Theoretical Foundations of Nursing PDF

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING Owen Mari Lamela Domondon, RN  I. OVERVIEW CONCEPT A mental idea of a phenomenon A general idea formed in the mind A unit of thought A comprehensive idea or generalization ...

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING Owen Mari Lamela Domondon, RN  I. OVERVIEW CONCEPT A mental idea of a phenomenon A general idea formed in the mind A unit of thought A comprehensive idea or generalization  OVERVIEW THEORY A set of statements that tentatively describe, explain or predict relationships among concepts that have been systematically selected and organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon (Power and Knapp, 1955). A coherent statement or set of statements that attempts to explain observed phenomena  OVERVIEW THEORY A comprehensive explanation of a given set of data that has been repeatedly confirmed by observation and experimentation and has gained general acceptance within the scientific community but has not been yet decisively proven. A construct that accounts for or organizes some phenomena (Barnum, 1998)  OVERVIEW THEORY A coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation.  OVERVIEW PRINCIPLE A basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct.  CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK / MODEL Representations of an idea or body of knowledge based on the own understanding or perception of a person (or researcher) on a certain topic, phenomena or theory. A set of concepts and the proposition that integrate them into a meaningful configuration (Marriner-Tomey and Alligod, 1998) Composed of concepts or constructs that describe ideas about individuals, groups, situations and events of particular interest or discipline (e.g., Nursing)  NURSING THEORY A body of knowledge that describes or explains nursing and is used to support nursing practice An organized and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to questions in the discipline of nursing A creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena. Through systematic inquiry, nurses are able to develop knowledge relevant to improving the care of patients (Wikipedia)  CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY 1. INTERRELATING concepts 2. LOGICAL in nature 3. GENERALIZABLE 4. Basis for hypotheses that can be tested 5. Increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them 6. Used by the practitioner to guide and improve their practice 7. Consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles but will leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY 1. Concepts 2. Definitions 3. Assumptions 4. Phenomenon  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY CONCEPTS Helps to describe or label a phenomenon  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY DEFINITIONS The definitions within the description of a theory convey the general meaning of the concepts in a manner that fits the theory. These definitions also describe the activity necessary to measure the constructs, relatinships, or variables within a theory (Chinn and Kramer 2004).  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY ASSUMPTIONS Statements that describe concepts or connect two concepts that are factual “taken for granted”  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY PHENOMENON An aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing and nursing care Examples: caring / self-care/ client response to stress  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY EXAMPLE COMPONENTS LEVINE’S CONSERVATION KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT MODEL THEORY CONCEPT He believes that there are concepts the concepts that are critical to that affect the nursing practice – goal attainment in nursing the “why’s” of nursing actions; 1. practice are; 1. PERSONAL CONSERVATION / 2. ADAPTATION / SYSTEMS / 2. INTERPERSONAL 3. WHOLENESS SYSTEMS / 3. SOCIAL SYSTEMS  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY EXAMPLE COMPONENTS LEVINE’S CONSERVATION KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT MODEL THEORY DEFINITION “Keeping together” of the life Defines personal systems as system; that individuals individuals; that individuals are continuously defend their open, total, unique systems in wholeness. Wholeness exist constant interaction with the when the interactions or constant environment… adaptation to the environment permit the assurance of integrity…  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY EXAMPLE COMPONENTS LEVINE’S CONSERVATION KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT MODEL THEORY ASSUMPTIONS Individuals continuosly defend Human beings are the focus of their wholeness; adaptation is an nursing; the goals of nursing are ongoing process of health promotion, maintenance change…nurses promote and/or restoration; care of the sick wholeness through the use of or the injured; and care of the conservation principle dying  COMPONENTS OF A THEORY EXAMPLE COMPONENTS LEVINE’S CONSERVATION KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT MODEL THEORY PHENOMENON Include: PERSON, NURSING, Include: SOCIAL SYSTEMS, HEALTH HEALTH and ENVIRONMENT PERCEPTION, and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS  TYPE OF THEORIES 1. METATHEORIES Theories whose subject matter are SOME OTHER THEORIES. These are theories about theories (e.g.; J. Dickoff’s and P. James’s “Theory of theories” Used to generate knowledge and theory development Used as a criteria to analyze and evaluate theories  TYPE OF THEORIES 2. GRAND THEORIES Chinn and Kramer, 1999: Are broad in scope and complex and therefore require further specification through research before they can be fully tested. Fawcett, 1995: Intended to provide structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing  TYPE OF THEORIES 3. MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES Have more limited scope, less abstraction, address specific phenomena or concepts and reflect practice (administration, clinical, teaching) Tend to “cross” different nursing fields, and reflect a wide variety of nursing situations Applied in many situations and readily operationalized Outcome oriented  TYPE OF THEORIES 4. DESCRIPTIVE THEORIES First level of theory development Describe phenomena / Speculate on why phenomena occur / Describe the consequences of phenomena Explain, relate, predict (in some situations) nursing phenomena (Meleis, 1997)  TYPE OF THEORIES 5. PRESCRIPTIVE THEORIES Address nursing interventions and predict the consequences of a specific nursing intervention. Action oriented (validity and predictability of Nursing Interventions could be tested)  TYPE OF THEORIES 6. Others: PRACTICE / MICRO THEORIES Concepts are narrowly defined Least complex in nature and more specific than middle range Provide specific directions and limited to specific populations  IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES Aim to describe, predict and explain the phenomenon of nursing (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978). Provide foundations of nursing practice, help to generate further knowledge and indicate in which direction nursing should develop in the future (Brown, 1994). Help to distinguish what should form the basis of practice by explicitly describing nursing.  IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES Help provide better patient care, enhanced professional status for nurses, improved communication between nurses, and guidance for research and education (Nolan, 1996). The main exponent of nursing – CARING – cannot be measured. It is vital to have the theory to analyze and explain what nurses do. Establish a unique body of knowledge. Maintain professional boundaries in nursing.  NURSING PARADIGM WHAT IS A PARADIGM? A model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline (Alligood and Marriner-Tomey, 2002).  NURSING PARADIGM WHAT IS A PARADIGM? A paradigm is a model. It describes the domain using science, philosophy, and theory. Nursing’s paradigm involves person, health, environment and nursing  NURSING PARADIGM WHAT IS A DOMAIN? The view or perspective of the discipline. It contains the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and the central problems of the discipline.  NURSING PARADIGM WHAT IS A DOMAIN? A domain is a specific area of expert knowledge The domain of nursing describes the profession’s subject, concept, values, beliefs. Nursing’s domain is the profession itself, past, present, future…  NURSING PARADIGM HOW DOES DOMAIN RELATE TO NURSING THEORY? Nursing has identified its domain in a paradigm that includes four linkages: 1. Person / Client 2. Health 3. Environment 4. Nursing  NURSING PARADIGM PERSON Refers to all human beings People are the recipient of nursing care (individuals, families, communities, groups)  NURSING PARADIGM ENVIRONMENT Includes factors that affect individuals internally and externally It means not only everyday surroundings but also settings where nursing care is provided  NURSING PARADIGM HEALTH Addresses the person’s state of well-being.  NURSING PARADIGM NURSING It is the “diagnosis and treatment” of human responses to actual or potential health problems (ANA, 1995).  NURSING PARADIGM NURSING PERSON HEALTH ENVIRONMENT End of OVERVIEW Thank you!