The Law of Evidence (Indian Evidence Act, 1872) PDF

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2010

Batuk Lal

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This is a textbook on the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, specifically the 19th edition. It's a revised version, updated with the latest material, including the principles of law of evidence, illustrated by leading cases and decisions of various high courts. Includes discussions of the legality of narcoanalysis in evidence.

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THE LAW OF EVIDENCE (The Indian Evidence Act, 1872) (ACT 1 OF 1872) [As Amended by Act No. 10 of 2009] By BATUK LAL Advocate Revised by : Dr. SURENDRA SAHAI SR...

THE LAW OF EVIDENCE (The Indian Evidence Act, 1872) (ACT 1 OF 1872) [As Amended by Act No. 10 of 2009] By BATUK LAL Advocate Revised by : Dr. SURENDRA SAHAI SRIVASTAVA LL.M., LL.D. Reader in Law, Sri Jai Narain Degree College of Law. Lucknow NINETEENTH EDITION CENTRAL LAW AGENCY ALLAHABAD Published by : Central Law Agency 30D/1, Motilal Nehru Road Allahabad. ELEVENTH EDITION 1990 TWELFTH EDITION 1992 THIRTEENTH EDITION 1995 FOURTEENTH EDITION 1999 FIFTEENTH EDITION 2001 SIXTEENTH EDITION 2004 SEVENTEENTH EDITION 2007 EIGHTEENTH EDITION 2010 NINETEENTH EDITION 2010 REPRINT 2011 REPRINT 2012 Price : Rs. 300.00 This book is being sold subject to the conditions that the author, printers and publishers are neither liable nor responsible in any manner whatsoever to any one, whether purchaser of this book or not, for any error or omission in this publication. The publishers shall be obliged if any such error or omission is brought to their knowledge for possible correction in future editions. All disputes are subject to Allahabad jurisdiction only. Printed at: Arjun Printers Allahabad PREFACE TO THE NINETEENTH EDITION Batuk Lal's 'The Law of Evidence’ (student ed.) is not only a classic for the law students but also a quality work for the P.C.S. (J.) and A.P.O. competitive examinees. To make it more useful, an attempt has been made to revise it thoroughly updating it with the latest material. The legality of narcoanalysis and the questions generally asked in the competitive examinations have been taken care of in adding to the relevant material if the same were not in the previous editions. I am happy that my name has been added to this work as a revising author by Shri R.K. Arora, of M/s. Central Law Agency. Ist September, 2010 Surendra Sahai Srivastava PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The Indian Evidence Act is admitted to be the most important enactment of all the codified Laws of India. It consists of abstracts and abstracts Rules which are not easy to understand. The principles of the Law of Evidence have been illustrated by Leading Cases and important decisions of various High Courts. The subject has been dealt with magnificent lucidity in a very clear and simple language so as to be easily understood. Examples from every day life have been taken in order to enable the students to understand and grasp the difficult principles of the Law of Evidence. The book is intended primarily for the students preparing for LL.B., and for the various competitive examinations e.g., I.A.S., Combined Services, P.C.S. (Executive) and P.C.S. (Judicial). The book is self-sufficient in all aspects and leaves nothing to be desired. I am fully confident that the book will be highly useful to all those for whom it is meant. —Batuk Lal CONTENTS Page Preface to the Nineteenth Edition iii Preface to the First Edition iv Table of Cases xxix PREAMBLE 1 PART I RELEVANCY OF FACTS CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY Sections [ Secs. 1—4 ] 2-39 1. Short title, extent and commencement 2 Territorial; Judicial proceedings; Non-judicial proceedings; Courts-martial; Affidavits; Arbitrators; Lex fory. 2. Repeal of enactments 4 Scope of section; The Act a complete Code; Effect of the repeal of Section 2; Scope of Evidence Act. 3. Interpretation-clause 5 “Unless a contrary intention appears from the context”; Court; Persons legally authorised to take evidence; Fact; (1) Physical and Psychological Facts; (2) Positive and Negative Facts; Matter of fact and matter of law; Relevant; Relevant under the Act; Logically relevant and legally relevant; In Chamberlayne’s Modern law of Evidence. Facts in issue; Document; “Evidence”; Oral evidence; Documentary evidence; Definition defective; Affidavit if evidence; Judge's personal knowledge and observation—No evidence; Statement of accused if evidence; Recording of evidence through video conferencing; Tape recorded version-admissibility of; Classification of evidence; 1. Direct evidence; Eye-witness; Eye witnesses—Some contradictions or omissions of details of incident; Credibility of testimony of injured witness; Hostile Witness; Proof and evidence; Standard of proof in Civil and Criminal Cases; Presumption of innocence; Circumstantial evidence; Case resting squarely on circumstantial evidence; Proof by circumstantial evidence; Circumstantial evidence and weakness of defence; Five golden principles of circumstantial evidence; Not giving exact description of injuries; Material discrepancies; Want of explanation. Last seen theory; Mistake in giving period; Circumstantial evidence—Chain; Chain of events not laid down with precision; Circumstantial and hearsay evidence; Non-explanation of injuries on accused by Page vi EVIDENCE ACT Sections the prosecution; Real or personal evidence; (3) Original evidence; (4) Unoriginal or second-hand evidence; (5) Substantive and nonsubstantive. (6) Positive and negative evidence. (7) Prosecution evidence and defence evidence—Prosecution witness; Delay in examination of prosecution witness during the course of investigation defence witness. Distinction between Facts and Evidence; “Proved”; Proof and suspicion; Matters before it; “Disproved and not proved”; Falsus in uno falsus in omnibus; Falsity of material witness; Single Witness. 4. "May presume" 35 "Shall presume" 35 "Conclusive proof" 35 Presumption; Kinds of presumption; (1) Presumption of fact; Presumption of law; (1) Irrebuttable; (2) Rebuttable presumption; Distinction between Presumption of Fact and Presumption of Law; Mixed presumption; Expression ‘shall’ and may explained. CHAPTER II OF THE RELEVANCY OF FACTS [ Secs. 5—55 ] 40—323 5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts 40 Scope; “And of no others”; Distinction between relevancy and admissibility; Distinction between Admissibility and Relevancy; Relevancy how decided; Evidence partly relevant and partly irrelevant; Objection to relevancy and admissibility; Explanation. 6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction 43 Scope; Basis of the rule; “Same transaction.”—Res gestae; “Facts forming part of same transaction.”—Physical acts forming a part of a transaction; Statements as res gestae; The time; Space; Psychological acts forming part of the transaction, or—“words accompanying physical acts”; Statement in answer to a question; Rape; Statements of bystanders; F.I.R. when res gestae 7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue 52 Scope; Causation; Section 7 based on induction; Occasion, cause, effect and opportunity; Foot prints; Injuries of accused; The state of things under which they happened; Distinction between possibility, capacity, tendency and cause; Similar facts cases; Tape-recorded conversation. 8. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct 57 Scope; Principle; (a) Motive—Meaning of; Intention and Motive; Proof of Motive; Adequacy of Motive; Motive, absence of Motive or sufficiency or importance or significance of Motive; Importance of significance or motive; (b) Preparation; (c) The conduct of a party; Conduct—Meaning of; The conduct of any person an offence against whom is the subject of any Page vii EVIDENCE ACT Sections proceeding; The conduct in reference to the fact in issue or relevant thereto; Conduct in reference to the proceeding; The conduct of a party only admissible; Against whom admissible; Influences or is influenced by; Previous or subsequent; The conduct of accused; F.I.R. by accused conduct; Threat by accused; Previous attempt; Absconding; Statements of a party to a proceeding accompanying and explaining acts—Exp. 1; The relevancy of statements as to the facts stated; The statement must amount to complaint; Complaints in answer to questions; Statement of another affecting conduct of a party to a proceeding; Expl. II. 9. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts 69 Scope—(1) Facts which are necessary to explain a fact in issue or relevant fact; (2) Introductory facts; (3) & (4) Facts which support and facts which rebut an inference; (5) The facts establish the identity of anything or person; Facts which establish the identity of a person; Test Identification Parade; Test identification Parade-Necessity; Value and purpose of Test Identification Parade; Test identification parade-failure to hold; Delay in holding identification Parade; Identification not admissible if accused was shown before Identification Parade or person making Identification has been tutored before Identification Parade; Photographs shown to witness beforehand; The absence of test identification parade; Conviction on the basis of Test Identification Parade; Non- examination of Magistrate; Identity of physical features; Identity by voice and gait; Identification by Fingerprint; Identity of foot-marks; Identification of accused during right; Conviction based on Identification of accused in court; Identity of family resemblances; Evidence of sniffer dogs; Identity of things; (6) Facts which fix the time or place of facts in issue or relevant facts; So far as they are necessary for that purpose; (7) Facts showing relations. 10. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design 83 Principles; Conspiracy defined; Scope of the section; Analysis of Section 10; Reasonable ground of conspiracy; Things said, done or written in reference to common intention; Evidence relating to acts outside the period of conspiracy. 11. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant 89 Principle; ‘Highly probable’ or improbable—Meaning of; Section 11 controlled by other section; Controlled by Section 32; Statements; Analysis of the section; (1) Facts inconsistent with any fact in issue or relevant facts; (a) Alibi; Plea of Alibi— When can be raised—Statements under Section 161 not admissible; Burden of Proof; (a-1) When the defence of alibi fails; (b) Non-access of husband to show illegitimacy of issue; (c) Survival of the alleged deceased; (d) Commission of a crime Page viii EVIDENCE ACT Sections by third person; (e) Seif-infliction of harm; (f) Plea of alibi in relation to co-accused; (2) Facts making the existence or nonexistence of any fact in issue or relevant fact, highly probable or improbable; 'Highly improbable'; “Highly probable.”— Relevancy of similar facts; Recitals in deeds. 12. In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant 97 Suits for damages; Mitigation or aggravation of damages. 13. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question 98 Scope; Principle; Custom defined; Requisites of valid customs; The law of valid custom in India; Antiquity; Usage; Kinds of custom; I. Private custom; II. General custom; (a) Local custom; (b) Caste or class custom; (c) Trade, custom or usages. (III) Public custom; Right; “Transaction”; “By which”; “Claimed”; “Asserted”; “Assertion and recital” distinguished; “Recognised”; Instance; Document ‘inter partes’; Documents not ‘inter partes’; The recital in document; Recital of boundaries; Admissibility of judgments and decrees as transaction or instances; Proof of Custom; Proof of family custom or kulachar; Proof of local custom or usage; Proof of usage of trade. 14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling 109 Principle; Scope; State of mind or body or bodily feeling; The proof of mental condition; (1) Proof of mental condition by evidence of person concerned; Problem—Question; Answer; (2) By evidence of other persons; Contemporaneous manifestations; By collateral facts; Similar acts; Previous and subsequent events; Intention or mens rea; Proof of intention; Knowledge; Accomplice Evidence; Good faith, bad faith and fraud. State of body and bodily feeling. Explanation 1. 15. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional 119 Scope; Parts of series of similar occurrences; Proximity of time; Similar acts; Accident or intention; Accidental or incidental. 16. Existence of course of business when relevant 123 Scope. ADMISSION 17. Admission defined 124 18. Admission—by party to proceeding or his agent; by suitor in representative character; (1) By party interested in subject matter; (2) By person from whom interest derived 124 Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit 124 19 Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit 125 20 Admission; Admission cannot be inferred it is positive acknowledgement; Admission—Defined; Admission of Law; Page ix EVIDENCE ACT Sections Admission to parties to proceedings; Admission by Agent; Admission by agents in criminal cases; Admissions by pleaders, attorneys and counsels in civil cases; Admission by counsel in criminal cases; Statements made in representative character; Persons having any proprietary or pecuniary interest; Admissions of persons having joint interest; Persons from whom the parties derive interest; Admission by a person whose position must be proved as against a party to a suit; Admission by persons expressly referred by party to a suit; Admission is substantive evidence. 21. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf 134 Proof of admissions against the person making them and by him; Proof of admission by the maker; Admission falling under Section 32; State of mind or body; Admission made in ignorance of law; Statement relevant otherwise than as admission; No admission of law; 22. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant 138 Principle. 22-A. When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant 139 23. Admission in civil cases when relevant 139 Admission in civil cases when relevant; Admission must be taken as a whole; Admission on matter of law; Classes of person not exempted from giving evidence. 24. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise when irrelevant in criminal proceeding 140 'Confession' defined; Confession to be voluntary; Confession at a later stage of trial; Need not be communicated to others; Admission and confession : Distinguished; Distinction between Confession and Admission; Examples of Admission; Judicial and extra judicial confessions; Judicial confessions; Extra judicial confessions; Extra judicial evidence; Communication to another not essential; Examples of Confession; Distinction between Judicial confessions and Extra-judicial confessions; Principle underlying Section 24; Voluntary and non-voluntary confession; Confession when irrelevant; The ingredients of Section 24; (1) Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise; Confession recorded on oath; It appears, to the court; The burden of proof; (2) Inducement must, have reference to the charge; Express or implied; (3) Threat, inducement and promise from a person in authority; Accused induced by his own belief; Person in authority; (4) Sufficiency of the inducement, threat or promise; Page x EVIDENCE ACT Sections The Advantage to be gained or the evil to be avoided; Accused person; Confession must be voluntary and true; Points to be determined—Voluntariness of confession recorded; Confession as a whole; Value of judicial confession; Extra-judicial confession; The value of extra-judicial confession; Circumstances to be considered in testing the veracity of extra-judicial confession; Retracted confession—Meaning of; Value of the retracted confession; Proof of judicial confession; Proof of extra-judicial confession. 25. Confession to police officer not to be proved 172 Principle; Confession before or after the investigation; A person accused of any offence; Confession only excluded; Made to police officer; Police officers, who are; Confession before an officer under Exercise Act; Confession before an officer under Customs Act, etc; Confession before an officer of Reserve Police; Confession before an officer under N. D. P. S. Act; Motive, etc. also to be excluded; Cannot be proved against the accused; Confession of one guilt during the inquiry of another; In civil cases. 26. Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him 180 Object; Confession of an accused in police custody to any one else; Police custody; Confessional Statement Under Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987; Confession recorded by a Second Class Magistrate; Confession to custom officer in inquiry under Sections 107 and 108, Customs Act; Confession in Departmental Enquiry. 27. How much of information received from accused may be proved 184 Principle; Scope; The requirements under the section; Discovery is guarantee for reliability; If Fact is known to the person other than accused; Facts discovered—Meaning of; No lawful recovery statement under Section 27 useless; Article concealed at Public Place; The fact discovered must be a relevant fact; Article not concealed on discovery; The discovery does not connect accused with the offence; Whether “amounts to confession or not”; Statement which relates distinctly to the facts discovered; Section applies when statement is tried to be proved; Accused of any offence; Accused in custody; Article 20 (3) of the Constitution and Section 27; Section 162 (1) Cr. P.C. and Section 27 of Evidence Act; Deposed to; The discovery statement to be used only against the maker; Information by two or more accused; Simultaneous information by many accused; Discovery on the information of the accused; Seizure of weapon not material when there is direct evidence; Discovery a weak kind of evidence. Section 27- Page xi EVIDENCE ACT Sections Proviso to the preceding sections; Supreme Courts views. Section 27 and Article 14 of the Constitution. 28. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant 201 Confession after removal of threat or promise. 29. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc 203 Confession on promise of secrecy, etc; Want of warning; Section 164 (2), Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 and Section 29. 30. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence 205 Use of confession by one accused against others; Principle underlying; Tried jointly; For the same offence; Statement by one accused leading to discovery; Affecting himself and some other; Retracted confession of co-accused; May take into consideration; As proved. 31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop 212 Judicial admissions and extra-judicial admissions; Admission not conclusive; Evidentiary value; Admission in a book— Admission does not create title; Admission is substantive evidence; Admission may estop; Statements by persons who cannot be called as witnesses; Distinction between Admission and Estoppel; Principle; Exception to the general rule. STATEMENTS BY PERSONS WHO CANNOT BE CALLED AS WITNESSES 32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be foimd, etc., is relevant 217 (1) When it relates to cause of death 217 (2) Or is made in course of business 217 (3) Or against interest of maker 217 (4) Or gives opinion as to public right or custom, or matters of general interest 217 (5) Or relates to existence of relationship 217 (6) Or is made in will or deed relating to family affairs 218 (7) Or in document relating to transaction mentioned in Section 13, clause (a) 218 (8) Or is made by several persons and expresses feelings relevant to matter in question 218 Principle; (a) Who is dead; (b) Who cannot be found; (c) Incapable to give evidence; (d) Delay or expenses; Clause (1)—Dying declaration; Definition; Cause of death; Declarant died of injury to be proved; Circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death; Intention to use statement as dying declaration not necessary; When the person making statement Page xii EVIDENCE ACT Sections not dead; Statement about the death of another; Statements not connected with the cause of death; Death by injuries caused; Statement before injury; Expectation of death; The nature of proceeding—Civil or Criminal; Proximate and not remote cause; Injuries in bed head ticket; Form of dying declaration; Dying declaration in the form of questions and answers; Dying declaration made before Judicial Magistrate; Statement written by doctor; Dying declaration on basis of convictions; Where there are more than one dying declaration; Dying declarations in different languages; Statement by signs; Statement to police; Dying declaration oral or written; Section applies to homicide and suicide both; The declarant must be in a fit state of mind; Proof of dying declaration; Conviction on uncorroborated dying declaration; Fitness of the deceased— Certificate of Doctor; Dying declaration without certificate of Doctor—Certificate of doctor as to fitness—Only a rule of caution; Contradictions in the statements of Doctor; Dying declaration incomplete; Circumstances which belie the dying declaration; To be taken as a whole; Oral dying declaration; The impeachment of dying declaration; Contradictions with other statements; Identity of accused to be established by dying declaration; Dying declaration in England and in India; F.I.R. as dying declaration; Statement under Section 161, Cr.P.C; Dying declaration; Dying declaration recorded by police; May be proved to be false by leading evidence; Dying declaration tainted; English cases; Use of statement when the injured survives; Should not be under compulsion; Rule of dying declaration; No requirement of oath and cross-examination; Clause (2); Statement made in the course of business; In the course of business; Statement verbal or written; Contemporaneous; English Law; Value of the entries; Proof; Clause (3)—Statement against the interest; Principle; English Law; Statement against pecuniary interest; Against proprietary interest; Criminal prosecution and suit for damages; All facts contained in the statement admissible; Recital of boundaries in documents; Clause (4)—The statement about opinion as to public right or custom; Opinion; Declaration ante-litem mortem; Clause (5)—Statement as to existence of relationship; Special means of knowledge; Ante Litem Mortem; Joint statement— Some persons making, dead; Clause (6)—Pedigree Evidence; Difference between clauses (5) and (6); English Law; Indian Law; Clause (7)—Statement made in a document relating to transaction; Clause (8)— Statements by several persons expressing feeling relevant to the matters in question; Section 32 and Section 11. 33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated 264 Page xiii Sections 32 and 33 are exceptions to the Hearsay rule; Relevancy of certain evidence in subsequent stage of a proceeding or in other proceedings; Previous statement in the same proceeding; The statement recorded before the ex parte decree set aside; Difference between Sections 32 and 33; Judicial proceedings; Section 299 of Cr. P.C. and Section 33 of Evidence Act; Before any person authorised by law; (2) Identity of parties; Representative-in-interest; (3) Parties in a criminal proceeding; Cross-examination; (4) Identity of issues; (5) Inability of witness to appear before the court. Death; Cannot be found; Incapable of giving evidence; Is kept out of way; Unreasonable amount of delay or expense; Waiver in civil cases; Deposition in a criminal case used in a civil case and vice versa. STATEMENTS MADE UNDER SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES 34. Entries in books of account, including those maintained in an electronic form when relevant 274 Principle; Books of account; Regularly kept; In the course of business; Proof of accounts; Evidentiary value; Admissibility and probative value of document. 35. Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty 278 Scope; Contained in a public or official book; Made by public servant; Entries relevant under this section; Duty specially enjoined by law; Contemporaneously; By whom to be made; Proof of such entries; Facts of which the entries are evidence; Personal knowledge not necessary; Entry of date of birth in school register; Entries in Birth Register; Entries in Death Register; Entries in electoral roll; Entries in Revenue Records; Entries by pencil not verified by revenue officer; Reports of election meetings; Evidentiary value. 36. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans 282 Scope. 37. Relevancy of statement as to fact to public nature, contained in certain Acts or notifications 283 Scope. 38. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books 283 HOW MUCH OF A STATEMENT IS TO BE PROVED 39. What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers 283 Principle. Page xiv EVIDENCE ACT Sections JUDGMENT OF COURTS WHEN RELEVANT Kinds of judgment; Judgment in rem; Judgment in personam; Distinction between judgment in rem and judgment in personam. JUDGMENTS OF COURTS OF JUSTICE, WHEN RELEVANT 40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial 286 Principle; Admissibility of Judgment inter partes; Judgment of civil court if admissible in criminal courts and vice versa; Admissibility of a previous judgments in a criminal case. 41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction 288 Judgment in rem and judgment in personam; Relevancy of judgment in election petition; Relevancy of judgment in probate etc.; Judgment-pendency of. 42. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in Section 41 290 Scope. 43. Judgments, etc. other than those mentioned in Sections 40, 41 and 42 when relevant 291 Scope; (1) Judgment a fact in issue; (2) Relevant under some other provision of the Act; Judgment of a Criminal Court. 44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved 293 Judgment without jurisdiction or obtained by fraud is void; No separate suit to set aside such judgment; Relevancy of a previous judgment on an issue (issue estoppel). OPINIONS OF THIRD PERSONS, WHEN RELEVANT Relevancy of opinion. 45. Opinions of experts 296 Scope; An expert witness; Prerequisites of expert evidence; 1. Expert (Testimony) Opinion was necessary; 2. The Witness in question is really an expert; Foreign law; Science or art; Medical evidence; Medical expert not a ballistic expert; No conviction on expert evidence; Opinion of doctor as to age; D.N.A. Report; Gun-shot—Exact time of death cannot be established; Ballistic Expert; Handwriting; Difference in opinion of experts; When the request for handwriting expert can be made; Typewriting; Foot prints; Finger impressions; Fire-arms expert; High Courts on Narco-analysis and brain- finger mapping Test-Validity; Narco analysis of the persons not accused of crime; Supreme Court on Narco Test; Track evidence; Distinction between Expert witness and ocular witness; Facts and Statement in old Gazette; Difference between an expert and an ordinary witness; Value of expert evidence. Page xv EVIDENCE ACT Sections EXPERT EVIDENCE AND DIRECT OR OCCULAR EVIDENCE Medical evidence and ocular evidence; Opinion of medical expert; The proof of expert opinion; Non examination of expert in the court; Certificate of a doctor on a plain paper; Evidence of handwriting expert and direct evidence. 45-A. Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence 312 46. Facts bearing upon opinions of experts 312 47. Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant 313 PROOF OF HANDWRITING Proof of handwriting by a person acquainted with the writing of the writer; Evidentiary value of; Statement of person in whose presence document written. 47-A. Opinion as to electronic signature when relevant 315 48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant 315 Scope. 49. Opinions as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant 316 Scope. 50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant 316 Scope; Proviso. 51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant 318 Scope. CHARACTER WHEN RELEVANT 52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. 318 Character—Meaning of; Relevancy of character in civil cases; Character admissible in civil cases; Person concerned; Except in so far as character appears from facts otherwise relevant. 53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant 320 Principle. 54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply 320 Previous bad character; When the previous bad character is relevant. 55. Character as affecting damages 321 Character defined; Reputation; Disposition; Evidence may be given of general reputation; Relevance of Character (Sections 52 to 55 ). PART II ON PROOF CHAPTER III FACTS WHICH NEED NOT BE PROVED [ Secs. 56—58 ] 326—329 56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved 326 57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice 326 Scope. Page xvi EVIDENCE ACT Sections 58. Facts admitted need not be proved 329 Principle; Criminal cases. CHAPTER IV OF ORAL EVIDENCE [ Secs. 59—60 ] 331—333 59. Proof of facts by oral evidence 331 Oral evidence; Proof of fact by oral evidence; Distinction between ‘Relevancy’ and ‘admissibility’. 60. Oral evidence must be direct 333 Scope; Hearsay; The reason of being discarded; Exceptions to the rule of hearsay; Direct and circumstantial evidence distinguished; Hearsay and circumstantial evidence; Evidence of a living person; The rules of best evidence; Distinction between Direct Evidence and Hearsay Evidence. CHAPTER V OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE [ Secs. 61—90 ] 339—393 61. Proof of contents of documents 339 Documentary evidence. 62. Primary evidence 339 Primary evidence; Explanation. 63. Secondary evidence 340 Primary evidence; Documents in several parts; Documents in counterparts; Document made by uniform process; 1. Certified copies under the provision given in the Evidence Act; 2. Copies made from the original by mechanical process; Photostat copy; Photograph; 3. Copies made from or compared with the original; Copy of a copy; 4. Counterparts of documents; 5. Oral accounts of the contents of a document by some person who has seen it; 6. Tape recorded statement; “Has seen”; Distinction between Primary Evidence and Secondary Evidence. 64. Proof of documents by primary evidence 346 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given 347 Scope; Cases in which secondary evidence of document may be given; (a) (i) Where the original is in possession of adversary Party; (ii) When the original is in possession of a person out of reach or not subject to the process of the court; (iii) When the Original is in possession of a person legally bound to produce it; The English Law; (b) Where the existence or contents of the original have been admitted; (c) When the original has been destroyed or lost or cannot be produced; Proof of loss; Search; (d) When the original is not easily Page xvii EVIDENCE ACT Sections movable; (e) When the original is a public document; (f) Certified copy permitted by the Act; (g) When the original consists of numerous accounts or huge document: What sort of secondary evidence may be given; Admissibility of the original; Objection to the production of secondary evidence. 65-A Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record 354 65-B Admissibility of electronic records 354 66 Rules as to notice to produce 356 Rules as to notice to produce; 1. When the document is itself a notice; (2) When the adverse party must know that he will be required to produce it; (3) When the adverse party has obtained possession by force or fraud; (4) When the adverse party has the original in the court; (5) When the adverse party had admitted the loss; (6) When the person in possession is out of reach, etc; The court may dispense with notice in a fit case. 67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced 359 Scope; Proof of handwriting; Objection to the mode of proof. 67-A Proof as to electronic signature 360 68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested 360 Scope; ‘Execution’; Attestation; Attesting witness who is; Scribe whether attesting witness; The witness called : Meaning of; Until one attesting witness is called; Required by law to be attested; When witness may not be called (Proviso); Proof of a will. 69. Proof where no attesting witness found 364 Scope. 70. Admission of execution by party to attested document 365 Scope; Presumption about attestation; Admission of execution must in course of the suit itself. 71. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution 366 Principle; If the attesting witness denies, the execution may be proved by other evidence; May be proved by other evidence. 72. Proof of document not required by law to be attested 367 Principle. 73. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved 368 Principle; The standard writing must be proved or admitted; Specimen before the court; Comparison by whom; The value of the comparison; Article 20 (3) of the Constitution and Section 73. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS 73-A Proof as to verification of digital signature 372 74. Public documents 373 Scope. Page xviii EVIDENCE ACT Sections 75. Private documents 375 Distinction between Public Document and Private Document. 76. Certified copies of public documents 375 Scope; Right to inspect. 77. Proof of documents by production of certified copies 376 Scope; Certified copy to be proved. 78. Proof of other official documents 377 Scope. PRESUMPTIONS AS TO DOCUMENTS 79. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies 378 Scope. 80. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence 379 Principle; Scope of the section; Identity of the person making the statement; Taken in accordance with law. 81. Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents 380 Scope; Newspaper. 81-A. Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms 380 82. Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature 380 83. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government 381 Scope. 84. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions 381 Scope. 85. Presumption as to powers-of-attorney 381 Scope. 85-A. Presumption as to electronic agreements 381 85-B. Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures 382 85-C. Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates 382 86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records 382 87. Presumption as to books, maps and charts 382 88. Presumption as to telegraphic messages 383 Scope. 88-A. Presumption as to electronic messages 383 89. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced 383 Scope. 90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old 384 Object; 'Thirty years Old’; Reckoning of; ‘Proper custody’; Appearance free from suspicions; Presumption relates to signature and writing only; Presumption of copies of ancient document; Soundness of mind is also presumed; Anonymous Page xix EVIDENCE ACT Sections writing; ‘May presume’; The presumption discretionary; Opportunity to Party to prove execution of document if presumption not drawn. Scope; Principle; Basis of Suit or defence: Sections 90 and 90-A (an amended by U.P. Amendment Act). 90-A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old 393 CHAPTER VI OF THE EXCLUSION OF ORAL BY DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE [ Secs. 91—100 ] 394-420 91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document 394 Scope; Principle; Rules of exclusion of oral evidence by documentary evidence; The terms of a contract and of a grant, etc; Only terms of a contract; Document inadmissible for want of registration; Deeds not contract etc; Any matter required by law to be in writing; Exception 1; Exception 2; The factum of contract, etc;.Promissory notes—Proof of oral contract of loan. 92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement 401 Sections 91 and 92; Parties to the instrument; Affecting the term of any contract, grant or disposition of property; The name of parties whether a term of contract; Proviso (1) : The facts invalidating the document; Proviso (2) : Separate oral agreement; Proviso (3) : Separate oral agreement as condition precedent; Proviso (4) : Distinct oral subsequent agreement to rescind to, renew or modify contract; Proviso (5): Any usages or customs by which incidents not mentioned in any contract are usually annexed to contract; Proviso (6): Extrinsic evidence of surrounding circumstances; Latent and Patent ambiguity; Distinction between Patent and Latent Ambiguity. 93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document 415 Scope. 94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts 416 Principle. 95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts 417 Principle. 96. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons 418 Principle; The section also deals with latent ambiguity. 97. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies 418 Page xx EVIDENCE ACT Sections 98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc 419 Principle. 99. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document 419 Principle. 100. Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills 420 PART III PRODUCTION AND EFFECT OF EVIDENCE CHAPTER VII OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF [ Secs. 101—114-A ] 424—469 101. Burden of proof 424 Scope; Doctrine of “reverse burden”; Section 101—Burden of proof’ and “Onus of proof’ (onus probandi); Burden of proof constant and burden to lead evidence onus probandi is shifting; Burden of proof in Civil cases; The burden of proof in criminal cases; Importance of burden of proof. 102. On whom burden of proof lies 427 Scope. 103. Burden of proof as to particular fact 428 Scope. 104. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible 429 Scope. 105. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions 429 Scope; Standard of proof of the exception pleaded; Self-defence; Reasonable doubt what is?; Insanity; Plea of justification; Want of maturity; Pleading and proof of exceptions. 106. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge 435 Scope; Specially within the knowledge of any accused; Parties to the suit proceedings; Burden of proof Alibi; Burden to prove Mens rea; Burden of Proof of Intention— Illustration (a); Burden to proof by parties to transaction; Burden of proof in case of Res ipsa Loquitur, Burden of proof in negligence of carriers; Burden of proving date of death of persons unheard of; No satisfactory explanation of injuries on the deceased by the accused; A person charged with travelling without a valid ticket; Standard of proof in an accident. 107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years 439 Page xxi EVIDENCE ACT Sections 108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years 440 Principle (Secs. 107 & 108); Would naturally have heard. 109. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent 442 Scope; The burden of proof as to relation in cases of partners etc. 110. Burden of proof as to ownership 443 Burden of proof as to ownership. 111. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence 444 Proof of good faith in transactions where.one party is in relation of active confidence. 111-A Presumption as to certain offences 445 112 Birth during marriage conclusive proof of legitimacy 446 Presumption about legitimacy; Presumption as to valid marriage (can there be presumption of valid marriage) or factum of marriage must be proved; Presumption as to dissolution of marriage or presumption as to marriage; Access; Relevancy or admissibility of blood test under Section 112; Relevancy or admissibility of D.N.A. or R.N.A. Test. 113. Proof of cession of territory 451 113-A Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman 451 Presumption of abetment of suicide. 113-B Presumption as to Dowry death 453 The court shall presume; Soon before her death; Onus heavier. 114. Court may presume existence of certain facts 456 Presumption, meaning of; Court may presume the existence of certain facts; "May"; Common course of natural events; Illustrations; Scope of; Illustration; (1) The ownership of the article; (2) The commission of theft; (3) Recent possession; (3) Possession must be exclusive; Conviction for offences other than theft on recovery; Presumption of murder by recovery of article of deceased; Accused’s explanation; Presumptions to dacoity cases; Illustration (b); Corroboration, nature of; Illustration (c)—The Presumption as regards bill of exchange; Illustration (d)—Presumption of existence from previous and subsequent existence; Illustration (e)—The performance of Judicial and Official acts; Illustration (f); Letter endorsed refused; Presumption of marriage; Illustration (g)— Presumption from withholding evidence; Non-appearance of a party; Illustration (h)— Refusal to answer; Illustration (i)— Documents in hands of obligor; Illustrations are not exhaustive; Official act; Non-examination of a party to lis; Sanction order by D.M.; Section 114 of Evidence Act and Section 16 of Contract Act; Election Commission— Holding of tree and fair election. Page xxii EVIDENCE ACT Sections 114-A Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rape 469 Presumption about absence of consent in case of rape. CHAPTER VIII ESTOPPEL MEANING. NATURE AND CLASSIFICATION [ Secs. 115—117 ] 475—512 Meaning; Applicability of Doctrine of Estoppel, Nature of estoppel; Kind of estoppel; Estoppel of record or quasi-order; Estoppel by Record; Lack of jurisdiction; Two judgments obtained by fraud; Estoppel by Deed; Effect of recitals; Fraud, force or forgery; Estoppel by matter in pais; Conduct amounting to negligence; Distinction between Estoppel and Res judicata; Distinction between Estoppel and Waiver. 115. Estoppel 475 Scope; (1) Representation—Necessary elements of; Intention to deceive; Who can take advantage of representation; Representation must be of existing facts; Estoppel should be pleaded; Representation may include representation of law; Representation must be unambiguous; Result must not be ultra vires; Representation induced by party complaining; Truth known to both the parties; (2) Intention of being acted upon; (3) The representation acted upon; Representation revocable; Prejudice; Representation by an agent; Intention to deceive; Representation by statement; Estoppel by conduct; Who can take advantage of representation; Estoppel—A rule of evidence; Estoppel may have the effect of creating rights; No estoppel against statute and law; (a) Tax laws; (b) Clear provision of law cannot be evaded; (c) The principle to determine the maxim 'no estoppel against statute'; Estoppel and Insurance Co.; Estoppel and Educational Institution; Estoppel and Tenancy; Estoppel and Employer; Estoppel and Selection Board; Estoppel and Development Authority; Estoppel and Inquiry Officer; Estoppel against public bodies and the Government; No estoppel against Government policy statement as Sovereign or executive; Estoppel by election or approbation and reprobation; (a) Approbation and reprobation in respect of remedies; (b) Estoppel by election through family arrangement etc.; (c) Applies also to the proceedings in Court; Writ appeal before the Division Bench against the order of single Judge in continuation of proceeding—Plea of giving up the plea of perversity of reversion order before Single Judge not to operate estoppel before the Division Bench; (d) A party applying for setting aside abatement cannot plead no abatement; (e) To the successive stages of the same suits and one suit and other; (f) Something done or some advantage Page xxiii EVIDENCE ACT Sections taken under an order or decree; (g) Estoppel about jurisdiction of courts: (h) No estoppel when the court had no jurisdiction; (i) The sameness of the transaction and the parties; (j) Acceptance of cost; (k) Cost accepted under protest; (1) Cost accepted by counsel not authorised; Admitting a person to be entitled to a legal benefit; Silence; Waiver; Estoppel by Negligence; Cases; Estoppel mutual; Origin and development of promissory estoppel; Promissory estoppel as distinguished from real estoppel or actual estoppel; Scope and object of promissory estoppel; Application of Doctrine of promissory estoppel to government; Promissory estoppel creates right to sue. 116. Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession 509 Scope; Tenant cannot deny the title of Landlord; When the Landlord cannot plead estoppel; During the continuance of the tenancy; Meaning of ‘during the continuance of tenancy’; At the beginning of the tenancy; Relation of landlord and tenant; Licence; Estoppel between mortgagor and mortgagee. 117. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee 512 Scope. CHAPTER IX OF WITNESSES [ Secs. 118—134 ] 513—556 Competency of witnesses; Compellability of a witness. 118. Who may testify 513 Scope; Child witness; Preliminary examination to test the capacity of a child witness; Certificate that the witness understood the duty of speaking the truth; Oath to a child; Value of child evidence; Prosecutrix; Partisan or Interested Witness—Credibility; Injured witness; Eye witness as a silent spectator; Eye witness-Conduct of; Eye-witnesses- Inconsistancies; Eye-witness deviation; Police as witness; Evidence of investigation officer; Chance witnesses. 119. Dumb witnesses 527 Unable to speak. 120. Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands—Husband or wife of person under criminal trial 527 Scope. 121. Judges and Magistrates 527 Principle. 122. Communications during marriage 528 Principle; Conduct may be deposed to; Exception; During the marriage; Consent. 123. Evidence as to affairs of State 530 Page xxiv EVIDENCE ACT Sections Conditions of claim of privilege; ‘Unpublished’; Official record relating to affairs of State; ‘Affairs of State’—Meaning; Object and basis of Maxim ‘salus populiest suprema lex’ is the basis of Section 123; Privilege—When should be claimed—Procedure; No Privilege in respect of documents of appointments and transfers of Judges; Procedure to claim privilege; Who is to decide: Public Officer; Communication made in official confidence. 124. Official communications 536 Scope. 125. Information as to commission of offences 537 Scope; Principle. 126. Professional communications 537 Legal practitioner not to disclose communication; English and Indian law; The rule is limited to legal adviser; During the existence of the relationship; Oral or documentary; Joint interest; Waiver. 127. Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc 540 128. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence 540 Scope. 129. Confidential communications with legal advisers 541 Waiver. 130. Production of title-deeds of witness, not a party 541 Scope. 131. Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce 542 Scope. 132. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate 542 Witness not compellable to answer question—-Principle; Compellable witness—Scope; Proviso; “Compelled to give”—Statements made by person during investigation under— Section 161, Cr. P. Code. 133. Accomplice 544 Accomplice who is; Categories of accomplices; (1) Principals in the first and second degree; (2) Accessories before the facts; (3) Accessories after the fact; Persons seeing the offence being committed if associate after the fact; Accomplice and Coaccused; Reliance at the testimony of; Accompliance and approver; Combined effect of Sec. 133 and 114; Retracted confession and approver's evidence; The corroboration by independent evidence; Corroboration by another accomplice; The nature and extent of corroboration; Bribe givers; Trap or Decoy witness; Value of the evidence of a trap witness; Evidence of prosecutrix; The Law in England. Page xxv EVIDENCE ACT Sections 134. Number of witnesses 556 Quantity of witness not required; Single witness; Solitary witness—Related to deceased—Victim; Single witness. CHAPTER X OF THE EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES [ Secs. 135—166 ] 559—605 Of the examination of witnesses. 135. Order of production and examination of witnesses 559 Scope; The order of examination of witnesses; Exclusion of witnesses from court-room. 136. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence 560 Scope; Judge to decide the admissibility. 137. Examination-in-chief 561 Cross-examination 561 Re-examination 561 Distinction between examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-examination; Section 137 of Evidence Act and Section 145 of Negotiable Instrument Act. 138. Order of examinations 562 Direction of re-examination 562 Examination of a witness; Examination-in-chief; Cross- examinations; Admissibility of evidence of person with unfinished cross-examinations; Cross-examination-A wide scope; The important part of case to be put in cross- examination; Effect of not cross- examining; No opportunity given to cross-examine a witness-Effect of; Misleading questions; Effect of witness’s not presenting for cross- examinations; Tendering a witness for cross-examinations; Examination and cross-examinations must relate to relevant facts; Mode of recalling and cross-examining a witness; Power of the Court to control the examinations of a witness; Reexamination. 139. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document 568 140. Witnesses to character 568 Scope. 141. Leading questions 568 Scope. 142. When they must not be asked 569 Scope; Exceptions to this rule; If objected to; Matter of record; Commission of the Court. 143. When they may be asked 570 Scope; No misleading question in cross-examination. Page xxvi EVIDENCE ACT Sections 144. Evidence as to matters in writing 571 145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing 571 Scope; Use of the previous statement; Cross-examination as to previous statement; Intended to contradict; Attention must be called; Previous admission to contradict; If substantive evidence; Statement in writing; Admissibility of Tape Recording; Omission if contradiction; Relevant to the matter in issue; Of the witness himself; Substantive evidence; Section 145 of Evidence Act and Section 161, Cr. P.C. 146. Questions lawful in cross-examination 575 Scope; (1) To test his veracity; (2) To discover who he is and what is his position in life; (3) To shake his credit by injuring his character. 147. When witnesses to be compelled to answer 577 Scope. 148. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer 577 Putting of indecent questions; Principle; Scope of the section. 149. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds 577 No scandalous question without grounds. 150. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds 579 Section 150 is penal. 151. Indecent and scandalous questions 579 152. Question intended to insult or annoy 580 Scope. 153. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity 580 Principle; Scope; Evidence to contradict relevant facts; Exception-1; Previous conviction; Exception-2; Questions impeaching impartiality. 154. Question by party to his own witness 582 Principle; Scope; Put any question; Adverse or hostile witness; Prosecution witness when can be declared hostile; Cross-examination without declaring hostile; The permission of court; Value of the evidence of a hostile witness; Failure of prosecution to seek declaration about the witness as hostile. 155. Impeaching credit of witness 588 Scope; Clause 1; Clause 2; Clause 3; Is the, witness to be cross-examined; Section 145 and clause (3) of Section 155; Clause 4; Sections 52 and 155; Tape recording. Page xxvii EVIDENCE ACT Sections 156. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible 590 Scope. 157. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate latter testimony as to same fact 591 Scope; Conditions for admitting statements; At or about the time; Before any authority competent to investigate the fact; Persons competent to investigate; Is the statement be communicated to others; Witnesses to be corroborated need not say in court that he made the former statement; Time for giving corroborative evidence; The person surviving after making dying declaration; Problem—Question; Answer. 158. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under Section 32 or 33 594 Scope. 159. Refreshing memory 594 When witness may use copy of document to refresh memory 594 Refreshing memory; Any writing; Writing includes printing lithography and photography etc.; A newspaper; Tape recorded statement; Documents not produced at the projuction; Refreshing memory by any writing; Records of investigation; At the time of transaction or soon after it; Writing made by some other person; Obligation of witness to refresh his memory; A medicalman; The document many not be relevant—The fact must be admissible; Document does not become evidence but its details may be given by refreshing memory; Contents of the record of the statement of the accused under Section 27 of Evidence Act; Witness of a search list; Recovery list on the statement of accused under Section 27 of Evidence Act; No need to establish lack of recollection. 160. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in Section 159 600 Principle and scope; Difference between Sections 159 and 160. 161. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory 600 Principle and scope. 162. Production of documents 600 Translation of documents 601 Scope; Validity of objection to be decided by Court; Procedure for claiming privilege. 163. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice 601 Scope; Ingredients of the section; Value of such evidence. Page xxviii EVIDENCE ACT Sections 164. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice 602 Principle; Scope of the section. 165. Judge's power to put questions or order production 602 Judge's power to put questions; Court’s power to ask question; The time; Cross- examination on answers given to the Court; Proviso 1; Proviso 2. Section 165 Evidence Act and Section 162, Criminal Procedure Code; Section 165 of Evidence Act and Section 311 of Cr. P.C. 166. Power of jury or assessors to put questions 605 CHAPTER XI OF IMPROPER ADMISSION AND REJECTION OF EVIDENCE [ Secs. 167 ] 606—607 167. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence 606 Scope; Civil and Criminal cases; Effect of improper admission or rejection in civil cases; In criminal cases; Rejection of evidence—Material of. THE SCHEDULE—[Repealed] 607 Page xxix TABLE OF CASES A A Pillai v. State.............................................. 484 A. A. Nainar v. A. Chetiar............................ 105 A. Dinnohamy v. W.L. Blahamy.................. 467 A. N. Shah v. A. Annapuranamma............... 494 A. Naeesia v. State of Bihar..................66, 160, 161, 175, 178, 193 A. C. Jose v. Simon Pillai......................... 485 A. C.E. Union of India v. G.B. Bhirede................................................ 498 A. E.G. Garapiet v. A.Y. Derderian...... 564 A. H. Gandhi v. King.............. 113, 121, 122 A. P. Steel Re-Rolling Mills Ltd. v. State of Kerala.................................... 507 Abbas Ali Shah v. Muhammad Shah............. 100 Abdul Gani Malik v. Mala Habib.................. 484 Abdul Gani v. Emperor................................. 223 Abdul Ghani v. State of U.P.......................... 170 Abdul Hafiz v. State of A.P........................... 196 Abdul Karim v. Salimun................................ 366 Abdul Latif v. Man Singh Rao...................... 597 Abdul Malik v. State of U.P.......................... 337 Abdul Qadirv. Emperor................................. 196 Abdul Rahim Khan v. Faqir Mohd................ 105 Abdul Rahim v. Emperor............................... 270 Abdul Rashid v. State of Bihar...................... 176 Abdul Razak v. State of Maharashtra........................................ 160 Abdul Salim v. Emperor................................ 595 Abdul Sattar v. R........................................... 434 Abdul Sattar v. State of Mysore.................... 245 Abdul v. Baijan.............................................. 128 Abdul v. Emperor.......................................... 606 Abdul Wahid Khan v. Reny Charles Pavey.................................................. 485 Abdulla v. Emperor.............................. 181, 599 Abhay Singh v. State of U.P................. 304, 305 Abuthagir v. State Rep. by Inspector of Police, Madurai.......................... 30, 81 Achtai Lai v. Emperor................................... 257 Ade Feroz Shah v. H.M. Seerbae.................. 288 Adivekka v. Hanamavva Kom Venkatesh........................................... 469 Ahai Lal v. Emperor........................................ 87 Ahmad Bin Salam v. State of Andhra Pradesh.................................................. 78 Ahmad v. Ali Ibrahim.................................... 467 Ahmedabad Municipality v. Shantilal.............................................. 298 Air India v. Nergesh Mirza............................ 482 Ajay Singh v. State of Maharashtra.............. 148, 149 Ajit Chandra Bagchi and others v. Messrs Harishpur Tea Company........ 276 Ajit Savant Majagavi v. State of Karnataka............................................ 369 Akal Sahu v. Emperor................................... 146 Akram Sheikh v. Makid Sheikh....................... 99 Alexender v. The King.................................. 237 Algammal v. Devkammal.............................. 466 Ali Gauhar v. Emperor.................................. 179 Ali Hasan v. Matiulla............................. 43, 390 Ali Hassan v. State........................................ 288 Ali Nasir v. Manik......................................... 280 Ali Sher v. State of U.P....................... 460, 463 Alijan Munshi v. State.................................... 65 Allauddin v. Shishir Kumar Datta................. 314 Alley v. State of U.P........................................ 61 Allijan Munshi v. The State......................... 223 Aluminium Corporation v. L.R.C. Mills.................................................... 117 Amar Singh Munnasingh Suryawanshi v. State of Maharashtra....................................... 236 Amar Singh v. Balwinder Singh.................... 556 Amar Singh v. State of M.P.......................... 462 Amarappa v. State of Karnataka...................... 94 Amardas v. Harman Bhai.............................. 362 Amarjeet Singh v. State (Delhi Admn.) 1995....................................... 298 Ambar Ali v. Lutfe Ali.................................. 258 Ambika Charan Kundu v. Kumud Mohan Chaudhari................................. 91 Ambika Devi v. Bal Mukund Pandey................................................ 131 Ambika Prasad v. Ram Iqbal......................... 214 Ambika Singh v. State................................... 565 Ambu Nair v. Kebu Nair.............................. 4 91 Amin Sharif v. Emperor................................ 178 Amin v. State....................................... 190, 194 Amitsingh Bhikamsingh Thakur v. State of Maharashtra........................... 520 Ammathayarmal v. The Official Assignee.............................................. 586 Ammini and Others v. State of Kerala................. 86, 143, 184, 300, 312 Amrit Banaspati Co. Ltd. v. Union of India................................................ 429 Amrit Banaspati Co. v. State of Punjab................................................. 499 Amrit Devi v. Shripat Rai.............................. 392 Amrit Lai Hazara v. Emperor.............. 121, 586 Amrita v. Sripali................... S..................... 351 Amrut v. State..................................... 194, 199 Amulya Patnayak v. State.............................. 600 Anand Bahadur v. Deputy Commissioner, Barabanki..................... 81 Page xxx EVIDENCE ACT Anand Behari Lal v. Dinshaw & Co....................................................... 348 Anand Kumar v. State of M.P....................... 455 Anandi v. Nandi Lal...................................... 260 Anant Lal v. State of Bombay......................... 65 Anant Ram v. State of Punjab....................... 280 Anchar Ali v. State of Assam........................ 498 Aneppa v. State of Karnataka........................ 164 Anglo India Jute Mills Co. v. Omada Mill.................................................... 482 Angnu v. State............................................... 165 Anil Bajaj (Dr.) v. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research...................... 486 Anil Behari v. Latika Bala Dasi..................... 293 Anil Phukan v. State of Assam........................ 35 Anjali Kapoor v. Rajiv Baijal........................ 439 Ankush Maruti Shinde v. State of Maharashtra.......................................... 75 Anna Reddy Sambasiva Reddy v. State of A.P.,....................................... 522 Annapumamma v. Raja Vijayanagram....494 Annavi Mutherayyar v. Emperor................... 330 Anwar Ali Khan v. State of Assam................ 102 Anwar Ali Sarcar v. State.............................. 380 Anwar Hussain v. The State of U. P................ 80 Appuv. State.............................................. 63, 66 Arabinda Dey v. State.................................... 565 Arjun Chand v. Kailash Chandra................... 361 Arjun Singh v. Mahasaband.......................... 512 Arun Bhakta alias Thulu v. State of West Bengal.......................................... 23 Arun Kumar Banerji v. State........................... 69 Arun Kumar Sinha v. Union of India.................................................... 494 Arvind Kumar v. State of M.P....................... 452 Arvind Kumar v. State of Rajasthan............. 238, 239 Asa Ram v. M.C.D............................... 345, 467 Asan Tharayil v. State of Kerala.................... 242 Asharani Das v. Union of India..................... 439 Asharfi Lal v. Koili....................................... 294 Ashfaque Ali Khan v. Ashrafi Mahaseth............................................. 103 Ashish Batham v. State of Madhya Pradesh.................................................. 79 Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of M. P...................................................... 18 Ashok Kumar Uttam Chand Shah v. P.M. A. Chanchad............................... 369 Ashok Kumar v. State of Rajasthan............... 231 Ashok Laxman Gaikwad v. State of Maharashtra........................................ 238 Ashok v. Madho Lal...................................... 344 Ashrafi Lal v. Mst. Nannhi.......................... 365 Ashudani Kumar v. Union of India............... 275 Ashwini Kumar v. Union Territory, Tripura................................................ 599 Asiatic Steam Navigation Co. v. Sub-Lieutenant.................................... 300 Asif v. Jadunath Majumdar........................... 483 Asraf SC v. State of West Bengal.................... 24 Assistant Collector Central Excise v. Dunlop India Ltd............................. 337 Assistant Commercial Tax Commissioner v. Dharmendra Trading Co.......................................... 497 Associated Hotel of India v. Ranjit Singh................................................... 495 Association of Industrial Electricity Users v. State of A.P........................... 506 Ata Mohammad v. Crown............................. 464 Athappa Goundan v. Emperor....................... 188 Au Mu v. Emperor......................................... 330 Autar Singh v. Sohanlal................................. 484 Avtar Singh v. State of Punjab...................... 461 Awabalvana Pillai v. Gowri Ammal.............. 276 Awadh Behari v. State of M.P....................... 592 Awadhi Yadawa v. State of Bihar................... 24 Ayeasha v. Peerkhan........................... 539, 580 Ayisa Bibi v. Aboo Bakar.............................. 466 Ayodhya Prasad Bhargava v. Bhawani Shankar Bhargava............... 134, 214, 215, 573 Ayyub Etop v. State of U.P........................... 183 Ayyub v. State of U.P..................................... 8 0 Aziz Ahmad v. S.A. Patel.............................. 265 Azizullah Khan v. Ahmad Ali Khan.................................................... 130 B B. Chakravarti v. W.I. Theatre........................ 96 B. Colema & Co. v. P. Das Gupta................. 480 B. Goweresh v. K. Subhdrama...................... 511 B. K. Channappa v. State of Karnataka............................................ 526 B. K. Sarana v. R.................................... 434 B. L. Shreedhar v. K.M. Mhmarireddy...................................... 471 B. P. v. State of H.P................................... 451 B. S.E.S. Ltd. v. Tata Power Co. Ltd..... 506 B. S. Lall v. Sardarmal Lalwani................ 492 Babasaheb Apparao Patil v. State of Maharashtra........................................ 523 Babloo Pasi v. State of Jharkhand................. 281 Babu Lal v. Caltex......................................... 565 Babu Lal v. State........................................... 435 Babu Ram v. Baijnath Singh......................... 493 Babu Ram v. Shrimati Parsanni..................... 315 Babu Ram v. State........................................... 65 TABLE OF CASES xxxi Page xxxi Table of Cases Babu Rao Patel v. Bathakeray..................... 576 Babu Singh v. Ram Sahai....................363, 365 Babunandan v. Board of Revenue................386 Badan Singh v. Brijraj................................. 388 Badri Bai v. The State of Bihar....................... 87 Badri Kedar Paper Pvt. Ltd. v. U.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission........................................ 505 Badri Pd. v. Dy. Director of Consolidation...................................... 467 Badri Prasad v. Bhagwan Das....................... 397 Badri Prasad v. Shanti Lal............................. 602 Badruddin v. State of Maharashtra.................. 50 Badshah Singh v. State.................................. 438 Bahadur Singh v. Barkatulla......................... 105 Bahai Singh v. State of Haryana.................... 526 Bahman Vaje Ram Raghuram v. State...................................................... 64 Bai Hira Devi v. Official Assignee of Bombay................ 395, 403, 406, 419 Bai Khatija v. State.......................................... 69 Bai Sakeena Bai v. Gulam Rasool................. 387 Baiju v. State of M.P..................................... 463 Baikuntha v. Prasanna Moiji......................... 586 Bain v. White Raven and Furness Junction Ry............................................. 4 Bakshi Singh v. State of Punjab................... 228, 232, 273 Bai Kishan v. State of Maharashtra............... 176 Bai Krishna Das Agrawal v. Radha Devi and others..........................297, 314 Bai Raja Ram v. Manek Lal.......................... 561 Bai Ram v. Jayakrishna............................... 317 Bai Ram v. Ramesh Chandra................ 408, 409 Bala Majhi v. State of Orissa......................... 148 Bala Majihi v. The State of Orissa................ 154, 205 Baladev Singh v. State of Haryana.................. 23 Balaji v. State................................................ 518 Balaka Singh v. The State of Punjab............... 35 Balbhaddar v. I.T. Commissioner.................. 124 Balbir singh v. State of Punjab............ 170, 209, 232, 235 Baldeo Misra v. Bharose Kunbi............ 386, 389 Baldeo Raj v. State of Haryana......................167 Baldeo Raj v. Urmila Kumari........................298 Baldev Singh v. State of Punjab................... 455 Balgovind Das v. Makbool Sheikh................ 354 Bali Ram v. Bapu Rao................................... 494 Balkisan Das v. W.F. Legge.......................... 406 Balkrishna Das v. Radha Devi....................... 302 Ballahabdas v. Collector of Custom.............. 177 Balmukund v. Emperor................................ 160 Balu Sonba Shinde v. State of Maharashtra......................................587 Balusami v. Balkrishna.................................... 99 Balwant Kaur v. Union Territory of Chandigarh.......................................... 550 Balwant Singh v. Daulat Singh...................... 281 Balwinder Kumar v. Bawasingh and other............................................. 302 Balwinder Singh v. State of Punjab................ 18, 150 Banarasi Das v. Kashiram............................. 138 Banarsi Devi v. Janvi Devi............................ 376 Banarsidas v. Sumati Prasad.......................... 108 Bandhu Kechei v. State................................. 172 Banerjee Store v. President of India.............. 303 Bank of Bihar v. Tata Sub-dealers................. 123 Banshi v. State............................................... 295 Banti v. State of M.P....................................... 30 Banwari Lal v. Mahesh................ 300, 596, 597 Banwari Lal v. State...................................... 562 Banwari Lal v. Sukhdarshan.......................... 481 Banwari Lal v. Trilok Chand......................... 261 Barelal v. State.............................................. 433 Barindra v. Emperor........................................ 13 Basant Singh v. Brij Raj Singh...................... 352 Basant Singh v. Janki Singh.......................... 214 Basdevanand v. Shantanand.......................... 574 Basir Uddin v. Himmat Ali............................ 351 Baso Prasad v. State of Bihar........................ 301 Baso Rao v. Emperor..................................... 322 Bathula Nagamalleswar v. State Rep. by Public Prosecutor...15, 34, 521 Batul Begum v. B. Hem Chandra................ 483 Bawa Jena v. State......................................... 463 Beer Basabaradhya v. Devotees Lingadagudi Matt................................ 134 Behara Tanti v. State..................................... 144 Bela Ram v. Mahabir Singh............................ 90 Bela Rani v. Mahabir Singh................... 90, 264 Bellachi v. Pakeeran...................................... 469 Bembala Subbay Rae v. Bhusangayya............ 99 Benga Behera v. Braja Kishore Nanda.......... 367 Beni Prasad v. Dood Nath............................. 140 Bepathuma v. Shankaranarayan..................... 490 Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab.................. 18, 19 Bhagban Panda v. Dullav Panda.................... 459 Bhagga v. State of M. P................................. 518 Bhagi v. Crown.............................................. 209 Bhagirath v. State of Haryana........................ 227 Bhagirathi v. State of M.P................... 202, 599 Bhagirathmal v. Vibhuti Bhusan................... 389 Bhagwan Das v. State of Rajasthan................. 68 Bhagwan Din v. Gauri Shanker..................... 370 Page xxxii Evidence Act Bhagwan Singh and others v. State of U.P.................................................. 525 Bhagwan Singh v. State of Haryana.............. 160 161, 586, 587 Bhagwan Swarup v. State of M.P.................. 516 Bhagwan Swarup v. State of Maharashtra.................................85, 320 Bhagwan Swarup v. State of Maharashtra........................................ 320 Bhagwan v. State of Rajasthan...................... 247 Bhagwandas v. A.J. Mills Co........................ 482 Bhagwandas v. State of Rajasthan................... 86 Bhagwat Gond v. State of Bihar.................... 164 Bhagwati Prasad v. Rameshwari.......... 257, 258 Bhaichandra v. Chabasappa Mallappa............................................. 601 Bhairon Singh v. State of M.P.............. 228, 229 Bhamara v. State of M.P.................................. 66 Bhanwar Singh v. State of M.P..................... 523 Bhaoji v. Govt. of Hyd.................................... 61 Bharat Bank v. Employees of Bharat Bank........................................................ 8 Bharat Kumar K. Palien and others v. State of Kerala................................ 328 Bharat Singh v. Bhagirathi.................. 134, 215, 573, 574 Bharat v. State of Rajasthan.......................... 229 Bhason v. State of Pepsu............................... 156 Bhau Ram v. Bag Nath Singh........................ 491 Bheru Lal v. State of Rajasthan..................... 521 Bhika v. King Emperor.................................. 599 Bhikari v. State of U.P.......................... 432, 433 Bhim Singh v. State of Haryana...................... 83 Bhinka v. Charan Singh................................. 378 Bhodh Raj alias Bodha v. State of Jammu & Kashmir.............................. 185 Bhogi Lal Chunni Lal Pandey v. State of Bombay.................................. 593 Bhogi Lal v. The Royal Insurance................. 589 Bhoginbhai Hirzinbhai v. State of Gujarat................................................ 555 Bhojraj v. Sitaram.......................................... 563 Bhola Nath Kushwala v. State of M.P..................................................... 587 Bhola Shankar Maha Shankar Bhattjee v. Charity Commissioner, Gujarat....................... 308 Bhondu v. Emperor.............................. 595, 599 Bhoom Singh v. State.................................... 194 Bhopal Singh v. Chatter Singh and others.................................................. 480 Bhubani Sahu v. King.......... 207, 210, 464, 550 Bhupan v. State of Madhya Pradesh.............. 241 Bhupendra Kumar R. Parikh v. M.K. Lakshmi.............................................. 445 Bhupendra Singh v. State of U.P.................. 524 Bhushan Chand v. Hiranmay........................ 274 Biard Mal Singhvi v. Anand Purohit................................................ 281 Bibi Kundo v. Onkarnath.............................. 491 Bikav Pandey v. State of Bihar....................... 95 Bilas Kumari v. Deshraj Ranjit Singh................................................... 510 Bikiam Ali v. Emperor.................................. 584 Binapani v. Rabindranath.............................. 571 Binav Kumar and others v. State of Bihar............................................ 94, 557 Bindra v. Emperor......................................... 431 Bir Singh v. State of U.P............................... 337 Birey Singh v. State............................. 163, 572 Biru Mall v. State of Gujarat......................... 460 Bisessar Mishra v. King................................ 282 Bishesar Nath v. S.T. Commissioner............ 495 Bishnath Prasad v. Emperor.......................... 279 Bishnu Prasad Sinha v. State of Assam................................................. 145 Bishwanatha v. Dhapu Devi................... 65, 181 Bobla Suramma v. Peddareddi...................... 352 Bodala Murali Krishna v. Smt. S. Bodala Prathima.................................... 14 Bodhraj v. State of J&K.................................. 30 Bongaigaon Refinery P.C. Ltd. v. Girish Chandra Sarnath....................... 493 Boota Singh v. Crown................................... 266 Brahmachari v. Anadh Bandhu..................... 270 Brahmaya v. King......................................... 567 Brajendra Kishore v. Mohin Chandra............................................... 104 Brij Ballabh Ghosh v. Akhoi Bagdi.............. 379 Brij Basi Lal v. State of M.P......................... 295 Brij Bhushan Singh v. Emperor.................... 572 Brij Lal Prasad Sinha v. State of Bihar..................................................... 94 Brij Lal v. State of M.P................................. 153 Brij Mohan v. Priyabrat...................... 280, 282 Brij Mohan v. State of Rajasthan................... 78, 190, 303 Brija v. Emperor........................................... 181 Brijlal Prasad Sinha v. State of Bihar..................................................... 95 Brijlal v. V.M. Chandra Prabha.................... 315 Brojendra Kishore Roy v. Mohin Chandra............................................... 103 Brown v. E.C.R. Co....................................... 5 6 Brundaban Naik v. Gobardhan Biswal................................................ 367 Budha v. Bedaruja......................................... 125 Budhsen v. State of U. P................................. 75 Bur Singh v. State of Punjab................... 35, 520 Page xxxiii Table of Cases Burn Standard Co. Ltd. v. Dinabandhu Majurndar....................... 280 Burrakar Coal Co. v. Labour Appellate Tribunal of India..................... 2 C C. B. I. v. V.C. Shukla....................86, 277, 278 C. Chenga Reddy v. State of A.P.....................18 C. Das v. State.............................................. 209 C. Shankarnarayan v. State of Kerala.................................................. 489 C. C. Das v. Raghunath Das..................... 434 C. C. Reo. Authority v. M/s P.S. Private Ltd.................................395, 396 C. K. Ravindran v. State of Kerala........... 167 C. S. & M. Co. v. Municipal Corporation......................................... 499 C. T. Muniappan v. State of Madras......... 564 Calcutta Credit Corporation v. Prince Peter of Greece........................ 438 Central Airman Selection Board v. Surendra Kumar Das........................... 486 Central Excise Department v. Somasundaram.................................. 299 Central London Property Trust Ltd. v. High Trees House Ltd............499, 505 Century Spinning and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. v. The Ulhasnagar Municipal Council.................... 488, 498, 504, 505 Chaitan Chand Panda v. Maheshwar Panda............................... 367 Chaitanya Charan v. Manik Chandra............................................... 476 Chalianadan v. Rex........................................ 220 Chaman Lal v. State of J. and K.................... 155 Chaman v. State of U.P................................... 78 Champalal v. Thakurji Gopalji...................... 425 Chanchal Singh v. Emperor.................. 273, 274 Chanda Bai v. Anwar Khan........................... 390 Chanda v. Emperor........................................ 544 Chandan Bai v. Jagjiwandas............................ 43 Chandan v. State of Rajasthan.............. 547, 550 Chandanlal Joura v. Amin Chand.................. 565 Chandap v. State of Rajasthan....................... 116 Chandmal v. State of Rajasthan....................... 19 Chandra Bhan Singh v. State......................... 224 Chandra Das v. State..................................... 210 Chandra Gopal v. State................................... 54 Chandra Mohan Tiwari v. State of M.P............................................. 25, 518 Chandrakant Nyslchand Seth v. The State of Bombay.................................. 21 Chandramani Naik v. Binapani Dei...............564 Chandrappa v. State of Karnataka............. 26, 29 Chandreshwer v. Ram Chandra Singh............. 97 Chandu Lal v. Khalemonnesia....................... 317 Channo Mahto v. Jang Bahadur Singh................................................... 101 Chari Patti Shankararao v. Public Prosecutor A.P. High Court................ 249 Chari v. State................................................. 576 Charubala v. German Company.................... 510 Chaturbhuj Pandey v. Collecter, Raigarh................................................ 565 Chaukidar Deoki Nandan v. Emperor.............................................. 179 Chavan Baghamalla v. Y.R. Porapia............. 531 Chellappan v. State of Kerala........................ 549 Chemnaveeriah v. Mysore Revenue Tribunal.............................................. 493 Chennavemah v. R.A.T. Mysore................... 491 Cherlopalli Cheliminabi Saheb v. State of Andhra Pradesh...................... 251 Chhaggan Singh v. State................................ 437 Chhatra v. State............................................... 61 Chhattar Singh v. State of Haryana................. 24 Chheda v. Emperor........................................ 460 Chhotanney v. State of U.P................. 311, 433 Chhotka v. State........................................ 51, 52 Chinnavalayan v. State of Madras................. 223 Chitru Devi v. Smt. Ram Davi............ 281, 386 Chittal Singh v. Emperor............................... 373 Chobar v. State.............................................. 144 Chokani v. Western India Theatre................... 97 Chotkan v. State............................................ 544 Chowdappa v. Emperor................................. 460 Chowgule & Co. v. Union of India................ 488 Chuni Lal v. Hortford Fire Co....................... 565 Chunni v. Emperor...................................... 175 Collector of Bombay v. Bombay Corporation....................................... 489 Collector of Gorakhpur v. Akashwani.......................................... 101 Collector of Gorakhpur v. Palakdhan............ 107 Collector of Gorakhpur v. Ram Sudarmal............................................. 373 Collector of Jabalpur v. A.R. Jahangir........... 297 Commissioner of Police, New Delhi v. Nandan Singh................................. 179 Controller of Insurance Simla v. Venguard Co....................................... 494 Corporation of Calcutta v. Province of Bengal............................................... 73 Cyril Waugh v. King..................................... 245 D D. Pandi v. Dhanalakshmi Bank Ltd............ 370 D. Sailu v. State of A. P................................ 520 D. B. Desh Mukh v. State.......................... 226 D. D.A. Self Financing Flats Owners Society v. Union of India.................... 508 D. D.A. v. Joint Action Committee, Allotee of SFS Flats............................ 487 D. R. Punjab Montogomery Transport Co. v. Raghuvanshi Pvt. Ltd............... 590 Page xxxiv Evidence Act Dada Buddappa Gouli v. Kalu Kanu Gouli.......................................... 585 Dahu v. Tuharmal.......................................... 346 Dahya Bhai v. State of Gujarat..................... 431, 433, 562 Dal Bahadur v. Bijai Bahadur...............255, 270 Dalbir Singh v. State of Haryana............... 34, 80 Dalgish v. Muzaffar Hussain......................... 100 Dalgovind v. Nimai Charan.................. 261, 317 Dalim Kumar v. Nand Ram......... 274, 279, 377 Dalip Singh v. State of Punjab....................... 520 Damru Ram v. Madanlal and others....................................................... 282 Dandu Laxmi Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh................................... 238 Danu Singh v. Emperor................................. 224 Darbari Kumar v. State.................................... 66 Darbari v. State.............................................. 170 Daroga R. v. Pancham................................... 179 Darshan Lal v. State of J. & K.............. 164, 166 Darshan Singh and others v. Gujjar Singh................................................... 442 Darshan Singh v. State of Haryana................ 309 Darshan Singh v. State of Punjab.................. 244 Dasari Siva Prasad Reddy v. Public Prosecutor, High Court A.P.................. 95 Dashrath alias Champa v. State of M. P.................................................... 241 Dashrath v. State of M. P............................... 253 Dataram S. Victore v. Tukaram S. Victore................................................ 486 Dattatraya v. Raghunath................................ 482 Daulatram v. Triloki Nath............................. 484 Davind v. Lachmi.......................................... 213 Dawsons Bank v. N.M. K.K. (Jap Trading Co.)...................... 478, 481, 482 Daya Singh v. State of Haryana....................... 78 Debashish Kar Gupta v. State of West Bengal........................................ 328 Deep Chand v. Sajjad Ali Khan..................... 399 Deep Chand v. Sarupathraj................... 433, 576 Delhi Administration v. Bai Krishna.............................................. 200 Delhi University v. Ashok Kumar................. 483 Dendra Pasad v. State of U.P......................... 158 Dengo Kendero v. Emperor........................... 208 Denonandan Mishra v. The State of Bihar..................................................... 21 Deo Dhari v. Emperor................................... 586 Deo Rao v. State of Maharashtra................... 247 Deochand v. D.D. of Consolidation............... 392 Deokinandan v. Emperor............................... 177 Deonandan v. State of Bihar............................ 27 Desh Raj v. Bodh Raj........................... 281, 390 Deshraj Chopra v. Puranmal.......................... 564 Deshraj Sharma v. State.................................. 64 Deva Sharan Yadav v. State.......................... 495 Devaiah v. Nagappa...................................... 494 Devason's Bank v. Nippan, Menkhevakahu.................................... 497 Devendra Kumar Sharma v. State of Rajasthan.......................... 276, 278, 279 Devenkaia Raya v. P.G. Rajieha................... 510 Dever Park Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Smt. Madhuri Jalan and others.......... 270, 563 Devesh Pratap Singh v. Smt. Sunita Singh................................................... 450 Devi Ram v. State......................................... 173 Devi v. Emperor............................................ 460 Devi v. Prasanno Kumar............................... 493 Dhan Raj and others v. State of Manarashtra.............................. 239, 514 Dhanpal v. Emperor...................................... 209 Dhanpal v. State............................................ 337 Dharambir Singh v. The State of Punjab.......................................... 21, 223 Dharamu Beldar v. King Emperor................ 569 Dharamveer v. State of U P.......................... 523 Dharm Singh and others v. State of Punjab................................................. 519 Dharma v. State.................................... 599, 600 Dharmavati Bai v. Shiv Singh....................... 127 Dheram Pal v. State of U. P.......................... 518 Dhoom Singh v. State................................... 200 Dhula v. State................................................ 204 Dhyani Gop v. Emperor................................ 460 Dileep Singh v. State of Punjab.................... 249 Dimple Gupta v. Rajiv Gupta........................ 2 9 Din Dayal v. State........................................... 39 Dinaman Chowdhrani v. Braj Mohni Chaudhari................................ 107 Dinanath v. Ram Raj..................................... 359 Dinbhai v. Dominion of India....................... 535 Dinesh Borthakur v. State of Assam............... 82 Dinesh Dalmia v. State................................. 304 Dinesh Kumar v. State of Rajasthan.............. 34, 521 District Bar Association, Kurukshetra v. State of Haryana.............................. 328 Dogar Mal v. Sunan Ram.............................. 389 Doman v. Suraj Dev Prasad.......................... 572 Dongar Singh v. Krishna Kant...................... 434 Doodhnath Pande v. State of U.P........... 93, 190 Dootar Jha v. Ranjit...................................... 541 Doraiswamy v. Rathnammal................365, 367 Dr. Ashok Kumar Maheshwari v. State of U.P. and another.................... 505 Dr. Kripa Ram Mathur v. State of U.P...................................................... 124 Page xxxv Table of cases Dulal Chandra Adak and others v. Gunadhar Patra & others..................... 312 Durand Didier v. Chief Secretary, Union Territory, Goa.......................... 298 Durga Prasad Singh v. Ram Dayal Chaudhari.............................................. 13 Dwarka Prasad v. Sant................................... 277 Dwarka v. Parmanand................................... 358 Dwarka v. State............................................. 565 Dwijesh v. Naresh........................................... 40 Dwingly Ariel v. State of M.P........................ 68 Dy. Legal Remembrancer v. Karuna Baisstoki........................................... 208

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