenges of history and to 4. Jesus Sheds Light on Man’s mankind’s effort to discover the meaning Lofty Vocation of life, offers to everyone the answer ➥ The basic motivation for following which comes from the truth about Christ in moral action is the Blessed Jesus and his Gospel Trinity LESSON C: Jesus Christ as the One Who ➥ The eternal Father’s love for us, Sheds Light on the Mystery and Dignity of manifested pre-eminently in Jesus’ the Human Person Paschal Mystery, and the Holy Spirit sent into our hearts enables us to fulfill Christ’s 1. Created in the Image and own command: “Love one another as I Likeness of God have loved you” ➥ Man is the only creature on earth ➥ Man’s first and ultimate vocation is that God has willed for its own sake, Communion with God, and the only way and he alone is called to share, by ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 5 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas knowledge and love, in God’s own life. It was for this end that he was created, and this is the fundamental reason for his dignity. CCC c. Called to be Stewards of Creation The companionship between man and ➥ The doctrine that man is created in the woman is not of dominance but solidarity, image and likeness of God provides the not inferiority but complementarity, equity theological grounding that upholds the and not equality. sacredness of the human person and guarantees the respect to be given him. As stewards of creation both man and woman were equally ordered to "subdue" the earth as His stewards. Man is created in the image and likeness of God This sovereignty is not destructive a. Able to Know and Love his Creator domination. God calls man and woman, to He is an image of God by virtue of share in his providence toward other his/her possession of the distinctive creatures; hence their responsibility for the faculties of intellect and freewill, that on world God has entrusted to them. CCC, account of which, he/she is capable of 373. self-determination. d. Called to Communion Man possesses freedom, an eminent As images of the self-giving love of God, sign of divine image because of the human beings are capable of self-giving spiritual character of his/her soul. love as well. Man’s reason enables him/her to know As products of a divine self-gift, human the voice of God compelling him/her to do beings should respond to God by giving good and avoid evil. themselves to others. To give oneself to others as much as possible in imitation of the self-giving of God in the Trinity is the concrete living out of our being an image of God. b. Willed by God for His own Sake Every human being is an irreplaceable Being created in the image and and non-substitutable person, a kind of likeness of God is both a gift and a good that cannot be treated as an object task. of use or as a means to an end. As a subject, he/she is the one in charge The challenge to be true to who and of his/her life as he/she can act according what we are is an endless task – it to his/her conscience, in freedom and with never expires. sufficient knowledge. We always look at Jesus Christ and strive to always model our lives to his We are not just any slave or servant who follows the will of his/her master ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 6 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas on account of sin, God "made him to be but we are raised to the status of being sin who knew no sin, so that in him we adopted sons and daughters of God. might become the righteousness of God. 2. Redeemed by the Blood of Jesus Christ ➥ “For in Christ and through Christ, we ➥ “You were ransomed from the futile have acquired full awareness of our ways inherited from your fathers...with the dignity, of the heights to which we are precious blood of Christ. raised, of the surpassing worth of our humanity and of the meaning of our ➥ Man's sins, following on original sin, are existence.” CCC, 602. punishable by death. By sending his own Son in the form of a slave, in the form of a ➥ “Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord fallen humanity, on account of sin, God Jesus Christ, who has blessed us in the heavenly realms with every spiritual blessing in Christ. For He "made him to be sin who knew no sin, so chose us in Him before the creation of the world to that in him we might become the be holy and blameless in His sight. In love, He righteousness of God. (CCC 602) predestined us for adoption to Sonship through Jesus Christ, in accordance with His pleasure and will—to the praise of his glorious grace, which He Communion and Belongingness has freely given us in the One He loves. In Him we with the Trinity have redemption through His blood, the forgiveness of sins, in accordance with the riches of God’s God elevated man to participation in grace.” Ephesians 1:3-7. the divine life and live in communion and belongingness with the Trinity. ➥ Healing the wounds of sin, the Holy Spirit renews us interiorly through a It was shattered with the entry of sin, spiritual transformation. He enlightens and as well as their communion among strengthens us to live as "children of light" themselves. through "all that is good and right and true." CCC, 1695. God held out the means of saving them by gathering men together to counter 3. Made Holy by the Presence of the chaos. the Spirit chaos - consequence of sin. ➥ When God touches man's heart through the illumination of the Holy ➥ “That all of them maybe one, as You, Spirit, man himself is not inactive while are in Me, and I am in You. May they also receiving that inspiration, since he could be in Us, so that the world may believe reject it; and yet, without God's grace, he that you sent me. I have given them the cannot by his own free will move himself glory You gave Me, so that they may be toward justice in God's sight. (CCC, 1993) one as we are one.” ➥ The merit of good works is to be attributed in the first place to the grace of God, then to the faithful. Man's merit itself, moreover, is due to God, for his/her good Man’s sins, following an original sin, are actions proceed in Christ, from the punishable by death. predispositions and assistance given by the Holy Spirit. (CCC, 2008) ➥ By sending his own Son in the form of a slave, in the form of a fallen humanity, ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 7 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas Leading a Life Worthy of the The Human Person in the Gospel of Christ Aristotelian-Thomistic Hierarchy of Beings Made capable of doing so by the gift of his Spirit which we can obtain through ➥ The Aristotelian-Thomistic hierarchy prayer, though the impulse to pray is still of beings (scala naturae) provides a permeated with the promptings of the Holy backdrop for the Christian understanding Spirit. of man ➥ a view of human beings both in relation to God (as creator) and other First Work of the Grace of the created being. Holy Spirit ➥ is conversion The Human Person: conversion means a turning—a spiritual Aristotelian-Thomistic View turning away from sin in repentance and to Christ in faith. Hierarchy of Being (Scala Naturae) ➥ in accordance with Jesus' proclamation ➥ God at the beginning of the Gospel: "Repent, ➥ Angels for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.” ➥ Humans ➥ Animals Moved by grace, man turns toward God ➥ Plants and away from sin, thus accepting ➥ Minerals forgiveness and righteousness from on high. In the ecology of the visible world, only human beings possess rationality, i.e., "Justification is not only the remission of intellect and freewill, sins, but also the sanctification and renewal of the interior man.” (CCC 1989) While possessing altogether the excellent traits of the beings in the lower Healing the wounds of sin, the Holy Spirit strata of the hierarchy, to wit: motion renews us interiorly through a spiritual (animals), and life (plants) transformation. He enlightens and strengthens us to live as "children of light" ➥ Individua Substantia Naturae through "all that is good and right and true. Rationalis we define human beings as individual Spiritual transformation is the process substance of rational nature by which Christ is formed in us … for the glory of God, for the abundance of ➥ Capax Dei (Capacity for God) our own lives, and for the sake of an expression from St. Augustine others. humans are uniquely capable of receiving and responding to God's presence, love, and action in the world. 4. Christ as the One who Sheds Light on the Dignity of the Human Person The Human Person According to the Catechism for Filipino ➥ To understand man as a person is to Catholics CFC, 6872.-69 point out that man is created by God with inviolable dignity ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 8 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas 1. Open and Rational - Persons are ➥ This stresses the unity between our open and relational by nature. No one “body and soul.” exists by oneself, but only in ➥ This substantial unity of our body and relationship with others. Human soul is known as “hylemorphism.” existence does not precede relationship ➥ Our body is an essential part of our but born of relationship and is nurtured by being human and not merely an it. We grow into our full selves as persons “instrument” we “use” as we please only in relating with others The Body ➥ Being a person means: being by others (our conception, birth, Christian Faith regards the BODY upbringing) as “good and honorable since God being with others (our family, friends, has created it and will raise it up neighbors, business associates), and on the last day” (GS 14) being for others (love, service). God the Son further dignified the body through his Incarnation: “the ➥ Our Trinitarian origin infers that this is Word became flesh and dwelt how we have been created by God — as among us” (Jn. 1:14). social beings. St. Paul admonishes us: “You must know that your body is a ➥ This is how we have been redeemed temple of the Holy Spirit, who is by Christ — as a people. within — the Spirit you have received from God.... So, glorify ➥ This is how the Holy Spirit works not God in your body” (1 Cor 6:19-20). only within but among us as the people of God, journeying towards our common destiny in God. (CFC 687) The Soul 2. Conscious Beings - Persons are conscious beings, aware of themselves in their outgoing acts. We possess this Serves as the form (the nature or self-awareness through our knowing essence of a thing that makes it and free willing. what it is) of the body. Functions as the unifying principle that forms the one unique human being. ➥ By his reason, human beings: Needs embodiment, i.e., Know the order of things established assistance of the senses for the by God; fulfillment of the soul’s vital task Understand how and what things should be. 4. Historial Realities Is imbued with the instinctive awareness of the unwritten decree inscribed in his heart. ➥ As Persons, we are: Recognizes this as the voice of God constantly urging him to do the good ▪ Pilgrims on-the-way, who gradually, and avoid evil. through time, become our full selves. ▪ Free to decide for ourselves and form (CFC, 688) ourselves; in this sense we are our own cause. 3. Embodied Spirits ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 9 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas ▪ Developing in discernible stages, LESSON D: The Encounter with Jesus described in great detail by modern Christ is a Call to Discipleship psychology. CFC, 690. ▪ Integrating our past to our present Emmanuel Levinas: Notion of the Other existence to makes us move into our ➥ Egocentrism future with a sense of integrity and a - The struggle for life intensifies coherent sense of direction. R. M. Gula, egoism, aimed at personal S.S enjoyment or happiness. - The ego's primary goal is to live for ▪ Unique yet Fundamentally Equal itself and secure means for a ➥ All men are endowed with a rational happy existence. soul and are created in God’s image; they - The “I” determines value based on have the same nature and origin and, its own needs, seeing things as being redeemed by Christ, they enjoy usable or consumable. the same divine calling and destiny; there is here a basic equality between all ➥ Alterity men.” GS, 29 - Putting others first is most ➥ But despite sharing common features important; they teach us to look of humanity, we do things differently. This beyond ourselves. implies therefore person’s uniqueness that - Levinas describes the Other's we seriously consider each and originality. existence as infinitely transcending Each of us is called to “image” God in a our self-focused world through unique way — no one can “take our place. their radical demands, Helping others frees us from being too self-focused; it's how we truly grow. - When we meet someone who needs us, how we respond is what really matters. For Levinas, ethics is about prioritizing others over ourselves, inspired by the idea of putting others first with the phrase Every Human Being Has an "after you, please!". This Inviolable Dignity emphasizes our inherent duty to ➥ Human beings are the one creature of serve others as soon as we meet God that represent the Creator himself in them, reflected in Levinas's creation. declaration "Here I am!", ➥Human beings are the only creatures on underlining our obligation to put earth willed by God for their own sake. their needs first. ➥Human beings are capable of self-knowledge and self-reflection, able to make free decisions and enter into 1. Christian Discipleship is community with others. Counter-Cultural and Radical ➥Human beings remain always related Alterity to God and can fully develop their personal potential only in God. ➥ Living as a Christian means following Christ, who is the fundamental basis of Christian morals. Jesus' actions, sayings, ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 10 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas and teachings, guide the moral life of 4. honour Christians. Love what Jesus loved on the cross: We turn to Jesus Chist: ➥ Doing the will of the Father ↓ ➥ The Singe-hearted one We listen to His words ➥ Hungers for righteousnes ↓ ➥ Ultimate peacemaker We follow His actions ➥ Ultimate bearer of God’s mercy Christ crucified (a picture of a happy man) Who is a Disciple? - a lover of Truth 2. The Church: Willed by God to - Jesus the Way, the Truth and the Make Possible the Encounter with Life Christ What makes one a disciple? - someone who acts like Jesus by The Church: Willed by God to Make putting God's wishes first. Possible the Encounter with Christ - Christ established the Church to What is expected of a disciple? continue His presence on earth - someone who lives in loving throughout time. service of others - The Church embodies Christ's presence and redemption in a form What are the Beatitudes? that is visible, historical, and - They are a collection of teachings tangible, accessible to individuals that show us the kind of behavior of every era, race, and and values that Jesus wants us to background. have. - They also invite us to become His The Church's goal is to help followers. everyone find Christ, so He can accompany each on their life's Christ Crucified journey. - According to Thomas Aquinas, this The Church needs to constantly is The Perfect Exemplification of interpret the signs of the times the Beatitudes through the Gospel lens. - Brutal, Anguish, Terrible wounds The Church serves as the sacrament of salvation for all, To be happy: including those unaware of its ↓ Christ-centered foundation. Reject what Jesus rejected on the cross. Jesus’ entrusted mission on to the Church: ↓ - To help everyone feel connected 4 things that make us happy: to God and each other all the ↓ time. 1. wealth - Keep the Church together by 2. pleasure following its teachings and 3. power living a good life. ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 11 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas The Eucharist helps us in becoming True Christian disciples. - In the Eucharist, through Holy Communion, we are invited to discover Jesus as the one who loves fully. In Communion, we become like Jesus who is: ➥ Friend of the poor ➥ Comforter of those who suffer ➥ One who proclaims the good news ➥ One who obeys the Father’s will To be like Christ means living in unity and loving one another, as He taught. This love shows we are His disciples. Guided by the Holy Spirit, the Church continuously explores the mystery of Jesus, the Word made flesh, which helps us understand the human mystery better. Called to Happiness in UNIT 2 Christ LESSON A: Search For True Happiness: Contemporary Trends in Happiness ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 12 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas ➥It denies belief in God or proposes a Hedonism sociopolitical movement to make the roles of faith and religion largely irrelevant in the ➥The doctrine that holds that the Good is public arena. whatever gives you Pleasure. ➥The process of secularization tends to ➥Therefore, pleasure becomes the reduce the faith and the Church to the standard of morality. sphere of the private and personal. ➥For the hedonist, pleasure ranges from ➥By completely rejecting the the physical exhilaration to the material transcendent, it has produced a growing things which the world cunningly offer. deterioration of ethics, a weakening of the sense of personal and collective sin, and a Materialism steady increase in relativism ➥The highest values in life — material Evangelii Gaudium, or "The Joy of the possession, success, and progress Gospel," is an apostolic exhortation ➥ This doctrine highly values the material written by Pope Francis. It serves as a realm and is opposed to intellectual and significant document outlining the spiritual values. ↓↓ Pope's vision for evangelization in the Consumerism modern world. ➥ An upshot of materialism ➥Happiness for a secularist negates the ➥believes that personal wellbeing and idea that God is its ultimate source and happiness depend, on a very large extent, destiny. on the level of consumption, particularly on the purchase of material goods Relativism Materialism and Consumerism ➥the denial of the absolute because everything in reality changes. ➥Like hedonism, buttressing one’s ➥holds that the meaning of happiness happiness on material things, in the end, and its attainment depends on the subject only throws a person into a cycle of or the person alone, hence, subjectivist. dissatisfaction and constant yearning for something that is temporal and fleeting. Eudaimonism ➥The highest form of happiness Individualism ➥Can be acquired through the practice of virtues ➥has an interwoven definition with ➥For Aristotle, these virtues are actions relativism and subjectivism turned into good habits which lead a ➥It is “the tendency to magnify individual person to transcend his/her passions liberty, as against external authority, and individual activity, and against associated Secularism activity.” ➥Individualism views that any external ➥Letting lay (laicite, laicism) or secular authority should not define the meaning of part of the world play its legitimate role, happiness so it is the I-Me-My-Mine who free of improper control or dominance is in-charge of my own happiness and no from religious authorities. (James Bretzke) one can ever dictate to me what will make me happy. ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 13 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas “Man tirelessly searches for knowledge “My Truth is what I say.” in all fields. It is proved even more by his search for the meaning of life.” ↓ The Individual determines (not a. St. Thomas Aquinas on discovers!) truth. Happiness ➥Happiness as end. ↓ ➥Human beings have the power of reason to determine what seems good for them and the power of free will to choose Reality is not Perceived, it is what goods they will seek and how they Created will go about obtaining them. ➥Thus, according to Aquinas we are masters of our own actions. ↓ ➥Those goods that we seek are goals or ends, the things we hope to achieve by our actions. By embracing relativism our ➥The angelic doctor adds, “although the culture has reached a point of end be last in the order of execution, yet it insanity: is the first order of the agent’s intention and it is in this way that it is a cause.” ↓ ➥St. Thomas asserts that human beings are not so much pawns who are pushed by the random events of their past as Absurdity masters of their fates who are pulled by Contradiction future goals of their own making. ➥ Aquinas insists that an end acts as a final cause, a cause for the sake of which Triviality human beings undertake to do something. ➥Aristotle and Aquinas agree that although each individual has his/her own personal likes and dislikes, he/she acts, most of the time, for the very same final, Search for True Happiness: God as last end. the Ultimate Happiness of the False Happiness Human Person ➥Happiness is connected to the meaning of life. It is the Absolute Truth that Fake happiness - a superficial or everyone yearns for. misleading form of happiness that is ➥Thus, according to John Paul II: disconnected from true, lasting joy and fulfillment. Often associated with seeking happiness in worldly or material “In the depths of his heart there always things rather than in spiritual and moral remains a yearning for absolute truth truths. and a thirst to attain full knowledge of it.” ➥According to St. Augustine “all men agree in desiring the last end, which is happiness.” ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 14 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas ➥According to St. Thomas “to desire happiness is nothing else than Deontological Ethics to desire that one’s will be satisfied. And ➥ 18th century German Philosopher, this is what everyone desires.” And yet, Immanuel Kant viewed morality in terms of “all do not know Happiness; because they categorical imperatives, i.e., commands know not in what the general notion of that you must follow, regardless of your happiness is found.” desires. ➥ Moral obligations are derived from pure reason, therefore it does not matter if you wish to be moral or not, since the law is LESSON B: The Moral Good of binding on all of us. Human Acts ➥ What’s right and wrong is totally knowable by simply using your intellect ➥ Popular Formulations of Categorical Consequentialism/Utilitarianism Imperative: ➥ Focuses on results or consequences, treating intentions as Universalizability Principle - “Act only irrelevant because good consequences = according to that maxim which you can good actions at the same time will that it should ➥ Main proponents: Jeremy Bentham and become a universal law without John Stuart Mill of the 18th century, and contradiction.” much earlier, the Greek Epicurus taught that the merits of actions should be gauged in terms of the happiness or Formula of Humanity - “Act so that you pleasure they produce treat humanity, whether in your own ➥ Unlike hedonism, utilitarianism is not person or in that of another, always as self-centered, but rather, regards the an end and never as a mere means.” other ➥ The principle of utility implies choosing the greatest good for the greatest Virtue Ethics number of people ➥ Two Forms of Utilitarianism: ➥ Aristotle emphasizes the pre-eminence of the individual’s character rather than following a set of Act Utilitarianism - in any given rules situation, you should choose the action ➥ From being good people, right actions that produces the greatest good for the could follow effortlessly greatest number of people. ➥ Nature has built in human beings the desire to be virtuous or to have virtues, which entails doing the right thing, at the Rule Utilitarianism - we ought to live right time, in the right way, in the right by the rules that are likely to lead to the amount, toward the right people greatest good for the greatest number. It ➥ Virtue is understood as the midpoint differs from act utility by refraining from between the extremes of deficiency and acts that maximizes utility in the short excess, which Aristotle calls vices run, instead following rules that will ➥ “Virtus in medio stat” - virtue lies in maximize utility for the majority of the the middle time. ➥ For Aristotle, character is developed through habituation or by doing it over ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 15 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas and over again, to the extent that the actions of other material created eventually becomes part of your character agents, i.e., animals ➥ We should be virtuous persons so that ➥ done with sufficient knowledge of the we can attain the pinnacle of humanity or agent and deliberate consent achieve eudamonia, a life well-lived, ➥ according to St. Thomas Aquinas, also known as human flourishing “those acts that proceed from a deliberate will” ➥ human acts are acts which we are Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean - any responsible for, done with knowledge and account on how to be ethical and love, done with intellect and will, freely virtuous will be inexact, but he does chosen informed act, worthy of praise or give us something to go by, which is blame, and has value for good or for evil known as the doctrine of the mean. This is the idea that any virtue will, “be ruined by excess or deficiency.” b. Acts of man or actus hominis ➥ actions which arise without the same amount of knowledge and freedom as human acts ➥ not the concern of morals, since they are not voluntary ➥ include man’s animal acts of sensation and appetition ➥ an act man performs but is not the master of it for he has not consciously controlled it, has not deliberately willed it, and is subsequently not responsible for it ➥ Kinds of acts of man: natural acts of vegetative and sense faculties, acts of persons who lack the use of reason, acts of people who are asleep or under the influence of hypnosis or other drugs, and ➥ Christian morals presuppose quick, nearly automatic reactions, called following and imitating Jesus Christ, primo-primi acts wherein every Christian becomes alter Christus (another Christ) 2. Constituents of Human Acts The supernatural virtues of faith and ➥ human acts are either in agreement or charity transform the natural principle of disagreement with the dictates of reason, morality into the basic principle of and this relation with reason specific Christian morality: to live for the constitutes their morality sake of the Kingdom, in which all things, ➥ Good - when they are in harmony with including man, will find fulfillment in the dictates of the right reason Jesus. ➥ Evil - when they are in opposition to these dictates ➥ Indifferent - when they stand in no 1. The Nature of Human Acts positive relation to the dictates of reason ➥ a human act that is indifferent in itself a. Human acts or actus humani becomes good or evil according to the circumstances which affect its ➥ acts of the human person which performance, especially the end in view of define him/her as human in contrast to the agent ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 16 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas ➥ in order for a human act to be a human A human act is an act determined by act, it must possess three essential the human will and by nothing else. It is elements: knowledge, freedom, thus an act controlled by the will, an act voluntariness that the will can perform or refuse to perform. Such an act is termed a free a. Knowledge act. Therefore, every human act must be free; freedom is an essential ➥ intellectual constituent of human acts element of it. ➥ those actions that are desired are fruit of knowledge ➥ those known actions may be judged as c. Voluntariness moral and immoral ➥ when a person “knows the end of his work to the greatest degree and moves A person’s reason “cannot will towards it, the voluntary character of his without knowing what object he is actions is present to the greatest degree” concerned with, without being master ➥ a characteristic of a human act that is and therefore, conscious of the act he is not simply chosen but desired or willed to perform in order to realize the aim, ➥ having sufficient or full knowledge of and without evaluating the action in its the act itself as well as the end of the act concrete nature as a desirable good or and having full consent of the will in undesirable evil, which appraisal also performing the action qualifies as includes the judgment on the moral voluntariness value of the act.” ➥ an act which comes from knowledge and will is called voluntary ➥ the prerequisite of choosing to act is ➥ actions performed without proper the adequate awareness of the agent in knowledge and acted out with internal and what he/she intends to choose external coercion cannot be considered ➥ the will is blind in itself, groping in voluntary the dark, until illuminated by the ➥ all voluntary acts are human acts and intellect which proposes the end to be not the other way around attained, passes judgment regarding the ➥ Kinds of voluntary acts: suitability of the means to the end, and devises a course of conduct that will Perfect Voluntary Act - performed with eventually lead to the end full attention and full consent of the will ➥ a human act is by definition a deliberate act, that is, a knowing act Imperfectly Voluntary Act - performed b. Freedom with imperfect and partial attention or consent ➥ St. Augustine’s “liberum arbitrium”, translated as freedom of choice ➥ the agent is in a situation of Directly Voluntary Act - if the act is alternatives that are really there and intended as an end in itself or as a really available to him means to another end ➥ from the possible choices, the human person decides on what choice to take without external influence forcing him/her Indirectly Voluntary Act - an act is not to act intended but merely permitted as the inevitable result of an object directly willed ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 17 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas b. Intention (finis operantis) Negatively Voluntary Act - voluntary omission of an act which could have The Catechism of the Catholic Church altered an evil to another person or describes intention, thus: helped him secure a good ➥it resides in the acting subject, in contrast to the object ➥is an element essential to the moral evaluation of an action because it lies at Principle of Double Effect the voluntary source of an action and ➥ act itself must be good or morally determines it by its end neutral ➥the end is the first goal of the intention ➥ the good effect must come first before and indicates the purpose pursued in the bad effect or simultaneously the action ➥ the intention must be good from the ➥is a movement of the will toward the start end: it is concerned with the goal of the ➥ the good effect must be equal or activity. It aims at the good anticipated greater than the bad effect from the action undertaken ➥is not limited to directing individual actions but can guide several actions 3. Sources of Morality toward one and the same purpose; it can orient one's whole life toward its a. Object or action itself (finis ultimate end operis) ➥is a good toward which the will An indifferent act may become deliberately directs itself. It is the matter morally good or evil. of a human act ➥Indifferent acts cannot be judged as ➥morally specifies the act of the will, neither good nor evil. Their morality insofar as reason recognizes and judges it may depend on their intention. to be or not to be in conformity with the Talking, per se, is neither moral nor true good immoral. However, if the intention of ➥objective norms of morality express the talking is to destroy the reputation of rational order of good and evil, attested another person, then, it becomes evil. to by conscience.” On other hand, talking in order to save ➥is the “substance of the moral act” or an innocent man from a certain crime the material element of the human act that he did may be judged as good. If ➥is the one to be judged as moral or an indifferent act has good intention, good, immoral or evil, or indifferent the act becomes good, so if otherwise, it will be considered evil. There are actions which are intrinsically An objectively good act may evil, i.e., even when performed with a become morally evil. good intention remain to be evil. ➥An evil intention will make a good act evil. Donating to charitable institution just to show off makes the Judging the morality of an act does not whole action evil. Praying is an depend on the act alone. To understand objectively good action. But if you pray the totality of the morality of a certain for the person to meet a certain act also depends on the intention of misfortune will make the act the agent and the circumstances that unacceptable. define the action. ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 18 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas An objectively good act may receive Circumstance of Person (Who) more goodness. ➥The “subject or the person who does ➥A good act will become more or receives the action.” praiseworthy if it has a good motive. Circumstance of Place (Where) Panizo made use of the example of ➥The setting or place where the agent giving alms to the less fortunate for the performs an action. greater glory of God. We can express Circumstance of Time (When) our love to God if we help and love ➥The time of the action performed. our neighbor. Circumstance of Manner (How) ➥The way the agent manages to do his An objectively evil act can never act. become good in spite of good Circumstance of Means (By what motive. means) ➥The end does not justify the ➥“Although man’s intention may be means. Just like the story of Robinhood normally good, if the means of attainting who steals from the rich to give to the the end are illicit or unlawful, his acts people may sound heroic, however, his are immoral.” good intention will never make his Circumstance of Thing. evil action be judged as good. ➥The special quality of the direct object Passing an examination definitely is a of the act worthwhile end, but if you cheat in order to pass will never be deemed praiseworthy. An objectively evil act may become more evil. ➥An evil act with an evil intention will make the act doubly evil, in the same manner as, a good act with a good intention will be judged doubly good. For example you lie just to intentionally cover up your fault. c. Circumstances Determinants of Morality: ➥are secondary elements of a moral act, For a human act to be morally good including the consequences all the constitutive elements – the ➥contribute to increasing or object, the end or intention, and the diminishing the moral goodness or circumstances – must be good evilness of the human acts together. ➥cannot change the moral quality of acts themselves; they can make neither good nor right an action that is in itself ↓ evil.” ➥are conditions that affect the morality There are acts which, in and of of the action of an agent. A certain themselves, independently of circumstance may aggravate, mitigate or circumstances and intentions, are even negate the responsibility of an agent always gravely illicit by reason of toward his/her actions their object;such as blasphemy and perjury, murder and adultery. ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 19 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas ➥a negation of knowledge; it is a ↓ negative thing ➥when it is an absence of knowledge that One may not do evil so that good ought to be present, the ignorance is not may result from it.” Such acts are merely negative but privative called intrinsically evil and can never ➥has a positive aspect when it consists be done nor justified for any reason not merely in the absence of knowledge, whatsoever. It is never licit to do evil but in the presence of what is falsely that good may come of it (Romans supposed to be knowledge. Such positive 3:8). ignorance is called mistake or error Considerations in Ignorance: 4. Impediments to Morality 1. In its Object ➥Impairments of required knowledge: - in the thing of which a person - Ignorance, Error, Inattention may be ignorant ➥Impairments to free consent: 2. In its Subject - Passion, Fear and Social - in the person in whom ignorance Pressure, Violence, Dispositions exists and Habits 3. In its Result - with reference to the acts that Error, False Judgement or conviction are performed in ignorance - arises from deficient education, bad company or misleading information Ignorance in its Object - one is not responsible for the 1. Ignorance of Law consequences of error made in - ignorance of the existence of a good faith duty, rule, or regulation 2. Ignorance of Fact Inattention - ignorance of the nature or - refers to momentary deprivation circumstance of an act as of insight forbidden - if attention is completely lacking, 3. Ignorance of Penalty there is no human act - lack of knowledge of the precise sanction affixed to the law Passion or concupiscence - movement of the sensitive appetite Ignorance in its Subject that precedes the free decision 1. Vincible Ignorance of the will - conquerable - movement of the sensitive appetite - culpable which is moved by the good or - can and should be supplanted by evil apprehended by imagination knowledge - can be dispelled by the use of simple/ordinary diligence a. Ignorance - due to lack of proper diligence on ➥the absence of knowledge the part of the ignorant person, and ➥may be defined, in Ethics, as the is his fault absence of intellectual knowledge in - voluntary in cause man Degrees: a. Crass or Supine ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 20 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas - if it be a result of total or nearly and importance of the matter about total lack of effort to dispel it which ignorance exists is found to b. Simply Vincible be ineffective - if some effort worthy the name, but not persevering and whole Ignorance in its Result hearted effort, be unsuccessfully employed to dispel it 1. Antecedent Ignorance c. Affected - that which proceeds all consent of - if positive effort is made to retain the will it - does not differ from invincible Example: ignorance A freshman who has been in college a 2. Concomitant Ignorance month and does not know the college - accompanies an act that would rules of order is in the state of vincible have been performed even if the ignorance in the matter. ignorance did not exist If he has made no effort, or scarcely any, 3. Consequent Ignorance to know the rules, his ignorance is crass or - that which follows an act of the will supine. - the will may directly affect it or If he has positively avoided learning the supinely neglect to dispel it rules so that he may have a ready excuse - it does not differ from vincible for faults, his ignorance is affected. ignorance If he has made some inquiries about the rules, or has tried once or twice, without success, to procure a copy of the rule book, his ignorance is simply vincible 2. Invincible Ignorance - inculpable - ordinary and proper diligence cannot dispel - man is not able to dispel by such reasonable diligence - completely takes away the voluntariness of the malice and its responsibility b. Concupiscence - attributable to one or two causes: either the person in whom the ➥is often used to signify the frailty, or ignorance exists has no realization proneness to evil, which is consequent in whatever of his lack of knowledge, human nature upon original sin or the person who realizes his ➥in Ethics, it refers to those bodily ignorance finds ineffective his appetites or tendencies which are called effort to dispel it. the passions - is never the fault of the person ➥movement of the sensitive appetite in whom it exists ➥precedes the free decision of the will ➥is moved by the good or evil Degrees: apprehended by imagination a. Physically Invincible - if no human effort can dispel it c. Fear b. Morally Invincible - if such effort as good and prudent ➥mental trepidation due to an men would expend to dispel it impending evil taking into account the character ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 21 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas ➥is fear of the senses and not intellectual 1. Prudence fear which is one of the passions, (e.g., - is an intellectual virtue which enables threat of torture) man to judge correctly in each individual ➥emotion that completely darkens the case presented to him just what the moral mind or paralyses the will excuses from order requires of him imputability - is a habit of the practical intellect 2. Justice d. Violence - is a moral virtue which inclines man’s ➥compulsive influence brought to bear will to render unto each one his due upon a one against his will by some extrinsic agent 3. Temperance ➥there is imputability except in so far as - is the moral virtue which regulates the the inner will may have consented or desire for sensible pleasure within the external resistance have fallen shortof the limits of right reason degree necessary and possible in the 4. Fortitude circumstance - inclines the will to overcome grave danger and to sustain severe hardship e. Habit in the pursuit and maintenance of the moral good ➥facility and readiness in acting in a certain manner acquired by repeated acts ➥deliberately admitted habits Vices ➥opposed habits ➥permanent inclination and facility to ➥acquired by the frequent repetition of a perform morally bad acts certain kind of act ➥is a bad operative habit which inclines ➥is a comparatively permanent quality the will to acts at variance with right disposing a thing well or ill in its being or reason operations ➥virtues and vices are particular types of Pride is the queen of all vices. It is the habits inordinate desire for one’s own excellence. 7 Capital Vices: Deliberately Admitted Habits ➥do not lessen voluntariness and 1. Vainglory actions resulting therefrom are - an inordinate desire to manifest voluntary at least in their cause one’s own excellence and to receive praise from men Opposed Habits ➥lessen voluntariness and sometimes 2. Avarice or Covetousness preclude it completely. It weakens the - inordinate love of having intellect and will in a concrete possessions or riches situation in a similar way. Virtues 3. Lust - inordinate desire for sexual ➥permanent inclination and facility to pleasure perform morally good acts ➥is a good operative habit 4. Anger - inordinate desire for revenge ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 22 THY 1: Christian Vision of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2024-2025 | 1EPH ‘Non nisi te, Domine’ - St. Thomas Aquinas 5. Gluttony - inordinate desire for food and drink 6. Envy - sadness on account of the goods possessed by another which are regarded as harmful to oneself since they diminish one’s own excellence or renown 7. Sloth - sorrow in the face of spiritual good inasmuch as it is God’s good, or sorrow regarding the means of salvation conferred on us and prescribed by God ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ Anyayahan, Bayubay, Carlos, Dogayo, Perez ⋇⋆✦⋆⋇ 23