The Respiratory System Educational Presentation PDF

ISTOLOGY HUMAN H THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS STRUCTURALLY UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Nose Larynx Nasal Cavity Trachea Sinuses Bronchial tree Pharyn...

ISTOLOGY HUMAN H THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS STRUCTURALLY UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Nose Larynx Nasal Cavity Trachea Sinuses Bronchial tree Pharynx Lungs  DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS FUNCTIONALLY CONDUCTING PORTION RESPIRATORY PORTION System of interconnecting cavities & System where the exchange of tubes that conduct air into lungs respiratory gasses occurs Nose Respiratory bronchioles Pharynx Alveolar ducts Larynx Alveoli Trachea Bronchi  NOSE the part projecting above the mouth on the face of a person, used for breathing and smelling 1 Outer surface, skin, multilayered keratinizing squamous epithelium (epidermis) 2 Septum cartilage 3 Lower nasal cartilage 4 Nasal apex 5 Sebaceous gland 6 Hair follicle 7 Dense connective tissue 1 Outer surface, skin, multilayered keratinizing squamous epithelium (epidermis) The outermost layer of the nose, consisting of tough, protective skin that shields underlying tissues. 2 Septum cartilage A flexible, supportive cartilage that separates the nasal cavity into two halves.  3 Lower nasal cartilage Cartilage located in the lower part of the nose, providing shape and support to the nasal tip and nostrils. 4 Nasal apex The tip of the nose, which is made up of cartilage and covered by skin.  5 Sebaceous gland Oil-producing glands located in the skin of the nose that secrete sebum to lubricate and protect the skin. 6 Hair follicle Small tubular structures in the skin from which nasal hairs grow. 7 Dense connective tissue A type of connective tissue that provides structural support and strength to the nose.  NASAL CAVITY The nasal cavities are paired chambers that function to filter, warm, and humidify inspired air. 1 Olfactory Epithelium NASAL CAVITY It is a specialized tissue in the nasal cavity that detects smells and helps filter inhaled air. 2 Surface Mucus A sticky layer covering the olfactory epithelium that traps odor molecules and airborne particles. 3 Nuclei of Supportive Cells The control centers of supportive cells are located in the olfactory epithelium. 4 Nuclei of Olfactory Cells 6 Lamina Propria The control centers of olfactory receptor A layer of connective tissue beneath the neurons within the olfactory epithelium. olfactory epithelium that supports it and 5 Nuclei of Basal Cells the respiratory epithelium. The control centers of basal cells located 7 Olfactory (Bowman's) Glands near the base of the olfactory epithelium. Glands in the lamina propria that produce mucus. 8 Arteriole A small blood vessel that regulates blood flow NASAL CAVITY to the olfactory and respiratory tissues. 9 Respiratory Epithelium A type of tissue lining the respiratory tract that traps and moves particles out of the airway. 10 Cilia Hair-like structures on epithelial cells that move mucus and trapped particles out of the nasal cavity and respiratory tract. 11 Goblet Cells 13 Venule Mucus-secreting cells in the respiratory A small vein that carries deoxygenated blood epithelium. from the olfactory and respiratory tissues to 12 Ducts of Olfactory (Bowman’s) Glands larger veins. 14 Olfactory Nerves Tubes that carry mucus from Bowman’s Bundles of nerve fibers that transmit smell glands to the surface of the olfactory information from the olfactory epithelium to epithelium. the brain.  Maxillary Sinuses PARANASAL SINUSES Large cavities in the upper jaw help warm and humidify inhaled air, and their mucus production aids in trapping airborne particles. Frontal Sinuses Cavities in the frontal bone above the eyes contribute to the overall humidification of air and help maintain proper airflow in the nasal passages. Ethmoid Sinuses Small air cells between the eyes play a role in regulating airflow and pressure within the nasal The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavity, influencing respiratory efficiency. cavities located within the bones Sphenoid Sinuses of the skull and face. They are Cavities in the sphenoid bone behind the ethmoid lined with mucous membranes and sinuses assist in maintaining optimal air are connected to the nasal cavity. temperature and pressure for effective respiration.  RY ORGANS RESPIRATO LARYNX (VOICE BOX) The passageway for air between the pharynx above and the trachea below. It allows air to pass through it while preventing food and drink from blocking the airway. Plays an essential role in human speech. The false vocal cords have no role in sound production, but help close off the larynx when food is swallowed.  RY ORGANS RESPIRATO PHARYNX (THROAT) It serves both the respiratory and digestive systems by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity. Inferiorly, it opens into the larynx and esophagus. 3 Regions 1. Nasopharynx - contains pharyngeal tonsils 2. Oropharynx - contains palatine tonsils 3. Laryngopharnx - respiratory tract divides into esophagus and trachea Epiglottis - flap like structure in the pharynx & helps to prevent food EPIGLOTTIS  RY ORGANS RESPIRATO TRACHEA (WINDPIPE) The trachea is a tube that carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. Its primary function is to enable airflow to and from the lungs. It is lined with cilia  Y ORGANS RESPIRATOR BRONCHI(FUNCTION) The trachea divides into two that are called bronchi, which distribute the air throughout the lungs until reaching the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs (these structures pertain to the respiratory zone).  Bronchial tree separates Bronchial tree into 4 01 Primary 02 secondary 03 tertiatry 04 smaller bronchioles  Bronchi Bronchi are histologically similar to the trachea. Mucose area: They are lined by ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) and few goblet cells. Lamina propria contain distinct layer of smooth muscle (responsible for contraction) surrounding the entire bronchus, lymphocyte, cartilage (hyaline cartilage) and also serous glands Adventitia: includes blood vessels and nerves Note: In the primary bronchi, most cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen. But as the bronchial diameter decrease cartilage ring will be replaced by isolated hyaline cartilage SM- smooth muscle E-epithelium LT-lungs tissue G-serous glands V-veins C- cartilage  Y ORGANS RESPIRATOR BRONCHIOLES The tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles, which have a diameter of 1mm or less, and the wall structure changes. The epithelium is made up of ciliated columnar cells in larger bronchioles, or non-ciliated in smaller bronchioles. There are no goblet cells, but there are cells called Clara cells or Club cell. the cartilage and glands are absent but there is prominent smooth muscle Function of Clara cells or Club cell -secretion of surfactant – surfactant are made of lipoproteins and mucins (surfactant which aid bronchioles to expand during inhalation and avoid bronchial collapse during exhalation) -detoxification- detoxify the xenobiotic(chemical substance that are foreign to animal life) by the enzyme of the SER -secretion of anti microbacterial peptides- for immune defenses  Y ORGANS RESPIRATOR RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES respiratory bronchiole is very similar to bronchiole, except its walls are interrupted by numerous sac-like alveoli for gaseous exchange. -It is lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium (cilia may be absent in more distal portions) -Claras cells (goblet cell is absent) - Underlying tissue consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers. As they go narrower the alveoli increase  Y ORGANS RESPIRATOR ALVEOLI DUCTS Respiratory bronchioles divide distally to form alveolar ducts. Alveolar ducts do not have walls of their own but are created by several openings of alveoli. These terminate into clusters of alveoli known as the alveolar sac, which opens into the atrium and finally into alveoli. Alveolar ducts are line with thin squamous cell surrounded by small aggregations of smooth muscle cells, collagen, and elastic fibers.  Y ORGANS RESPIRATOR THE ALVEOLI The alveoli are the specialized air-sacs. These are the structural and functional unit of the respiratory system. These are the primary site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs. The alveoli are responsible for the spongy nature of the lung. These alveoli are lined by flattened epithelial cells called pneumocytes with a single opening. 2 types of pneumocyte (alveolar cell) The type I Pneumocytes are simple squamous cells that are highly attenuated with a dense, small, and flattened nucleus. These cover most of the surface area, approximating around 95-97% of the total surface area. The type II Pneumocytes are the cuboidal cells bulging into the air space among type 1 alveolar cell and bound to them with tight junction and desmosome. These type II pneumocytes secrete Surfactant, a surface- active material that reduces surface tension, thus preventing alveolar collapse during expiration(exhalation). Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) The alveolar macrophages are derived from blood monocytes and sometimes by mitotic division of macrophages of the lung. They contain numerous secondary lysosomes and lipid droplets. They phagocyte and remove unwanted materials such as inhaled particulate matter (carbon), dust, and bacteria. They are present free within alveolar spaces and some in inter-alveolar septa (spaces).