Climate of Pakistan PDF

UNIT OUTLINE  HIGHLAND CLIMATE ARID CLIMATE LOWLAND CLIMATE ARID CLIMATE Slanting Rays Less intense temperature DIRECT Rays Intense temperature RAINFALLS IN PAKISTAN Summer sun...

UNIT OUTLINE  HIGHLAND CLIMATE ARID CLIMATE LOWLAND CLIMATE ARID CLIMATE Slanting Rays Less intense temperature DIRECT Rays Intense temperature RAINFALLS IN PAKISTAN Summer sun heats up tropical continent Warm air rises over land creating low pressure While high pressure over sea Winds travel from high pressure (Sea) towards low pressure (Land) These winds are moist Moisture laden winds originate from Bay of Bengal Move toward land (Bengal) due to low pressure there Winds after crossing north India and Bangladesh, enters Pakistan  During winters, pressure is high over land and low over sea Winds blow from land towards sea where air pressure is low These winds are dry so don’t bring any significant change. To What Extent... FAVOR AGAINST The western areas receive rain in winter from western depression. These depressions are low air pressure system developed on Mediterranean passes through Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan and enter Pakistan Since Pakistan is at tail end brings light rain. Beneficial for Rabi crops in western areas Recharge underground water which can be used for irrigation Dam reservoirs can also be filled which can provide water to domestic and commercial sectors Winter rainfall also result in snow falling which attract tourists - foreign exchange earn As the rising warm air encounters cooler air, condensation occurs Leading to the formation of thunderstorms These storms are accompanied by strong winds during the pre and post-monsoon seasons. However, in southern and coastal Pakistan, a temperature inversion layer prevents this type of rainfall. When moist and unsteady air ascends a mountain It undergoes condensation Resulting in rainfall on the windward side While the leeward side experiences a rain shadow effect Natural Factors: Human Factors: Monsoon Rainfall (High Rainfall) Deforestation Melting of glaciers Not building dams Negative Effects: Destroy the infrastructure Human and livestock die Water-logged the surface - hurdle in agriculture Positive Effects: Recharge the underground water - which can be used for irrigation by using tube wells, Persian wheel and Karez. Spread the fresh alluvium over the farmlands which increase the fertitlity of farms Flush out salinity from farms Natural Factors: Human Factors: Less / No Rainfall Deforestation High evapo-transpiration Waste of water No storage of water Negative Effects: Crops failure - No water for irrigation of crops - No raw materials - No industrialization - No export but imports Human and livestock die Make the soil thin - Soil erosion start Underground water dried Natural Factors: Rise of temperature (above 27 Degree) Low pressure over warm water Negative Effects: Cyclones cause seas and oceans to overflow. Cyclones deliver tremendous rainfall, which has an impact on agricultural production. Cyclones cause widespread damage to lives as well as infrastructure. It might have been the source of disease dissemination. It destroys the natural habitat of several species of plants and animals.