The Visual Function - Presentation

THE VISUAL FUNCTION Presented By: Jayson Tiongco  Objecti ves 1. Understand Blurring of Vision: Identify and explain the causes, implications, and management strategies for blurred vision at far and near distances without field defects. 2. Recognize Ce...

THE VISUAL FUNCTION Presented By: Jayson Tiongco  Objecti ves 1. Understand Blurring of Vision: Identify and explain the causes, implications, and management strategies for blurred vision at far and near distances without field defects. 2. Recognize Central Field Defects: Describe the characteristics, causes, and clinical significance of central visual field defects, along with their impact on daily functioning. 3. Identify Peripheral Field Defects: Explain the types of peripheral visual field defects, their underlying causes, and how they affect an individual's quality of life.  Introduction of Visual Function Refers to the ability of the eye and brain to process visual information, enabling tasks such as: Basic Visual Advanced Visual Other Functions Function Aspects VA VF Depth Motion Perceptio Detection n COLOR CONTRAST Visual PERCEPTION SENSITIVIT Processing Y Speed  Concept of Visual Function and its Relevance Safety and Basic Daily Independence Aspects Activities VA VF Mobilit Communicati Avoiding y on Accident COLOR CONTRAST Navigating Maintaining PERCEPTION SENSITIVIT Work Leisur Public Independenc Y or e Spaces e School  Components of Vision Clarity (Acuity) Depth Perception Color Vision Field of Vision 1. Definition: Ability 1. Definition: Ability 1. Definition: Ability to 1. Definition: Area to see objects to judge distances distinguish colors. where objects can clearly and sharply. and spatial 2. Types: be detected without 2. Measured by: relationships. Monochromatic (one moving the eyes. Snellen chart (20/20 2. Mechanisms: color), dichromatic (two 2. Types: Central vision) or LogMAR Binocular vision colors), trichromatic (foveal), peripheral, chart. (stereopsis), (three colors). and binocular fields. 3. Factors monocular cues 3. Factors affecting: 3. Factors affecting: (shading, Color vision deficiencies affecting: Refractive errors perspective). (e.g., red-green color Glaucoma, retinal (myopia, hyperopia), 3. Factors affecting: blindness), age-related detachment, stroke. cataracts, corneal Strabismus, color vision loss. 4. Importance: disorders. amblyopia, brain 4. Importance: Critical for 4. Importance: injuries. Essential for daily tasks navigation, Essential for daily 4. Importance: like selecting clothing, detecting  Overview of the Eye Disorder Most common eye Disorder that Affects Visual Function: Age-Related Inflammatory Neurological Disorder Disorder Disorder ARM Catarac Conjunctivi Keratit Amblyop Strabism D t tis is ia us Uveiti Nystagmu Glaucom Dry Eye s s a  Understand the Importance of these Disorder for Effective Diagnosis and Treatment Effective Diagnosis Effective Treatment Improved Patient 1. Targeted interventions: Outcomes 1. Accurate symptom identification: Recognizing Understanding disorder 1. Enhanced quality of life: signs and symptoms pathophysiology guides Effective management facilitates timely diagnosis. treatment choices. alleviates symptoms, 2. Personalized care: restoring daily functioning. 2. Differential diagnosis: Distinguishing between Knowledge of individual 2. Prevention of similar conditions ensures conditions enables tailored complications: Prompt targeted treatment. management plans. treatment minimizes risk of 3. Multidisciplinary vision loss. 3. Comprehensive eye exams: Familiarity with disorders approaches: Collaboration 3. Increased patient informs thorough examination between healthcare satisfaction: Informed care protocols. professionals ensures fosters trust and confidence comprehensive care. in healthcare providers.  Causes of BOV, CFD, and PFD in Neonate Congenital cataracts may be unilateral or bilateral. They can be classified by morphology, presumed or defined genetic cause, presence of specific metabolic disorders, or associated ocular anomalies or systemic Behavioral Symptoms findings. Visual Symptoms 1. White or cloudy pupil 1. Poor feeding Physical Symptoms 1. Cloudy or opaque lens 2. Irritability 2. Vision loss 3. Nystagmus 3. Lack of response 2. Microphthalmia 4. Delayed development 4. Strabismus 3. Coloboma  Surgical Options Common Visual Field Defects 1. Phacoaspiration Surgical Timing 1. Central scotoma 1. Immediate surgery 2. Extracapsular cataract (within 1-2 weeks): extraction Bilateral congenital 2. Paracentral scotoma cataracts or unilateral cataracts with severe 3. Arcuate scotoma vision loss. 3. Intraocular lens (IOL) 2. Early surgery (within 1-2 implantation months): Unilateral cataracts with moderate 4. Ring scotoma vision loss. 4. Lensectomy 3. Delayed surgery (after 2 months): Small, non- 5. Peripheral field loss progressive cataracts.  Congenital Glaucoma otherwise known as childhood glaucoma, infantile glaucoma or pediatric glaucoma is found to occur in babies and small children ( < 3 years of age). It is a rare condition but could result in a permanent loss of vision. Systemic Signs Advanced Signs (6-12 1. Irritability Early Signs (0-6 months) months) 1. Enlarged cornea 1. Watering or tearing 2. Enlarged eye 2. Poor feeding 2. Photophobia 3. Corneal edema 3. Vomiting 3. Blepharospasm 4. Optic nerve cupping 4. Failure to thrive 4. Redness 5. Vision loss 5. Cloudy cornea Visual Field Defects Management 1. Baring of the optic disc 1. Surgery Surgical Considerations 2. Goniotomy 2. Nasal or temporal 1. Timing: Urgent hemianopia surgery within 1-2 3. Cyclophotocoagulation weeks. 3. Arcuate scotoma 2. Anesthesia: 4. Medications Neonatal anesthesia expertise. 5. Glaucoma drainage devices 3. Corneal protection: 4. Peripheral field loss Preventing corneal damage. 5. Central vision loss  Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also called retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and Terry syndrome, is a disease of the eye affecting premature newborn babies generally having Stages received of ROP neonatal intensive Symptoms Early Signs care, in which Advanced oxygenSigns therapy is used because of the premature 1. Vision loss 1. Dilated pupils development 1. Retinal of their lungs. detachment 2. Strabismus 2. White or cloudy 2. Vitreous retina hemorrhage 3. Vessel dilation 3. Nystagmus 3. Retinal fold 4. Retinal hemorrhages 4. Sensitivity to 4. Macular edema light 5. Poor pupil response 5. Optic nerve cupping 5. Poor eye movement  Management 1. Laser photocoagulation Visual Field Defects 1. Central scotoma Visual Field Changes by ROP Stage 1. Stage 1-2: Minimal visual 2. Cryotherapy 2. Peripheral field loss field defects. 2. Stage 3: Peripheral field loss. 3. Hemianopia 3. Stage 4: Hemianopia or 3. Intravitreal injections quadrantanopia. 4. Quadrantanopia 4. Stage 5: Total retinal detachment, severe visual field loss. 4. Surgical retinal 5. Ring scotoma detachment repair 5. Observation  Causes of BOV, CFD, and PFD in working age Itperson Diabetic retinopathy, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes. is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries and one of the lead causes of sight loss in the world, even though there are many new therapies and improved treatments for helping people live with diabetes. Early Signs and Symptoms Advanced Signs and 1. Blurred vision Symptoms 2. Floaters 1. Vision loss: Partial or total blindness. 2. Scotomas: Blind spots. 3. Flashes 3. Metamorphopsia: Distorted vision. 5. Eye strain 4. Macular edema: Swelling, 6. Color vision changes causing blurred central 7. Night vision difficulties vision. 5. Retinal detachment: Visual Field Changes by DR Stage 1. Mild NPDR: Minimal visual field defects. 2. Moderate NPDR: Peripheral field loss. 3. Severe NPDR: Central scotoma or arcuate scotoma. 4. Proliferative DR (PDR): Hemianopia or quadrantanopia. 5. Diabetic Macular Edema (DME): Central scotoma or metamorphopsia.  Optic neuritis is a condition that causes inflammation of the optic nerve, which connects the eyes to the brain. This inflammation can impact the optic nerve's ability to send messages from the eyes to the brain, resulting in vision changes or loss. Common Symptoms 1. Vision loss Types Progression 2. Pain 1. Typical ON: Idiopathic, often associated with 1. Acute phase (1-2 multiple sclerosis. weeks): Rapid vision 3. Color vision loss loss. 2. Atypical ON: Associated with other conditions (e.g., 2. Subacute phase 4. Contrast sensitivity lupus, sarcoidosis). (2-6 weeks): Stabilization or 3. Neuromyelitis optica improvement. (NMO): Recurrent ON with 5. Flashing lights spinal cord inflammation. 3. Chronic phase (beyond 6 weeks): 4. Optic neuritis with 6. Double vision Persistent vision loss. radiation: Following radiation therapy. Visual Field Defects Management 1. Central scotoma: 1. Corticosteroids 2. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 2. Cecocentral scotoma: 3. Plasmapheresis 3. Arcuate scotoma: 4. Disease-modifying therapies 4. Nasal or temporal hemianopia: 5. Symptomatic treatment 5. Quadrantanopia: 6. Visual rehabilitation 6. Diffuse visual field loss:  Posterior uveitis, also known as choroiditis, refers to inflammation of the choroid, the back part of the uvea. Posterior uveitis may affect the retina and/or the optic nerve and may lead to permanent loss of vision. Common Symptoms 1. Vision loss Specific Signs 1. Vitritis 2. Floaters 2. Retinitis 3. Flashes. 3. Choroiditis 4. Eye pain 4. Optic neuritis 5. Redness 5. Macular edema 6. Sensitivity to light.  Management Visual Field Defects 1. Corticosteroids 1. Central scotoma 2. Immunosuppressive agents 2. Cecocentral scotoma 3. Antibiotics 3. Arcuate scotoma 4. Antiviral medications 4. Nasal or temporal hemianopia 5. Surgery 5. Quadrantanopia 6. Intravitreal injections 6. Diffuse visual field loss 7. Laser photocoagulation  Causes of BOV, CFD, and PFD in working AMD is a common eye age diseaseperson that affects the macula, the part of the retina that controls central vision. It's the leading cause of vision loss in older adults and the leading cause of blindness in the elderly worldwide. Early Stages Advanced Stages 1. Blurred vision 1. Difficulty recognizing faces 2. Difficulty driving 2. Difficulty reading 3. Difficulty performing daily tasks 3. Color vision changes 4. Visual distortion 4. Metamorphopsia  Treatment Options Visual Field Defects 1. Vitamin supplements 1. Central scotoma 2. Cecocentral scotoma 2. Intravitreal injections 3. Parafoveal scotoma 3. Laser photocoagulation 4. Metamorphopsia 5. Microscotoma. 4. Photodynamic therapy 6. Ring scotoma. 5. Surgery  Glaucoma is a serious eye disease that can lead to blindness if left untreated. It's caused by a buildup of fluid in the eye that increases pressure on the optic nerve and retina. The retina is the layer of nerve tissue Advanced Stagethat senses light and sends images to the brain. Early Stage 1. Central vision loss Types of Glaucoma 1. Peripheral 1. Open-angle glaucoma vision loss 2. Tunnel vision 2. Blind spots 3. Double vision 3. Eye pressure 2. Angle-closure glaucoma 4. Nausea and vomiting 4. Redness. 5. Severe eye pain. 3. Normal-tension glaucoma 5. Eye pain 6. Colored halos 7. Blurred vision Visual Field Defect Management 1. Nasal step 1. Medications 2. Arcuate scotoma 2. Laser surgery 3. Baring of the blind spot 4. Paracentral scotoma 3. Incisional surgery 5. Temporal crescent 4. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery 6. Ring scotoma (MIGS)  A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to a decrease in vision of the eye. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colours, blurry or double vision, halos around light, trouble with bright Advanced lights, and difficulty seeing Stage at night. Early Stage 1. Severe vision loss 1. Blurred vision 2. Cloudy or foggy vision and foggy 2. Ghosting window. 3. Distorted vision 3. Double vision 4. Difficulty reading 4. Sensitivity to light 5. Difficulty driving 5. Glare 6. Difficulty recognizing faces 6. Fading colors Visual Field Defects Management 1. Central scotoma 1. Surgery 2. Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation 2. Cecocentral scotoma 3. Laser-assisted cataract surgery 3. Paracentral scotoma 4. Arcuate scotoma 4. Pre-surgical rehabilitation 5. Post-surgical rehabilitation  Summ Early Detection Saves ary Detection Strategies Vision 1. Regular eye exams (every 1-2 years). 1. Prevents irreversible vision 2. Visual field testing. loss 3. Monitoring for symptoms (vision changes, 2. Improves treatment eye pain). outcomes 4. Family history evaluation. 3. Slows disease progression 5. Risk factor assessment (age, diabetes, 4. Enhances quality of life hypertension). 5. Reduces Requiring complications Take Action Conditions Early Detection 1. Schedule regular eye exams. 1. Glaucoma 2. Report symptoms promptly. 2. Cataracts 3. Maintain a healthy lifestyle. 3. Optic neuritis 4. Know your family history. 4. Macular degeneration 5. Consult an ophthalmologist for personalized guidance. Thank you! Write as many as you can of any common eye diseases that can cause BOV, CFL, and PFL (w/in 15mins)