Therapeutic Classification Of Drugs PDF

## PHARMACY MODUL **THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS** | Class | Description | Example(s) | |---|---|---| | Abrasives | An agent that wears away an external layer such as dental plaque | Pumice | | Absorbent | A drug that takes up other chemicals its substance, useful in reducing the free avail...

## PHARMACY MODUL **THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS** | Class | Description | Example(s) | |---|---|---| | Abrasives | An agent that wears away an external layer such as dental plaque | Pumice | | Absorbent | A drug that takes up other chemicals its substance, useful in reducing the free availability of toxic chemicals | Polycarbophil | | Acidifier, systemic | A drug that lowers internal body pH, useful in restoring normal pH in patients with systemic alkalosis | Ammonium chloride | | Acidifier, urinary | A drug that lowers the pH of the renal filtrate and urine | Sodium dihydrogen phosphate | | Adsorbent | A drug that binds other chemicals into its surface, useful in reducing the free availability of toxic chemical | Kaolin | | Alkalizer, systemic | A drug that raises internal pH, useful in restoring normal pH in patients with systemic acidosis | Sodium bicarbonate | | Appetite suppressant, Satiety drug | A drug that suppresses appetite, usually by central stimulation of mood | Phentermine, Sibutramine | | Analgesic | A drug that suppresses pain perception | Morphine sulfate | | Anesthetic, local | A drug that eliminates pain perception in a limited body area by local action on sensory nerves without inducing unconsciousness | (narcotic), aspirin (non-narcotic) Procaine, Lidocaine | | Anesthetic, Topical | A local anesthetic that is effective upon application to the mucous membranes | Tetracaine | | Antacid | A drug that neutralizes excess gastric acid | Aluminum hydroxide gel | | Anthelmintic | A drug that eradicates intestinal worm infestations | Piperazine, Mebendazole | | Anti-acne agent | A drug that combats the lesions of acne vulgaris | Tretinoin | | Antiamebic | A drug that kills or inhibits the protozoa Entamoeba histolytica which is the causative agent of amebiasis | Metronidazole, Diiodohydroxyquin | | Antianginal | A coronary vasodilator useful in preventing or treating attacks of angina pectoris | NTG, GTN | | Antiarrhythmic | A cardiac depressant useful in suppressing cardiac rhythm irregularities | Procainamide | | Antibacterial | A drug that kills and inhibits pathogenic bacteria | Pen G, Nitrofurantoin, Bacitracin | | Anticoagulant | A drug administered to inhibit clotting of circulating blood | Warfarin | | Anticonvulsant | An antiepileptic drug or drug that arrests convulsions by inducing general anesthesia | Phenytoin (Antiepileptic), Thiopental (Anesthetic and Anticonvulsant) | | Antidepressant | A centrally acting drug that induces mood elevation, useful in treating mental depression | Amitryptilline, Nortryptylline | | Antidote, specific | A drug that reduces the effects of a systemic poison or drug overdose by mechanisms that relate to the particular poison | Dimercaprol for As, Hg, Au poisoning | | Antidote, general | A drug that reduces the effects of ingested poison or drug overdose by adsorbing the toxic materials from the GIT | Activated Charcoal | | Antieczematic | A topical drug that aids in control of chronic skin exudates and lesions | Coal tar | | Antiepileptic | An anticonvulsant drug that suppresses epileptic seizures without inducing loss of consciousness | Ethosuximide, Carbamazepine | | Antiflatulent | A drug that reduces gastrointestinal gas | Simethicone | | Antifungal, Systemic | A drug administered systemically or orally to kill or inhibit pathogenic fungi | Amphotericin B | | Antifungal, topical | A drug that is supplied externally to kill or inhibit pathogenic fungi | Tolnaftate | | Antihyperlipidemic | A drugs that lowers plasma cholesterol and lipid levels | Clofibrate | | Antihypertensive | A drug that lowers arterial blood pressure especially the elevated diastolic pressure in hypertension | Losartan, Metoprolol | | Anti-infective, topical | A drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic microorganisms | Hydrogen peroxide | | Anti-inflammatory | A drug that inhibits physiological responses to cell damage ((inflammation) | Mefenamic acid | | Antimalarial | A drug that kills or inhibits the protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria | Quinine sulfate | | Antineoplastic | A drug that attacks malignant cells in the body | Chlorambucil | | Antiparkinsonian | A drug that suppresses the neurologic disturbances and symptoms of parkinsonism | Levodopa | | Antiperistaltic or Antidiarrheal | A drug that inhibits intestinal motility | Loperamide | | Antipruritic | A drug that reduces itching (pruritus) | Diphenhydramine | | Antipsoriatic | A drug that suppresses the lesions or symptoms of psoriasis | Methotrexate | | Antipsychotic | A drug that suppresses symptoms of psychoses of various diagnostic types | Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine | | Antipyretic | A drug that restores normal body temperature in the presence of fever | Paracetamol | | Antiseborrheic | A drug that aids in the control of seborrheic dermatitis | Selenium sulfide | | Antispasmodic | A drug that inhibits motility of visceral smooth muscles | Atropine | | Antitussive | A drug that suppresses coughing | Codeine | | Antiviral, prophylactic | A drug useful in preventing viral infections | Amantadine | | Anxiolytic | A drug that suppresses symptoms of anxiety | Diazepam | | Astringent | A protein precipitant suitable for topical application to toughened and shrunken skin | Aluminum acetate | | Bronchodilator | A drug that expands bronchiolar airways | Salbutamol | | Cardiotonic | A drug that increases myocardial contractile force | Digoxin | | Cathartic | A drug that promotes defecation and is stronger than a laxative | Danthron | | Caustic | A topical drug that destroys tissue on contact, useful in removing skin lesion | Silver nitrate | | Choleretic | A drug that increases bile secretion of the liver | Dehydrocholic acid | | Contraceptive, oral | An orally administered drug that prevents conception | Ethinyl estradiol | | Contraceptive, topical | A spermicidal agent used topically in the vagina to prevent conception | Nonoxynol-9 | | Cycloplegic | An anticholinergic drug used topically in the eye to induce paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia) | Cyclopentolate | | Decongestant, nasal | A drug either oral or topical used to induced vasoconstriction of the nasal passages | PPA | | Dental caries, prophylactic | A drug supplied to the teeth to reduce the incidence of cavities | Stannous fluoride | | Dentin Desensitizer | A drug applied to the teeth to reduce sensitivity of exposed sub-enamel dentin | Zinc chloride | | Depigmenting agent | A topical drug that inhibits formation of the skin pigment melanin | Hydroquinone | | Diagnostic aid | A drug used to determine the function or state of a body organ, or to determine the presence of a disease | Betzole (gastric secretion indicator) | | Digestive aid | A drug that promotes digestion usually by supplementing a gastrointestinal enzyme | Pancreatin | | Diuretic | A drug that promotes the renal secretion of electrolytes and water | Furosemide, Chlorthalidone | | Emetic | A drug that induces vomiting | Ipecac syrup | | Emollient | A topical drug, either oil or fat, that is used to soften the skin and make it more pliable | Cold cream | | Expectorant | A drug that increases respiratory secretions, lowers viscosity and promotes removal of mucus | Guiafenesin | | Hematopoietic | A vitamin that stimulates formation of blood cells, useful in vitamin deficiency anemia | Cyanocobalamin | | Hematinic | A drug that promotes hemoglobin formation by supplying iron | Ferrous sulfate | | Hemostatic | A drug that promotes clotting | Phytonadione | | Hypnotic | A drug induces sleep | Midazolam | | Immunizing agent | A biological product that either induces antibody or contains antibody that serves as protection from infection | Tetanus toxoid | | Immunosuppressant | A drug that inhibits immune response to foreign materials useful in suppressing rejection of homografts | Azathioprine | | Irritant, Local | A drug that reacts weakly and nonspecifically with biological tissue used to topically to induced a mild inflammatory response | Camphor | ## PHARMACEUTIC INGREDIENTS | Ingredient | Definition | Example(s) | |---|---|---| | Acidifying agent | Used in liquid preparations to provide acidic medium for product stability | Citric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid | | Alkalinizing agent | Used in liquid preparations to provide alkaline medium for product stability | Ammonium carbonate, Sodium borate, Sodium carbonate | | Adsorbent | An agent capable of holding other molecules onto its surface by physical or chemical (chemisorptions) means | Powdered cellulose, activated charcoal | | Aerosol/propellant | Agent responsible for developing the pressure within an aerosol container and expelling the product when valve is opened | Carbon dioxide, dichlorodifluoromethane | | Antifungal preservative | Used in liquid and semi-solid preparations to prevent the growth of fungi | Butylparaben, benzoic acid, Sodium benzoate | | Antimicrobial preservative | Used in liquid and semi-solid preparations to prevent the growth of microorganisms | Benzalkonium chloride, Benzyl alcohol, phenol | | Antioxidant | Agent that inhibits oxidation and thus is used to prevent the deterioration of preparations by oxidative process | Ascorbic acid, Sodium bisulfite | | Buffering agent | Used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali | Sodium acetate, Sodium citrate anhydrous | | Chelating agent | Substance that forms stable, water soluble complexes (chelate) with metals | Edetic acid, edetate disodium | | Colorant | Used to impart color to liquid or solid pharmaceutical preparations | FD&C | | Clarifying agent | Used as a filtering aid because of adsorbent qualities | Bentonite | | Emulsifying agent | Used to promote and maintain the dispersion of finely subdivided particles of a liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible | Acacia, glyceryl monostearate | | Encapsulating agent | Used to form thin shells for the purpose of enclosing a drug substance or drug formulation for ease of administration | Gelatin, cellulose acetate phthalate | | Flavorant | Used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a pharmaceutical preparation | Anise oil, Cinnamon oil, Cocoa, Menthol, Vanillin | | Humectant | Used to prevent the drying out of preparations particularly ointments and creams | Glycerin, propylene glycol, Sorbitol | | Levigating agent | Liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce particle size of a drug powder by grinding together usually in mortar | Mineral oil, Glycerin | | Ointment base | Semisolid vehicle into which drug substances may be incorporated in preparing medicated ointments | Lanolin, petrolatum, White ointment, yellow ointment | ## DOSAGE FORMS | Dosage form | Description | |---|---| | Aerosols | Are products packaged under pressure that contain therapeutically active ingredients that are released as fine mist, spray or foam on actuation of the valve assembly | | Aromatic waters | Are clear, saturated solutions of volatile oils, or other aromatic substances in water | | Capsules | Are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and/or inert substances are enclosed within small shells of gelatin | | Collodions | Are liquid preparations composed of Pyroxilin dissolved in solvent mixture usually composed of alcohol and ether with or without added medicinal substances | | Creams | Are semisolid preparations containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed ina suitable base | | Elixirs | Are sweetened, flavored, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral administration| | Emulsions | A type of disperse system in which one liquid is dispersed throughout another liquid in the form of fine droplets | | Implants or pellets | Are small, sterile, solid dosage forms containing concentrated drug for implantation in the body where they continuously release their medication over prolonged periods | | Injections | Are sterile preparations intended for parenteral administration by needle or pressure syringe | Liniments | Are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions, suspensions or emulsions of medicinal agents intended for external application to the skin generally by rubbing | | Lotions | A liquid preparations intended for external application to the skin | | Lozenges | Are solid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents in flavored, sweetened base intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth, releasing medications generally for localized effects | | Ointments | Are semisolid preparations intended for topical application | | Pastes | Are semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical application | | Plasters | Are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread across a suitable backing material and intended for external application to a part of the body for protection or for medical benefit of added agents | | Powders | Are dry mixtures of finely divided medicinal and non-medicinal agents intended for internal or external use | | Solutions | Are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a solvent or mixture of solvents | | Suspension | Are preparations containing finely divided, undissolved drug particles dispersed throughout a liquid vehicle | | Suppositories | Are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt, soften or dissolve and exert localized or systemic effects Are concentrated, aqueous solutions or sugar or sugar substitute | | Syrups | Are concentrated, aqueous solutions or sugar or sugar substitute | | Tablets | Are solid dosage forms containing one or more medicinal substances with or without added pharmaceutical ingredients | | Tinctures | Are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of either pure chemical substances or of plant extractions | | Fluidextracts | Are liquid preparations of plant extractives, each mL containing the active constituents from 1g of the standard drug it represents | | Extracts | Are highly concentrated powdered or pilular (ointment-like) extractives of plant constituents prepared by the reduction reduction of fluidextracts through evaporation | | Transdermal drug delivery system | Are designed to support the passage of drug substances from the surface of the skin, through its various layers, and into the systemic circulation | | Ocular drug delivery systems | Consist of drugs impregnated membranes, which when placed in the lower Conjunctival sac, release medication over an extended period of time | | Intrauterine drug delivery systems | Consists of a drug-containing intrauterine device that releases the medication over an extended period of time after insertion | ## MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES, OTHER NAMES, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS COMMONLY USED IN THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY ### A. DRUGS and DRUG PRODUCTS | Drug | Other names | Acronym | |---|---|---| | Anti-infective | Antimicrobial, antibiotic | ABC; ABX | | Multivitamins | Vitamin (single component) | MTV | | Paracetamol | Acetaminophen, acetyl-para- aminophenol | APAP | | Salbutamol | Albuterol | None | | Cotrimoxazole | Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim | SMX-TMP | | Sultamicillin | Ampicillin + Sulbactam | None | | Isotonic solution | Normal Saline Solution, 0.9%NaCl Solution, Saline solution | NSS | | Penicillin G | Benzyl Penicillin | PEN G; PCN | ### B. FREQUENCY and TIME OF ADMINISTRATION | Abbreviation | Meaning | Translation | |---|---|---| | Bid or BID | Bis in die | Two times a day | | Tid or TID | Ter in die | Three times a day | | Qid or QID | Quarter in die | Four times a day | | Qd | Quaque die | Every day| | Q 3 h | Quaque 3 hora | Every 3 hours | | HS | Hora somni | At bedtime or at night | | PRN | Pro re nata | As needed; necessary | | ac | Ante cibum | Before meals | | Pc | Post cibum | After meals | ### C. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION | Abbreviation | Meaning | |---|---| | IV | Intravenous | | ID | Intradermal | | IP | Intraperitoneal | | IA | Intra-arterial | | IM | Intramuscular | | IVP | Intravenous push | | SIVP | Slow intravenous push | | od | Oculus dexter (right eye) | | os | Oculus sinister (left eye) | | po | Per orem, per os (by mouth) |