The Urinary System.pdf

The Urinary System Hematuria Pathophysiology: Presence of blood in the urine. Signs and Symptoms: Blood in the urine, can be microscopic or visible. Acute Renal Failure Pathophysiology: Sudden loss of kidney function due to various causes like hypotension, trauma, deh...

The Urinary System Hematuria Pathophysiology: Presence of blood in the urine. Signs and Symptoms: Blood in the urine, can be microscopic or visible. Acute Renal Failure Pathophysiology: Sudden loss of kidney function due to various causes like hypotension, trauma, dehydration, or infections. Signs and Symptoms: Decreased urine output, edema, back or abdominal pain, hypertension, and increased potassium levels. Chronic Renal Failure Pathophysiology: Gradual loss of kidney function over time, often due to hypertension, diabetes, or polycystic kidney disease. Signs and Symptoms: Often asymptomatic initially, later symptoms include fatigue, hypertension, and swelling. Glomerulonephritis Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the glomeruli, often due to immune response to infections like Streptococcus. Signs and Symptoms: Hematuria, hypertension, nausea, anemia, tiredness, seizures, and possibly coma. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Pathophysiology: Genetic disorder causing cyst formation in the kidneys. Signs and Symptoms: Hypertension, hematuria, anemia, back and abdominal pain, fatigue, and kidney stones. Pyelonephritis Pathophysiology: Bacterial infection of the kidney tissue. Signs and Symptoms: White blood cell casts in urine, back/flank/abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, blood and pus in urine. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Pathophysiology: Bacterial infection, more common in females due to shorter urethra. Signs and Symptoms: Increased urinary frequency, pain during urination, urine with blood or pus. Nephrotic Syndrome Pathophysiology: Increased glomerular permeability leading to protein loss in urine. Signs and Symptoms: Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia. Proteinuria Pathophysiology: Presence of excess protein in urine, often due to kidney damage. Signs and Symptoms: Foamy urine, signs of underlying kidney condition. Hydronephrosis Pathophysiology: Dilation of the renal pelvis due to urine outflow obstruction. Signs and Symptoms: Pain, recurrent UTIs, hypertension. Hypoalbuminemia Pathophysiology: Low albumin levels due to urinary loss. Signs and Symptoms: Edema, ascites, muscle weakness, fatigue. Nephritic Syndrome Pathophysiology: Inflammatory damage to glomeruli causing hematuria and restricted filtration. Signs and Symptoms: Hematuria, oliguria, hypertension, azotemia. Oliguria Pathophysiology: Reduced urine output, often due to kidney failure. Signs and Symptoms: Less than 400 mL urine output per day, symptoms of underlying cause. Azotemia Pathophysiology: High levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in blood due to kidney dysfunction. Signs and Symptoms: Elevated BUN and creatinine levels, symptoms of kidney disease. Goodpasture’s Syndrome Pathophysiology: Autoimmune disorder attacking glomerular and pulmonary basement membranes. Signs and Symptoms: Hematuria, hemoptysis, glomerulonephritis. Cystitis Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the urinary bladder, often due to bacterial infection. Signs and Symptoms: Frequent urge to urinate, pain during urination, cloudy or bloody urine, fever, fatigue. Nocturia Pathophysiology: Frequent urination during the night. Signs and Symptoms: Waking up multiple times at night to urinate. Polyuria Pathophysiology: Excessive urine production. Signs and Symptoms: Producing abnormally large volumes of dilute urine. Uremia Pathophysiology: Accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction. Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, confusion, fluid retention. Kidney Stones Pathophysiology: Crystallization of minerals in the urine forming hard deposits. Signs and Symptoms: Severe back or abdominal pain, nausea, fever, urgency to void, hematuria. Types: Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate) stones. 1. Calcium Oxalate Stones - Pathophysiology: These stones form when calcium combines with oxalate in the urine. They are the most common type of kidney stones. - Factors: Diets high in oxalate (found in certain fruits, vegetables, nuts, and chocolate), high doses of vitamin D, intestinal bypass surgery, and several metabolic disorders can increase the concentration of calcium or oxalate in urine. - Signs and Symptoms: Severe back or abdominal pain, nausea, fever, urgency to void, and hematuria (blood in the urine). 2. Calcium Phosphate Stones - Pathophysiology: Form in alkaline urine, where calcium binds with phosphate. - Factors: Can be associated with hyperparathyroidism and renal tubular acidosis. - Signs and Symptoms: Similar to calcium oxalate stones, including severe pain, nausea, fever, urgency to void, and hematuria. 3. Uric Acid Stones - Pathophysiology: These stones form in individuals who lose too much fluid or eat a high-protein diet, which increases the amount of acid in the urine. - Factors: Gout, dehydration, and high intake of animal proteins can contribute to their formation. - Signs and Symptoms: Severe pain, nausea, fever, urgency to void, and hematuria. 4. Struvite Stones (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate) - Pathophysiology: Typically form in response to an infection. They can grow quickly and become quite large. - Factors: Commonly associated with urinary tract infections caused by bacteria that produce urease, such as Proteus and Klebsiella species. - Signs and Symptoms: Severe pain, recurrent urinary tract infections, fever, and hematuria. 5. Cystine Stones - Pathophysiology: These are rare and form in individuals with a hereditary disorder called cystinuria, which causes the kidneys to excrete too much of a specific amino acid. - Factors: Genetic predisposition due to cystinuria. - Signs and Symptoms: Severe pain, nausea, fever, urgency to void, and hematuria.