The Skull and its Landmarks Part 1 of 5 PDF

The Skull and its Landmarks Part A Part 1 of 5 Julie Watson GDC Learning Outcomes 1.1 Aim: 1.1.1 Today we will be discussing 1.1.5 Loading…the skull and learning the various components of the 9.1 Cranium and associated 9.2...

The Skull and its Landmarks Part A Part 1 of 5 Julie Watson GDC Learning Outcomes 1.1 Aim: 1.1.1 Today we will be discussing 1.1.5 Loading…the skull and learning the various components of the 9.1 Cranium and associated 9.2 features and why they are important to us 3 Learning Outcomes By the end of Part s 1-5 you will be able to: Name the bones of the Cranium & their Sutures Label views of the cranium Identify the bony features of the Sphenoid bone Identify the bony features of the Ethmoid bone Discuss the relevance of the Infratemporal & Pterygopalatine Fossa’s 4 Formative Assessment There will be a Formative Assessment at the end of all the lectures. Loading… This will need to be completed and returned to Mrs Watson 5  Definition The skull or Cranium is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. The skull consists of 22 individual bones.  The Skull is made of 2 sections Neurocranium – These are the Viscerocranium – These are the Cranial Bones Facial Bones https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrpVzSK23Q0 En.wikipedia.org 7 Courses.lumenlearning.com  Glossary Internal – inner/inside External – outer/outside Articulate – joining/touching Medial – towards midline Ridge – Raised linear elevation Lateral – Away from midline Foramen – opening/hole to allow Anterior – Towards the front passage of blood/nerve Posterior – Towards the back Fossa – shallow depression Inferior – Underneath/below Process – large distinctive projection Superior – Above Canal – A tunnel through bone Superficial – Nearer the skin Groove – an open channel Deep – Away from the skin Tubercle – small prominent elevation Roof – top Eminence – elevation of bone Floor - Bottom Tuberosity – bulbous feature Plate – flat area of bone Margin – border/edge 8 The Neurocranium Biologydictionary.net Function of the Neurocranium Protection - Brain Attachment sites for both origin and insertion of the Muscles of Facial Expression & Muscles of mastication Framework for the cranial and orbital cavities *PAF: Protects All Functions 10  Lobes of the Brain The Cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes: Loading… Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm 11  What are the Lobes responsible for? Frontal Parietal Interprets language, words Personality, behaviour, emotions Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip) Judgement, planning, problem solving Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, Speech, speaking, and writing (Broca’s area) sensory and memory Body movement ( motor strip) Spatial and visual perception Intelligence, concentration, self awareness 12 Psychologytoday.com  Occipital Temporal Interprets vision (colour, light and Understanding language (Wernicke's movement) area) Memory Hearing Sequencing and organization 13 Psychologytoday.com  Broca and Wernickes Areas Wernicke's area: lies in the left temporal lobe. Broca’s area: lies in the left frontal lobe Damage to this area causes Wernicke's aphasia. The If this area is damaged, one individual may speak in long may have difficulty moving the sentences that have no meaning, tongue or facial muscles to add unnecessary words, and produce the sounds of speech. even create new words. The person can still read and They can make speech sounds, understand spoken language but however they have difficulty has difficulty in speaking and understanding speech and are writing (i.e. forming letters and therefore unaware of their words, doesn't write within mistakes. lines) – called Broca's aphasia. 14 Biomedguide.com  Fibre s s ⑳ The Neurocranium - Sutures & gar strength With age. comes How skl together. www.pinterest.com  Coronal suture - unites the frontal bone with the parietal bones Sutures Sagittal suture - unites the 2 parietal bones in the midline Lambdoid suture - unites the parietal The main sutures of the skull are the bones with the occipital bone Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdoid and Squamosal suture - unites the Squamosal sutures. squamous portion of the temporal bone The Metopic suture (or frontal suture) is with the parietal bones variably present in adults. Metopic suture - (if present) unites the 2 fontal bones  Coronal Suture The Coronal Suture unites the Frontal Bone with the Parietal Bones head · Located crown of. Kenhub.com 17  skull. o located antop of Sagittal Suture Sagittal Suture unites the 2 Parietal Bones in the midline 18Enwikipedia.org  · located back of the sell. Lambdoid Suture The Lambdoid suture unites the Parietal Bones with the Occipital Bone 19 Commons.wikimedia.org Nexusneurosurgery.com  e Squamosal Suture Squamosal Suture unites the squamous portion of the Temporal Bone with the Parietal Bones 20 Radiopeadia.org Enwikipedia.org  Metopic Suture Metopic Suture if present, unites the 2 Frontal Bones 21 dx.doi.org Researchgate.net  You're going well! End of Part 1 Metro.co.uk 22 The Skull and its Landmarks Part 2 of 5 Julie Watson  The Cranium 8 Bones www.pinterest.com  The 8 Bones Of the Cranium Sphenoid (1) Temporal (2) Loading… Ethmoid (1) Parietal (2) Occipital (1) Frontal (1) *STEPOF Enwikipedia.org 3 Frontal Bone -Farod Type: Flat bone Parts: squamous, orbital and nasal Squamous Location: at the front of the cranium, articulates with Parietal bones, Ethmoid bone, lacrimal bones, Maxillae, Nasal bones, Zygomatic bones and Sphenoid bone Nasal Orbital Blood Supply: middle meningeal artery Functions: Provides structure to the skull, eye orbits and upper face. Protects the frontal lobe of the brain. Aids in facial expressions (muscles attachment point) Image from Complete Anatomy by Elsevier Fratalis Loading… Image from Biology Dictionary Parietal Bones e squarein Frontal Type: Flat bones Occipital Sphenoidal Parts: frontal, occipital, sphenoidal, mastoid angles Location: articulate with the frontal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone and sphenoid bone. Mastoid Blood Supply: middle meningeal artery Functions: Provide structure Parietal Protect the brain Protects Labe -. Image from Complete Anatomy by Elsevier Image from Biology Dictionary  a Occipital Bone Type: Flat bone protect e Basilar Lateral Parts: squamous, basilar and lateral Lateral Foramen Magnum Location: articulates with parietal bones, temporal bones, sphenoid bone and atlas. Blood Supply: middle meningeal artery Functions: Squamous Provides structure to the skull Provide attachment for muscles Forms the foramen magnum Image from Complete Anatomy by Elsevier Image from Complete Anatomy by Elsevier pict bones. Temporal Bones Type: Irregular bones othde Parts: Squamous, Petrous, Tympanic, Mastoid and Styloid Squamous Tympanic Location: articulates with parietal bone, occipital bone and Zygomatic bone. Blood Supply: middle meningeal artery, posterior auricular artery and Stylomastoid artery Petrous Mastoid Functions: Provide structure to the skull protect the brain Styloid The Styloid process is an anchor point for muscles associated with the tongue and larynx Contain the middle and internal part of the ear Image from Complete Anatomy by Elsevier You tube clip for this section https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSrpIczOPiE (Skull anatomy) Loading… 11  Time For A Cuppa! End of Part 2 12 Telegraph.co.uk The Skull and its Landmarks Part 3 of 5 Julie Watson The Cranium – The Ethmoid Bone  Ethmoid Bone -I regular bae made up of 1 parts Loading… Image from Wikipedia 3 Image from Human Anatomy  Originates from the Greek word Ethmos meaning sieve. This relates to the lightweight and spongy structure Is a small unpaired bone that forms part of the orbital complex Copper wheat, 2020) 4 Image from Science Direct  Location of the Ethmoid Bone The Ethmoid bone is situated in the paranasal sinuses Contributes to the medial wall of Loading… the orbit and forms part of the anterior cranial fossa Separates inferior to the nasal cavity and superiorly from the cranial cavity Innervation: Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Branches. Yu, 2020). 5 Image from TeachmeAnatomy Features of the Ethmoid Bone – Made up of 4 parts Cribriform plate Perpendicular plate Ethmoid labyrinths 6 Copper wheat, Cribriform Plate This forms the roof of the nasal cavity. It is perforated by numerous olfactory fibres. The crista galli projects superiorly from the cribriform plate 7 Perpendicular Plate midure Forms the superior two thirds of the nasal septum and descends from the cribriform plate. 8  biltateol Ethmoid Labyrinths Large masses located either side of perpendicular plate and contain Ethmoid air cells (which are the Guid Ethmoid sinuses) filled air warmsthe · when breathing. 9  Clinical Relevance Fracture of cribriform plate may Inflammation can cause run se cald. cause anosmia hoss of - Rhinorrhoea – cerebral spinal Smell. Ethmoid labyrinth fracture may fluid can enter the nasal cavity allow communication between and drains out as a clear watery ( the nasal cavity and orbit and fluid from one side of the nose finid ver cause orbital emphysema Inflammation can cause Rhino Damage to the Ethmoid bone , cross sinusitis may be caused by infection, inflammation or facial trauma. Yu, Copper wheat, 2020 2020 You Tube Clip for this section https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwtW4tvGuSc (Ethmoid Bone) Loading… 11  Have a breather, get some fresh air! End of Part 3 12 Creativefabrica.com The Skull and its Landmarks Part 4 of 5 Julie Watson  reguare The Cranium – The Sphenoid Bone Bare & ope butter · anterior sits in the cranium Loading… 3  imparate a What is the Sphenoid Bone Unpaired bone - I Bore Most complex bone due to its irregular shape Known as wasp/butterfly bone due to its shape S rage a makes up middle pot · vers are · Y of the skull. 4 Stone, Anatomical Structure - there are four main parts - Loading… 5 Image from Ken hub * Body A 6 * Lesser Wings e · concave 7 greater wings Greater winss 8 Foramina and Bony Landmarks of the Sphenoid Bone Perry said process. 9 Why are these Foramen important? Infiltration Foramen Rotundum: Transmits the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve from the middle cranial fossa into the Pterygopalatine fossa Foramen Ovale: Transmits the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve from the middle cranial fossa to the Infratemporal fossa ID block Foramen Spinosum: Transmits the middle meningeal vessels and the meningeal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve 10 You Tube clip for this section https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYkASTl_e1c (Sphenoid Bone) Loading… 11 Not long now! End of Part 4 12 Anchor.hope.edu The Skull and its Landmarks Part 5 of 5 Julie Watson The Cranium – Infratemporal Fossa & Pterygopalatine Fossa  Infratemporal Fossa; An irregular shaped cavity, below and medial to the Zygomatic arch Its borders are: Superiorly - greater wing of the sphenoid bone Loading… Inferiorly - medial Pterygoid muscle Anteriorly - maxilla Posteriorly - Styloid and condylar processes Medially - sphenoid and palatine bones Laterally - ramus and coronoid process of the mandible 3 Dontbeasalmon.net Functions of the Infratemporal Fossa Contains the muscles of mastication Within the fossa; lateral Pterygoid muscle & the medial Pterygoid muscle Originating and inserting at the borders of the fossa; Masseter & temporalis muscles 4 Image from Research Gate  It serves as a passageway for many neurovascular structures Inferior alveolar nerves Maxillary artery/vein Sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve Middle meningeal vein Loading… Posterior division of the So, why is this area of mandibular nerve importance to us as clinicians? Kenning, 2021 5 Glidewelldental.com 6 Medical-enc.com You Tube clip for this section https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLrkUTIqsAM (Infratemporal fossa) 7 Pterygopalatine Fossa Located between the Infratemporal fossa and the nasopharynx Structure, inverted pyramidal shape Its walls are formed by the maxilla, palatine and sphenoid bones 8  Borders Anterior: Posterior wall of the Superior: Inferior orbital fissure maxillary sinus of the eye Posterior: Pterygoid process of Medial: Perpendicular plate of the sphenoid bone the palatine bone Inferior: Palatine bone and Lateral: Pterygomaxillary fissure palatine canals Ly, 2020 9 Functions of the Pterygopalatine Fossa It contains important neurovascular structures and their branches: Maxillary nerve Pterygopalatine ganglion Maxillary artery There are seven foramina which connect the Pterygopalatine fossa with the orbit, nasal, oral cavity, middle cranial fossa and Infratemporal fossa. Why is this fossa of importance to us? 10  Loading… Pocketdentistry.com 11 You Tube clip for this section https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ioszJmsv3o – Pterygopalatine fossa 12  Well done! We’ve made it! We’ve finished! 13 Keepcalms.com Summary – What have we covered in Parts 1-5? We have found out why the cranium is important and what its functions are We have found out what a suture is We now know the names of the sutures that hold the cranial bones together We have learnt the names of the Cranial Bones and their implications to us We have looked at the Infratemporal fossa & the Pterygopalatine Fossa and their implications to us 14 Further Reading https://www.anatomy.tv/titles https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the- sphenoid-bone https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pterygopalatine-fossa? lang=gb https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFr3BDTwMu8 (Foramina) 15 References , M (2021) Infratemporal Fossa. [online] Teach me Anatomy. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/areas/infratemporal-fossa/ [Accessed on 8 May 2021] Sieroslawska, A. (2020) Infratemporal Fossa. [online] Ken Hub. Available at: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/infratemporal-fossa [Accessed on 8 May 2021] Ly, D. (2020) Pterygopalatine Fossa. [online] Ken Hub. Available at: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/anatomy-of-the-pterygopalatine-fossa [Accessed on 8 May] Anon. (n.d.) Sphenoid Bone. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenoid_bone [Accessed on 8 May 2021] Stone, J. (2019) Sphenoid bone. [online] teachmeanatomy. Available at: https:Complete Anatomy by Elsevier [Mobile App] [Accessed on 7 May 2021] Knapp, S. (2020) Frontal Bone. [image] Available at: https://biologydictionary.net/frontal-bone/ [Accessed on 7 May 2021] Knapp, S. (2020) Parietal Bone. [image] Available at: https://biologydictionary.net/parietal-bone/ [Accessed on 7 May 2021] Kenning//teachmeanatomy.info/head/osteology/sphenoid-bone/ [Accessed on 8 May 2021] 16 References continued Sanders, K. (2018) The Pterygopalatine fossa. [online] Teach Me Anatomy. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/areas/pterygopalatine-fossa/ [Accessed on 8 May 2021] Copperwheat, A. (2020) The Ethmoid bone. [online] teachmeanatomy. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/osteology/ethmoid-bone/ [Accessed on 9 May 2021] Yu, M. (2020). Anatomy, Head and Neck, Ethmoid Bone. StatPearls,. Accessed on 10 May 2021 Maynard, R. and Downes, N., (2019). Ethmoid Bone. Science Direct,. Accessed on 10 May 2021 Webster, S. (2009) Infratemporal Fossa. [Image] Available at: https://samwebster.net/?p=1995 [Accessed on 8 May 2021] University of Iowa (2017) Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA) Anatomy: the Pterygopalatine Fossa. [image] Available at: https://medicine.uiowa.edu/iowaprotocols/juvenile-nasopharyngeal-angiofibroma-jna- anatomy-pterygopalatine-fossa [Accessed on 9 May 2021] Dental Care Blog (2013) Dental Anasthesia: Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve Block. [image] Available at: http://eurekadent.blogspot.com/2013/02/dental-anasthesia-posterior-superior.html#.YJfj6C1Q01J [Accessed on 8 May 2021] Sieroslawska, A. (2020) Sphenoid Bone. [online] Ken Hub. Available at: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-sphenoid-bone [Accessed on 10 May 2021] 17