The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 Questions PDF

The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - The land of Pakistan a) Location of Pakistan Candidates should be able to identify the following on a map: the Tropic of Cancer, latitudes 30°N, 36°N, longitu...

The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - The land of Pakistan a) Location of Pakistan Candidates should be able to identify the following on a map: the Tropic of Cancer, latitudes 30°N, 36°N, longitudes 64°E, 70°E and 76°E the Arabian Sea the countries sharing a border with Pakistan, and Pakistan’s position in relation to others in South and Central Asia. b) Location of provinces and cities Candidates should be able to identify the following on a map: the provinces, Northern Areas (Gilgit–Baltistan) and FATA named cities: Islamabad, Muree, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Sialkot, Peshawar, Chitral, Gilgit, Hyderabad, Karachi, Quetta and Gwadar. c) The natural topography, including drainage Candidates should be able to identify the following on a map: named landforms: Balochistan Plateau, Sulaiman Range, Safed Koh, Potwar Plateau, Salt Range, Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya mountain ranges named rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Kabul, Hab and Dasht named deserts: Thar, Thal and Kharan. Candidates should be able to: use the appropriate vocabulary when describing the distinguishing features of mountains, plateaux, floodplains and deserts (knowledge of the formation of the natural topography of Pakistan is not required) identify and name the above features on a photograph or drawing understand the influence of the natural topography on human activities: – steep slopes and flat land on the way that the land is used – mountains and deserts on the road and rail networks. d) Climate Candidates should: know the distribution of temperature and rainfall, including monsoon, depressions and convectional rain know seasonal and regional variations, and the factors contributing to them, including depressions, thunderstorms and cyclones (typhoons) understand the causes of the monsoon (knowledge of the causes of other types of rain is not required) describe and explain the characteristics of the climate of the arid, semi-arid, humid and highland regions, including seasonal variations know the influence of latitude and longitude on day length and climate understand the influence of the climate (both the benefits it brings and the problems it causes) on the economy and on the lives of the people: – the influence of low temperature, ice and snow on the lives of people in the mountains – the influence of rain storms and flooding on agriculture, industry and communications – the problems caused by drought and shortage of water supply on agriculture and industry. -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J18/P2/Q1 -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - INSERT -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - O/N17/P2/Q4(a) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - O/N17/P2/Q5(a) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - O/N16/P2/Q1(a aND B) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - INSERT -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J16/P2/Q1(a) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J16/P2/Q5(a) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J15/P2/Q1(B) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - O/N14/P2/Q3(a) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J14/P2/Q3(a) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - O/N13/P2/Q3(C aND D) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - INSERT -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J13/P2/Q1(a,B aND C) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - INSERT -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J13/42/Q1(a) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J12/P2/Q2(a aND B) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J12/P2/Q2(a,B aND C) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - O/N11/P2/Q5(a,B aND C) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J11/P2/Q5 -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - Answer Key-Mark Scheme -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J18/P2/Q1 -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - O/N17/P2/Q4(a) -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - O/N17/P2/Q5(a) O/N16/P2/Q1(a aND B) 1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows the distribution of monthly rainfall in Karachi. (i) A For how many months does Karachi experience less than 10 mm rainfall? B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September. A 7 (may simply list the 7 months) B 173 mm Tolerance 171–175 mm (ii) Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located. Arid / coastal (maritime) / warm summer, mild winter (iii) What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rainbearing winds come? Source: [Secondary] monsoon Direction: SW (iv) Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi. Widespread / great / huge / much / many / a lot of – damage [Flash] floods / blocked drains / sewers Lives lost / injuries / people missing Damage to / loss of homes / belongings / slums Damage to named transport – e.g. roads, railways, ports, airports so people unable to get to work Damage to named services – e.g. schools / hospitals / clinics Damage to workplaces / industry - e.g. the fishing industry destroyed so no source of income or loss of income / disrupts exports Loss to local economy – e.g. through damaged industry / cost of rebuilding / loss of jobs Damage to transmission lines / power stations / lack of power Damage to communication – e.g. lack of telecommunications / telephone lines / internet / social media Shortage / contamination – drinking water / food causing disease to spread -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - (b) Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show parts of the lower Indus valley. Using the photographs and your own knowledge, explain the advantages for agriculture in areas like this. Near to river / lake / water source (for ease of irrigation / plentiful water for sugar cane or cotton) [Active / old] flood plain (allows floods to spread over a large area) River floods regularly / every 1–8 years (e.g. depositing alluvium / providing water and nutrients / which is useful for rice / suitable for Buffalo to wallow idea) Alluvium / fertile soil (to increase crop yields) Wide area / floodplain / space / up to 40 km wide (which provides large area of land for intensive cropping) Flat (e.g. for ease of cultivation / easy to grow crops / easy to use machinery / easy for cattle to graze) (2 + 2) Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark) M/J16/P2/Q1 1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which is a map of northern Pakistan. (i) On the map name the following: Mountain range A; City B; River C A: Himalaya(s) B: Murree C: Jhelum (ii) Explain the causes of high rainfall at city B. Receives rainfall in all seasons /throughout year Monsoon (from Bay of Bengal) (via N India) Western depressions (from Mediterranean) (from Afghanistan/Iran) Relief rainfall (air rises over mountains and cools/condenses) Thunderstorm / convection / convectional rain/currents (hot air rises [in summer] and cools) M/J16/P2/Q5(a) 5 (a) Study Fig. 9 which is a map of southern Pakistan. (i) On the map name the following: Line of longitude A; River B; City C A: – 64E B: – Dasht C: – Karachi M/J15/P2/Q1(B) (b) (i) Study Fig. 2 which shows rainfall data for two cities on the River Indus. A Compare the amount and pattern of monthly rainfall in Hyderabad with that of Dera Ismail Khan. Amount Both high Jul and Aug Both identical Jun/Nov Both low Oct/Nov For Dera Ismail Khan (accept converses for Hyderabad) Greater total 274 mm as opposed to 179 mm Higher in all months except Aug and Sep/any named month / lower in Aug/Sep -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - A pair of stats to illustrate for any month (e.g. May H – 4 mm, DIK –17 mm) Max 1 Tolerances: ± 1 mm Pattern Both maximum Jul–Aug For Dera Ismail Khan (accept converses for Hyderabad) Has double maximum Jul–Aug and Mar (H – one maximum) Has more evenly distributed rainfall over the year (H – more variable) B Give three reasons for any similarities or differences in the two patterns of rainfall. Both experience monsoon rainfall [Jul–Sep] Dera Ismail Khan experiences rainfall from western depressions [Dec–Mar] Dera Ismail Khan experiences some thunderstorm rainfall [Apr–Jun] Accept converses for Hyderabad (ii) Explain the effect of flooding on the local economy and transport links in communities along the River Indus. Local economy Livestock/crops/farm equipment/fisheries lost (causing loss of income) Factories/workplaces temporarily closed (causing damage/unemployment/loss of production/income/profit) Electricity supply disrupted (factories closed) Build up of silt behind dams (less water storage/effect on HEP production) Alluvium/nutrients deposited by flood water (fertilises soil) Transport Links Bridges washed away (limiting ability to trade) Roads/railways destroyed/damaged/flooded (making journeys longer/slower/more dangerous) Rivers become unnavigable (communications cut/villages cut off) Allow development of points illustrated by information in parentheses O/N14/P2/Q3(a) 3 (a) Study Fig.3, a graph showing rainfall in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. (i) What is the minimum rainfall, and when does it occur? 50–52 mm October (ii) What is the maximum rainfall, and when does it occur? 253 / 254mm March (iii) For how many months between October and June is the rainfall above 80mm? 6 (iv) Give two causes of high rainfall between October and June at Dir. Western / winter depressions / disturbances Relief rainfall Convectional rainfall / currents Thunderstorm (v) What is the main cause of summer rainfall at Dir? Monsoon M/J14/P2/Q3(a) 3 (a) Study the map Fig.5 -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - (i) Name the towns A, B and C A – Quetta B – Peshawar C – Gilgit (ii) Name one of the passes D, E and F shown on Fig. 5, and name the country that it links to Pakistan. D – Khojak pass – Afghanistan E – Khyber pass – Afghanistan F – Khunjerab pass – China (iii) Give two reasons why air transport is used to carry lightweight or valuable goods to other countries instead of roads. Safety / less likely to be damaged / stolen / less risk of accidents Speed O/N13/P2/Q3(C aND D) (c) Study Fig 5, a map of Pakistan. (i) Give the latitude of the lines X – X and Y – Y X – X 36 °N Y – Y 30 °N (ii) Explain the effect of latitude on temperature and day length. Temperature Greater heating/warming effects lower latitudes/nearer equator/lower heating/cooling effect higher latitudes Lower latitudes more direct rays of the sun (Accept converse) Higher or lower angle of the sun/high latitude lower angle of sun/low latitude higher angle of sun High latitudes less insolation/more rays absorbed by the atmosphere/rays spread over larger area(Accept converse) Day length High latitudes days shorter in winter and longer in summer/the higher the latitude the shorter the days in winter/low latitudes days and nights more equal in length Earth is tilted on its axis Hemisphere experiencing summer points towards the sun / N hemisphere points toward sun in summer and away from sun in winter (d) (i) Study Photograph C. Name three attractions to tourists shown in the photograph. Valleys Rivers/rapids Mountains/hills Greenery/lush vegetation/meadows/pastures Forest/trees Terraces Tracks/trails (ii) Explain how local people can gain income from tourism in mountain areas. Making/sale of crafts Opening shops in village Guides (on tracks/trails) Named services e.g. hotels/restaurants Named transport services Offering accommodation in own home Construction of tourist facilities -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J13/P2/Q1(a,B aND C) 1 (a) (i) For each of the following cities state the maximum rainfall and the month in which it falls. Peshawar 68/69 mm, August Lahore 201/202 mm, July Murree 340 mm, July (ii) Compare the amount and pattern of rainfall in Lahore and Peshawar during the monsoon season. Lahore more rain/higher maximum increase then decrease earlier maximum/max in July tails off more slowly comparative figures (other than those from (i)) Peshawar Credit comparison of above (iii) Explain how the monsoon winds bring rainfall to northern Pakistan. from the sea/Bay of Bengal/Indian Ocean this increases the moisture content rise over land air cools condensation (iv) Suggest two reasons why Murree has a higher rainfall than Lahore and Peshawar. higher altitude/mountainous more thunderstorms more western depressions windward slope more vegetation/forests (b) (i) Circle three of the phrases below that describe a semi-arid climate. HIGH EVAPOTRANSPIRATION HOT DAYS AND COLD NIGHTS THUNDERSTORMS (ii) Study Photograph A (Insert) Explain how the ground surface and the vegetation show that this is an area of low rainfall. Ground (res. 1) bare/barren ground sand small stones Vegetation (res. 1) scattered, e.g. sparce/scanty lack of greenery/pale brown/not green low bushes/shrubs/scrub/not tall adaptations seen in photograph, e.g. thorns/thin leaves etc. M/J13/42/Q1(a) 1 (a) (i) winter maximum most from December to April second max in July and August none in September (ii) western depressions December to April monsoon July and August (iii) maximum 28 °C July minimum 4 °C January -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - (iv) Sun higher in the sky / higher angle of insolation Longer hours of daylight Less cloud M/J12/P2/Q2(a aND B) 2 (a) Study Fig. 3, showing the climate of Karachi. (i) By how much does the temperature rise from January to May? 12°C (ii) How does the amount of rainfall change from October to March? Increases Steady / constant / regular 1 – 12mm / by 2mm per month (iii) With reference to Fig. 3 describe the climate of the months June to September. Temperature High / warm hot 29 – 31°C / average 30°C Highest in June Little change in temperature Rainfall High (accept July-September) 20 – 85mm Large increase in July / July max Decreasing after July Total 170-185 mms Allow a mark for ‘temperature drops (in July) when rainfall increases’ (b) Explain the causes of the monsoon at Karachi. Low pressure develops over land mass / air rises over land Draws in wind from high pressure area From the Arabian Sea Moisture-bearing /wet winds /carrying rain / humid Rise over land Cools Moisture condenses / clouds form (c) (i) Name the violent storms that form over the sea and that may affect Karachi. Cyclones / Typhoons / Hurricanes (ii) In which months may these occur? April / May / June / Sept / Oct / November (iii)Explain how storms such as these may affect industry and communications in urban areas. NB. Answer must refer to storms in urban areas, therefore no ref. to farming or its products No reserves Flooding / heavy rain / high waves/ high tides} Strong winds } Weather associated with the storm Lightning strike } Damage or closure of buildings / roads / bridges / airports Lack of deliveries port activity Loss of production / work stops Lack of labour / cannot get to work Lack of experts / investors linked to airports being closed Lack of (tele)communication -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - M/J12/P2/Q2(a,B aND C) 2 (a) Study Fig. 2 and name (i) the line of latitude A 36 °N (ii) the mountain pass B Khunjerab (iii) the road C Karakoram Highway / KKH / Silk Road (iv) the province D(4) Northern Area(s) / FANA / Gilgit – Baltistan (b) Study Fig. 3 showing the climate of Gilgit. (i) What is the maximum temperature, and in which month does it occur? 27.5 °C July (ii) In which season of the year is the rainfall highest? Spring / early summer / March to May (iii) Compare the climate of the months May to September with the months from November to February. May to September November to February Hotter Colder Over 18 °C / 18–27.5 °C Under 12 °C / 3–12 °C Wetter Drier Variable rain low/increasing rain/snow fall 6–26 mm 2–6 mm All figures must be comparative, and accurate (c) In what ways does the winter climate make life difficult for people who live in mountainous area? snow covers ground (or reference to snow) water shortage / water freezes no farming in winter / nothing grows / need to store food / no fishing live indoors / cannot work outside animals kept in sheds / need feeding / no pasture roads or railways blocked / closed / no travel / communication damage to buildings eg. by avalanches, landslides, frozen pipes / death of people fog / no air travel power lines cut telephone lines cut / no telecommunication no tourism need to keep warm / need for heating long nights / short days less income / less work / less trade / economic activity stops O/N11/P2/Q5(a,B aND C) 5 (a) Study Fig. 8, which shows January temperatures in Pakistan. (i) What is the temperature at: Karachi – over 18/ any figure between 18 and 30 Faisalabad – 10–15 or any figure between these Chitral – 5 or under, or any figure from –10 to + 5 Or credit a temperature within the range (ii) Do the temperatures increase or decrease: -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - A from south to north – decrease B from east to west – decrease (allow increase only if stated ‘in the south’) (iii) Explain two factors that affect winter temperatures in Pakistan. Insolation / angle of the sun As the overhead sun moves to the southern hemisphere / over Tropic of Capricorn, rays spread over a larger area Altitude / height of the land As this increases temperatures decrease Air is less dense so holds less heat / heat radiated from the surface decreases with altitude Continental / maritime effect Land loses heat in winter No moderating sea winds 2 marks for each factor (b) Study Fig. 9, which shows the distribution of monsoon rainfall in Pakistan. (i) Name the areas of high rainfall A and B. A – South / lower / south-east Sindh B – North / upper / central Punjab (ii) Name the body of water that is the source of moisture for the monsoon winds X and Y. X – Bay of Bengal Y – Arabian Sea (c) Explain why the lack of monsoon rainfall in the Southern Punjab and Sindh causes problems for farmers. Poor crop growth / difficult to grow crops Low profits / incomes /farm economy Unreliable / variable rainfall Little or no other sources of rain / western depressions, relief etc. Low humidity High evaporation / evapotranspiration Due to high temperatures Need for irrigation / expensive to irrigate / depends on rivers and canals Irrigation water already used by North Punjab and other users Poor farmers cannot afford tubewells etc. Can be soil erosion / blowing M/J11/P2/Q5 5 (a) Describe the route of the main monsoon across Pakistan. East to west / from NE / from East From Bay of Bengal / Northern India Across Punjab / upper Indus Plain Towards the Northern Areas / mountains / interior Asia (b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the rainfall of Peshawar and Lahore. (i) Using figures from Fig. 4 in your answer, compare the distribution of rainfall from June to September at Lahore and Peshawar. Comparative figures (res. 1) Max 68 mms in Peshawar, 202 mms in Lahore Totals June – September Figures for any one month with comparative word Comparisons Less in Peshawar Maximum later in Peshawar Max in Aug in Peshawar, July in Lahore Annual minimum in June in Peshawar but not Lahore -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - NB candidates must write about distribution of rain over the period. (ii) Explain why there are differences in amounts of rainfall caused by the monsoon in different areas of Pakistan. Depends on moisture content / humidity Loses moisture / drier as it crosses the land / Pakistan is at the tail end More rain as it rises over hills Condensation / clouds caused by cooling of rising air Rain shadow effect on lee slopes Climate change with reason e.g. global warming, ozone layer (max 1) (c) Study Figs 5A and 5B, which show rainfall distribution in Pakistan. (i) What is the main cause of rainfall from: A December to March? Western depressions B April to June? Convection currents / thunderstorms (ii) Name one area which receives high rainfall in both seasons A and B. N Punjab / central NWFP / Peshawar See atlas for a named district in these areas (iii) Which area receives the highest rainfall from December to March? More than in summer – Western borders / Quetta More than rest of Pakistan – N Punjab / central NWFP / Peshawar See atlas for a named district in these areas (iv) What are the advantages and disadvantages of winter rainfall in Northern Pakistan? Advantages (res. 2) Fills reservoirs / rivers / more storage Water for irrigation Water for HEP Water for barani crops Water for kharif / winter crops / fruit trees Water when everything else is frozen Lighter form of rain – can soak in Snow for tourism Disadvantages (res. 2) May fall as snow } Rivers / lakes frozen } so of little use Temperatures too cold for growth } Damage to environment – landslides, mudslides, floods etc. (allow avalanches) (max 1) Damage to roads – blockage, slippery etc. Silt collects in reservoirs / dams Difficulties meaning farmers must do transhumance/ nomadism (d) Explain the importance of the arrival of the monsoon to people who live and work in urban areas. Benefits Cooler – better working and living conditions / pleasant climate Fresher – less dust, pollution, cleaner air Water supply – for drinking, factories, market gardens, buffalo (not rural farming) Problems Flooding (up to 2 marks) People cannot get to work Loss of production NB. Urban areas only -  The Land of Pakistan (Location, topography and climate) 2059 questions - Max 2 marks for any line [Total: 25] -