The Australian Med Students' Study Guide PDF

x The Australian Med Studentsʼ Study Guide Table of Contents Welcome to The Australian Med Students’ Study Guide!.......................... 5 About AMSA Med Ed........................................ 6 OSCE Practice........................................... 7 About AMBOS...

x The Australian Med Studentsʼ Study Guide Table of Contents Welcome to The Australian Med Students’ Study Guide!.......................... 5 About AMSA Med Ed........................................ 6 OSCE Practice........................................... 7 About AMBOSS.......................................... 8 Frequently asked questions.................................... 9 I. Internal Medicine.................................... 10 1. Cardiology..................................... 11 2. Pulmonology.................................... 12 3. Gastroenterology.................................. 13 4. Hepatology.................................... 16 5. Nephrology.................................... 17 6. Endocrinology................................... 19 7. Rheumatology and Immunology............................ 21 8. Infectious Diseases................................. 22 9. Hematology.................................... 24 10. Oncology..................................... 25 11. Neurology.................................... 26 12. Dermatology................................... 28 13. Pharmacology................................... 30 14. General Practice, Medical Law, Ethics, Epidemiology and Public Health.......... 30 II. Surgery......................................... 32 1. Principles of Surgery and Perioperative Management.................. 33 2. Critical Care- Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care.......... 33 3. Cardiothoracic Surgery............................... 34 4. Vascular Surgery.................................. 35 5. Urology...................................... 35 > Table of Contents | 2 Table of Contents 6. Orthopaedics................................... 36 7. Ear, Nose and Throat /Head and Neck......................... 38 8. Opthalmology................................... 39 9. Neurosurgery................................... 40 III. Obstetrics & Gynaecology................................ 42 1. Obsterics..................................... 43 2. Gynaecology.................................... 44 IV. Paediatrics....................................... 46 1. Neonatology and Child Development......................... 47 2. General Paediatrics................................ 47 3. Cardiology..................................... 48 4. Haematology and Oncology............................. 48 5. Endocrinology and Growth.............................. 49 6. Infectious Diseases................................. 49 7. Neurology..................................... 50 8. Child Psychiatry and Neurodevelopment........................ 50 9. Pulmonology.................................... 51 10. Gastroenterology................................. 51 11. Ophtalmology and Enterology............................ 52 12. Nephrology................................... 53 13. Musculoskeletal.................................. 54 14. Paediatric Basic Life Support............................ 54 15. Congenital and Inherited Disorders.......................... 55 V. Psychiatry....................................... 56 Psychiatry...................................... 57 > Table of Contents | 3 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all editors, reviewers, designers, web developers and copy writers who collaborated on this study guide, and greatly acknowledge their expertise and creative insights. This study guide would not have been accomplished without their significant contributions. AMSA Med Ed and AMBOSS hope that this will serve as a helpful study resource for Australian medical students. Contributors Hadi Ahmed, Sachin Boniface, Alexandru Cernat, Suwandi Dewapura, Ada Dong, Joel Savio Fernandes, Cara Fox, Isabelle Goh, Matthew Ibraheem, Kim Kotte, Alistair Lau, Nihal Lalwani, Astha Malik, Steffi Möbius, Dilpreet Moti, Sivarubini Mugunthan, Jaidyn Muhandiramge, Raffaela Skourletos, Elisabeth Vrazas, Alastair Weng, Lee Eng Yap Published: 2021 > Table of Contents | 4 Welcome to The Australian Med Students’ Study Guide! The Australian Med Students’ Study Guide is a comprehensive checklist of topics and clinical guidelines to know before graduating. We’ve created this study guide in accordance with the national curriculum by a team of devoted Aussie med students and doctors who understand the inconvenience of filtering through out-of- date textbooks, lecture slides, international guidelines and student notes. This study guide was designed to serve as a centralised document to help you keep track of the medical know- ledge you’ve accumulated, and provide up-to-date content via AMBOSS and AMSA Med Ed to prepare you for your careers upon graduation. The topics in this PDF link to AMBOSS articles, if you wish to study or refresh your knowledge. Note: AMBOSS content refers to US clinical guidelines, therefore you should always refer to your state/hospi- tal’s specific guidelines. We have provided links to important national guidelines throughout this study guide. Click here to open library articles Click here to answer multiple choice questions > Table of Contents | 5 About AMSA Med Ed AMSA Medical Education (Med Ed) is one of AMSA’s special interest groups (SIGs) founded in 2016 with the mandate to provide another avenue for AMSA to improve medical education within Australia. We seek to achieve this goal through Med Ed’s two divisions, Resource and Research, as well as collaborations within and external to AMSA. AMSA Med Ed Resource Med Ed Resource produces free, peer-reviewed, open-access educational resources for medical students that are hosted on the AMSA Med Ed Moodle. There are four branches of AMSA Med Ed: AMSA Med EdNational Question Bank, AMSA Med EdFactsheets, AMSA Academy and our newly formed AMSA Med Ed OSCEs. The AMSA Med Ed National Question Bank is the first national question bank created by Australian medical students for Australian medical students, with hundreds of available quizzes and MCQs. AMSA Med Ed Facts- heets creates succinct summaries of conditions and relevant Australian management protocols. AMSA Acade- my is AMSA’s online learning platform which presents modules across multiple disciplines in medicine. AMSA Med Ed OSCEs is our newest Resource team which creates practice OSCEs and OSCE marking guides. AMSA Med Ed Research Med Ed Research conducts national, high-impact research on the status quo of medical education in Australia to supplement AMSA’s and local Medical Societies’ advocacy to improve medical education. Another core aim of this division is to provide opportunities for medical students to get involved in research. Currently, Med Ed Research is undertaking research projects to assess the psychiatry curriculum outcomes of medical graduates in Australia, intimate partner violence education, medical specialty selection pressures, the impact of COVID-19 on medical students, medical student mental health, and conscientious objection beliefs in medical students. We also have a Research Resources team which creates simple factsheets on the basics of research and the practical aspects of the research process. How do I get involved? There are a number of ways you can get involved! We run four major events throughout the year: the MCQ Cup, a Research Symposium, a Research Poster Competition, and an OSCE Night. We also have over 100 new volunteers each year who work tirelessly behind the scenes to make these events happen, along with creating all of our resources. Callouts for positions on the executive committee typically occur in August of each year, while team member callouts occur in February/March and June/July. Stay up to date with all of this and more by following us on social media or contacting us via: > Table of Contents | 6 OSCE Practice Looking for OSCEs? Check out the practice OSCEs on the AMSA Med Ed Moodle! The AMSA Med Ed Moodle website has over 100 practice OSCEsranging from common history stations to examinations to management stations. New stations are added each week so make sure you check back for new content. AMSA Med Ed practice OSCEs are made by Australian medical students for Australian medical students, so you can be sure that they are pitched at an appropriate level and contain Australia-specific and relevant content. > Table of Contents | 7 About AMBOSS Created by a team of dedicated physicians, AMBOSS is an online learning platform with the mission to emp- ower today’s and tomorrow’s doctors to deliver the best possible care. The AMBOSS platform is made up of the following: 1. Interactive library containing over 22,000 medical topics, thousands of diagnostic images, illustrations, diagrams and other multimedia to help you learn complex concepts. 2. Question bank containing over 5,000 case-based questions with in-depth explanations to help develop your clinical reasoning skills. 3. Analytics software to track your learning progress, provide personalised study recommendations, and ensure that your time spent studying is productive. 4. Mobile apps so you can conveniently access the AMBOSS Library and Qbank offline from your phone. AMBOSS Library for IOS AMBOSS Library for Android AMBOSS QBank for IOS AMBOSS QBank for Android Most importantly, all AMBOSS content is peer-reviewed and regularly updated to reflect the latest research findings by a team of over 100 expert physicians from around the world. If you don’t have an AMBOSS account, you can create one here. The AMBOSS team is here to support you. If you have questions, suggestions, or comments, please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected]. We respond quickly! > Table of Contents | 8 Frequently asked questions Q: I can’t find the topic I’m looking for A: Many medical conditions fall under more than one system/discipline. For example, Infective Endocarditis is relevant to Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics. If you can’t find the topic you are looking for, try checking the other systems the condition is related to. We’ve aimed to minimise repetition in this study guide, such that conditions are not listed multiple times. If you still can’t find a topic, it may be listed under a broader topic. For example, Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and coarctation of the aorta are all under the broader topic “Acyanotic congenital health defects”. Or generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and phobias are all under “Anxiety disorders”. To access subtopics, click on the link to the AMBOSS article. Q: My University curriculum differs from the study guide? A: While this guide was made in accordance with the national curriculum, we acknowledge the differences in curricula among medical schools in Australia. In this regard, the contents of this guide were reviewed and edited by AMSA Med Ed student representatives from every state, with the hope of serving as a valuable resource to any student regardless of the medical school they attend. Your medical school may emphasise or omit certain topics. Q: Is there a section for pre-clinical content / basic sciences? A: This study guide does not include basic sciences content. However, If you’re looking to excel in the early years of medical school, AMBOSS has the most comprehensive online preclinical resource available. Access the “Basic Sciences” content in the AMBOSS Knowledge Library here. Q: Feedback A: If you have any feedback for The Australian Med Students’ Study Guide, please email [email protected] with your comments. We take every support request seriously and will use the feedback when we update the guide. > Table of Contents | 9 I. Internal Medicine 1. Cardiology 2. Pulmonology 3. Gastroenterology 4. Hepatology 5. Nephrology 6. Endocrinology 7. Rheumatology and Immunology 8. Infectious Diseases 9. Haematology 10. Oncology 11. Neurology 12. Dermatology 13. Pharmacology 14. General Practice, Medical Law, Ethics, Epidemiology and Public Health 1. Cardiology Theme Topic Cardiac anatomy Heart Cardiovascular examination Cardiovascular examination ECG ECG Approach to the patient with chest pain Chest pain Hypertension Hypertension and hypertensive vascular disease Renal artery stenosis Approach to the patient with syncope Syncope Overview of cardiac arrhythmias (Cardiac arrhythmias) Atrial fibrillation Arrhythmias Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Syncope Supraventricular premature beats Sick sinus syndrome Dysrhythmias Ventricular premature beats Atrioventricular block Long QT syndrome Approach to the patient with edema Edema Acute and chronic heart failure Congestive heart failure Antiarrhythmic drugs Antiplatelet agents Oral anticoagulants Cardiac drugs Parenteral anticoagulation Antiadrenergic agents Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers (CCB) > Table of Contents | 11 Theme Topic Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors Amiodarone Nitrates Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Cardiac glycosides (Digitalis) Cardiac drugs Diuretics Parasympathomimetic drugs Muscarinic antagonists Sympathomimetic drugs Statins Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Australian absolute cardiovascular disease risk calculator Australian resources and guidelines Heart Foundation Australia Heart Foundation: Guidelines 2. Pulmonology Theme Topic Respiratory anatomy Airways and lungs Pulmonary examination Pulmonary examination and investigations Acid base disorders Approach to the patient with cough Cough Atelectasis Atelectasis Pneumothorax leura and mediastinal conditions Pleural effusion Obstructive pulmonary diseases Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Bronchiectasis Cystic Fibrosis > Table of Contents | 12 Theme Topic Acute respiratory distress syndrome Interstitial lung disease Sarcoidosis Restrictive pulmonary diseases Asbestosis Silicosis Rare pneumoconioses Pneumonia Respiratory infections Acute bronchitis Tuberculosis Lung cancer Lung cancer Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary vascular disease Deep vein thrombosis Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale Upper airway conditions Obstructive sleep apnea Allergies, anaphylaxis Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Other Pulmonary function testing (Lung function testing) Arterial blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry Beta-2 adrenergic agonists Australian resources and guidelines Australian Asthma Handbook (online) Asthma in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People Lung Foundation Australia: COPD Guidelines National Asthma Council: Australian Asthma Handbook 3. Gastroenterology Theme Topic Gastrointestinal anatomy Gastrointestinal tract Abdominal examination Abdominal examination > Table of Contents | 13 Theme Topic Nausea and vomiting Approach to the patient with nausea and vomiting Case 5: Nausea Approach to the acute abdomen Acute abdomen Approach to the patient with dysphagia Case 22: Problems with swallowing Esophagus Esophageal cancer Esophageal perforation Esophagus, stomach and duodenum Esophageal barium swallow Achalasia Esophageal diverticula Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastrointestinal anatomy Gastrointestinal tract Abdominal examination Abdominal examination Approach to the patient with nausea and vomiting Nausea and vomiting Case 5: Nausea Approach to the acute abdomen Acute abdomen Approach to the patient with dysphagia Case 22: Problems with swallowing Esophagus, stomach and duodenum Esophagus Esophageal cancer Esophageal perforation Esophageal barium swallow Achalasia Esophageal diverticula Gastroesophageal reflux disease Proton pump inhibitors Peptic ulcer disease Atrophic gastritis Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) Gastric cancer > Table of Contents | 14 Theme Topic Approach to the patient with digestive bleeding Gastrointestinal bleeding Mallory-Weiss syndrome Small and large bowel Large intestine Acute appendicitis Crohn disease Ulcerative colitis Irritable bowel syndrome Colorectal cancer Small and large bowel Colonic polyps Lynch syndrome (Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer) Bowel obstruction Bowel surgery Abdominal hernias Inguinal hernia Femoral hernia Internal hernia Congenital diaphragmatic hernias Acquired diaphragmatic hernia Malabsorption Coeliac disease Lactose intolerance Diverticular disease Intestinal ischemia Anorectal conditions Rectal prolapse Hemorrhoids Thrombosed external hemorrhoid Anal fissures Anal abscess and fistula Anal cancer Pilonidal cyst > Table of Contents | 15 Theme Topic Diarrhea, gastroenteritis and food borne gastric infections Diarrhea Food poisoning Bacterial gastroenteritis Norovirus infection Rotavirus infection 4. Hepatology Theme Topic Liver Hepatobiliary anatomy Gallbladder and bile Pancreas Jaundice and cholestasis Approach to the jaundiced patient Inherited hyperbilirubinemia Cirrhosis Portal hypertension Liver conditions Ascites Alcoholic liver disease Hepatocellular carcinoma Benign liver tumors and hepatic cysts Pyogenic liver abscess Wilson disease Hemochromatosis Autoimmune hepatitis Hepatitis A Hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis Hepatocellular carcinoma Benign Liver tumors and hepatic cysts > Table of Contents | 16 Theme Topic Gall bladder and biliary tract conditions Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis Primary biliary cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Cholangiocarcinoma Pancreatic conditions Acute pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis Pancreatic Carcinoma Other Pancreatic and hepatic surgery 5. Nephrology Theme Topic Kidney anatomy Kidneys Renal physiology Physiology of the kidney Diagnostic evaluation of the kidney and urinary tract Approach to the patient with urinary abnormalities Dehydration Sodium disorders Disorders of potassium balance Fluid and electrolyte imbalances Disorders of calcium balance Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) Diabetes insipidus Acute kidney injury Pyelonephritis Urinary tract infections Acute kidney and urinary tract conditions Urethritis Nephrolithiasis Hematuria > Table of Contents | 17 Theme Topic Chronic kidney disease Renal cell carcinoma Urothelial cancer Urinary incontinence Stress incontinence Chronic kidney and urinary tract conditions Urge incontinence Urinary retention Urinary tract obstruction Vesicoureteral reflux Retroperitoneal fibrosis Glomerular conditions Nephrotic syndrome Nephritic syndrome Proteinuria Glomerular diseases IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Renal Artery Stenosis Renal Artery Stenosis Congenital anomalies of the kidneys Hereditary renal conditions Polycystic kidney disease Renal tubular disorders Tubulointerstitial conditions Tubulointerstitial diseases Other Oedema Renal replacement therapy Diagnostic investigations in urology Diuretics > Table of Contents | 18 6. Endocrinology Theme Topic Principles of endocrinology General endocrinology Diabetes mellitus Hyperglycemic crises Hypoglycemia Diabetes mellitus Antidiabetic drugs Inpatient management of hyperglycemia Insulin Dyslipidemias and disorders of lipoprotein metabolism Lipids and fat metabolism Lipid Disorders Statins Second-line lipid-lowering agents Metabolic syndrome Obesity and metabolism Glycolysis and glyconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism Thyroid conditions Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands Antithyroid drugs Goiter Thyroid antibodies Hyperthyroidism Graves disease Hypothyroidism Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Subacute thyroiditis Thyroid nodules Thyroid cancer (Thyroid carcinoma) Thyroid surgery > Table of Contents | 19 Theme Topic Parathyroid Conditions Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) secretion (SIADH) and diabetes insupidus Diabetes insipidus Adrenal conditions Adrenal insufficiency Primary hyperaldosteronism/Conn syndrome Cushing’s syndrome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Pheochromocytoma Osteomalacia and rickets Osteoporosis Metabolic bone conditions Bisphosphonates Laboratory evaluation of bone disease Paget disease of bone Hypopituitarism Hypothalamus and pituitary conditions Hyperprolactinemia Acromegaly Hypogonadism Hypogonadism Multiple endocrine neoplasia Multiple endocrine neoplasia Insulinoma Other Glucocorticoids Vitamins Diabetes best practice guidelines Australian resources and guidelines General practice management of type 2 diabetes Diabetes Australia: Guidelines > Table of Contents | 20 7. Rheumatology and Immunology Theme Topic Innate immune system Adaptive immune system Principles of rheumatology and immunology Autoantibodies in rheumatic diseases Immunosuppressants Lymphatic system Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease Osteoarthritis of the hip and knee Fibromyalgia Non-articular rheumatism Polymyalgia rheumatica Gout and other microcrystalline arthropathies Gout and hyperuricemia Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE…) Antiphospholipid syndrome Systemic connective tissue conditions Systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma) Inflammatory myopathies (Myositis) Sjögren’s Syndrome Connective tissue diseases Seronegative spondyloarthropathies Ankylosing spondylitis Seronegative rheumatic conditions Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome) Psoriasis Vasculitides Vasculitides Kawasaki disease Giant cell arteritis (Temporal arteritis) Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis) Thromboangiitis obliterans Raynaud phenomenon > Table of Contents | 21 Theme Topic Henoch-Schonlein purpura Immunodeficiency Congenital immunodeficiency disorders Transplantation Transplantation 8. Infectious Diseases Theme Topic Bacteria overview General bacteriology Principles of microbiology General virology General mycology Overview of antibiotic therapy Antiviral agents Treatment of infectious diseases Antifungals Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine Approach to the patient with fever Fever and inflammation Hospital acquired infections Nosocomial infections Sepsis Sepsis Legionellosis Bacterial infections Staphylococcal diseases Tetanus Influenza Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Viral conditions HIV-associated conditions COVID-19 Mononucleoside syndromes Infectious mononucleosis/Epstein Barr Virus Sexually transmitted infections Sexually transmitted diseases Chlamydia infections Gonorrhea > Table of Contents | 22 Theme Topic Syphilis Chancroid Herpes simplex virus infections Cytomegalovirus infection Candidiasis Pelvic inflammatory disease Collection of zoonotic diseases Dengue Malaria Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever Yellow fever Zoonoses and arthropod-borne infections Zika virus infection Leptospirosis Diphtheria Toxoplasmosis Listeriosis Immunosuppressants Pneumocystis pneumonia Immunosuppression Transplantation Aspergillosis Smart Traveller Australia Australian national notifiable diseases by disease type Australian resources and guidelines Therapeutic Guidelines (ETG): Antibiotic Australasian Sexual Health Alliance: Australian STI Management Guidelines For Use In Primary Care > Table of Contents | 23 9. Haematology Theme Topic Basics of hematology Principles of haematology Erythrocyte morphology and haemoglobin Lymphadenopathy Approach to the patient with adenopathgy Splenomegaly and splenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Anaemias Anaemia Iron deficiency anaemia Microcytic anaemia Thalassemia Anaemia of chronic disease Haemolytic anaemia Sickle cell anaemia Glucose-6-phosphate Normocytic anaemia dehydrogenase deficiency Hereditary spherocytosis Aplastic anaemia Vitamin B12 deficiency Macrocytic anaemia Folate deficiency Oral anticoagulants Anticoagulation Parenteral anticoagulation Hemostasis and bleeding disorders Hemophilia Coagulation and bleeding disorders Hypercoagulable states Disseminated intravascular coagulation Antiplatelet agents Thrombocytopenia Platelet and vascular wall disorders Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II Blood products Transfusion > Table of Contents | 24 Theme Topic Lymphomas Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphomas MALT lymphoma Acute leukemia Leukemias Chronic myeloid leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Myelodysplastic syndromes Myelodysplastic syndromes Polycythemia vera Myeloproliferative neoplasms Myeloproliferative neoplasms Myeloma and plasma cell disorders Multiple myeloma Amyloidosis Mycosis fungoides (Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) Other Antiphospholipid syndrome Asplenia Australian Immunisation Handbook: Recommendations for vaccina- Australian resources and guidelines tion in people with functional or anatomical asplenia 10. Oncology Theme Topic Principles of oncology General oncology Disordered cell growth Tumour markers Chemotherapeutic agents Opioids Principles of cancer treatment Antiemetics Laxatives Oncologic emergencies Neutropenic fever Oncologic emergencies Supeior vena cava syndrome Spinal cord compression > Table of Contents | 25 Theme Topic Brain Metasteses Breast cancer Breast conditions Benign breast conditions Palliation Overview of palliative medicine Paraneoplastic syndromes Paraneoplastic syndromes Other Carcinoid tumour Australian Journal of General Practice: Principles of cancer pain management Australian resources and guidelines eviQ 11. Neurology Theme Topic Neurological examination Neurological examination Headache Migraine Tension headaches Approach to the patient with headache Cluster headache Elevated intracranial pressure and brain herniation Dissection of the carotid and the vertebral artery Peripheral nerve injuries Ulnar nerve entrapment Radial neuropathies Peripheral neuropathy Median nerve neuropathy Carpal tunnel syndrome Diabetes mellitus (diabetic neuropathy) Bulbar palsy and pseudobulbar palsy Polyneuropathy Neuralgic amyotrophy > Table of Contents | 26 Theme Topic Cranial nerve palsies Cranial nerves Trigeminal neuralgia Facial nerve palsy/Bell palsy Disorders of the visual pathway Disorders of the visual pathway Seizures and epilepsy Seizure disorders and epilepsy Focal seizures and syndromes Anticonvulsant drugs Narcolepsy Sleep conditions Restless legs syndrome Motor neuron diseases Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Spinal muscular atrophy Neurodegenerative Hereditary spastic paraplegia Demyelinating conditions Multiple sclerosis Guillain-Barré syndrome Neuromuscular junction conditions Myasthenia gravis Botulism Muscular dystrophies Progressive muscular dystrophies Myopathies Myotonic syndromes Pain syndromes Complex regional pain syndrome Infections of nervous system Meningitis Herpes simplex encephalitis Brain abscess Lumbar puncture Lumbar puncture and CSF interpretation Movement disorders Parkinson disease Parkinson-plus syndromes Medication for Parkinson disease Huntington‘s disease Dystonia Tremor > Table of Contents | 27 Theme Topic Tourette syndrome Spasticity Cerebellum Cerebellar syndromes Cerebellar disorders Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome Spino-cereballar ataxia Other Rare neurological diseases Transient global amnesia Skull base syndromes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Myelopathy Australian resources and guidelines Stroke Foundation Australia Stroke and its management in Australia Stroke Foundation: Clinical Guidelines 12. Dermatology Theme Topic Principles of dermatology Principles of dermatology Benign skin lesions Collection of dermatological disorders Precancerous skin lesions Skin cancers Melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma (Basalioma) Skin and soft tissue infections Skin and soft tissue infections Gas gangrene (Clostridial myonecrosis) Shingles Molluscum contagiosum > Table of Contents | 28 Theme Topic Impetigo Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Dermatophyte infections Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor) Scabies Lice infestation Atopic dermatitis Contact dermatitis Dermatitis (Eczema) Seborrheic dermatitis Stasis Dermatitis Lichen Simplex Chronicus Burns Burns Acneiform Eruptions Acne vulgaris Rosacea Papulosquamous Diseases Lichen planus Pityriasis rosea Psoriasis Vesiculobullous Diseases Autoimmune blistering diseases Porphyrias Heritable Disorders Ichthyosis Vitiligo Neurocutaneous syndromes Stevens-Johnson syndrome Erythema multiforme Erythema nodosum Other Aphthous stomatitis Alopecia Photodermatoses Angioedema > Table of Contents | 29 13. Pharmacology Theme Topic Fundamentals of pharmacology Fundamentals of pharmacology Approach to the poisoned patient Poisoning Toxicity and poisoning Metal toxicity Organic solvent toxicity Salicylate toxicity Other drugs Parasympathomimetic drugs Sympathomimetic drugs Muscarinic antagonists 14. General Practice, Medical Law, Ethics, Epidemiology and Public Health Theme Topic General practice Patient communication and counseling Fitness to fly and inflight medical events Travel medicine Traveler’s diarrhea Immunisations for travel Investigations Labaratory medicine Principles of medical law and ethics Medical law and ethics Quality and safety Epidemiology Epidemiology Statistical analysis of data Health care system Preventative medicine Public health Infection prevention and control Quality and safety > Table of Contents | 30 Theme Topic Postmortem Postmortem skin changes National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards User Guide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Early detection, preventing disease and promoting health Australian resources and guidelines Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice 9th edition Royal Australian College of General Practitioners: Clinical Guidelines > Table of Contents | 31 II. Surgery 1. Principles of Surgery and Perioperative Management 2. Critical Care- Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesiology, and Intensive Care 3. Cardiothoracic Surgery 4. Vascular Surgery 5. Urology 6. Orthopaedics 7. Ear, Nose and Throat/ Head and Neck 8. Ophthalmology 9. Neurosurgery 1. Principles of Surgery and Perioperative Management Theme Topic Surgical techniques Laparoscopic surgery Perioperative management Wound treatment Preoperative and postoperative care Wound healing Specialised nutrition support Intravenous fluid therapy Electrolyte repletion Hypernatraemia Hyponatraemia Fluid therapy and electrolyte imbalances Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Hypercalcaemia Hypocalcaemia Hypophosphatemia 2. Critical Care- Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Theme Topic Appoach to critical care ABCDE approach Airway management Mechanical ventilation Resuscitation and life support Shock Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Management of trauma patients Trauma Penetrating trauma Blunt trauma > Table of Contents | 33 Theme Topic Splenic rupture General treatment of fractures Nonthrombotic embolism Rhabdomyolysis and crush syndrome Compartment syndrome Pain management Opioids Local anesthetic agents Local and regional anesthesia Anaesthesiology Non-opioid analgesics Inhalational anesthetics Intravenous anaesthetics Skeletal muscle relaxants Benzodiazepines Malignant hyperthermia Other- Critical care Parenteral fluid therapy Hypothermia and frostbite 3. Cardiothoracic Surgery Theme Topic Cardiac catheterization Cardiothoracic procedures Coronary artery bypass grafting Thoracic aortic aneurysm Thoracic aortic aneurysm Valvular heart diseases Valvular Heart Diseases Aortic valve stenosis Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Mitral valve prolapse > Table of Contents | 34  Theme Topic Infective endocarditis Rheumatic fever Pericarditis Pericardial disease and myocarditis Myocarditis Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade 4. Vascular Surgery Theme Topic Aneurysm Vascular diseases of the aorta Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) Aortic dissection Carotid artery stenosis Endartectomy Acute limb ischemia Vascular diseases of the carotid and limbs Chronic venous disease and ulcers Peripheral arterial disease Gangrene Compartment syndrome 5. Urology Theme Topic Anatomy of male reproductive organs Male reproductive organs Benign prostatic hyperplasia Prostate Prostatitis Prostate cancer Male reproductive system Erection and ejaculation disorders > Table of Contents | 35 Theme Topic Semen analysis Bladder exstrophy, abnormalities of the male urethra, and webbed penis Disorders of the glans penis and foreskin Scrotal abnormalities Epididymitis Testicular torsion Testicular tumors Genitourinary trauma Carcinoma of the penis Priapism 6. Orthopaedics Theme Topic General principles of fractures General principles of fractures Conservative treatment of fractures (Conservative fracture management) Shoulder, axilla, and brachial plexus Shoulder dislocation Shoulder Soft tissue lesions of the shoulder Biceps tendon tear Clavicle Clavicle fracture Upper arm and elbow Humerus fracture Humerus and elbow Insertional tendiopathy (epicondylitis) Elbow dislocation Radial head subluxation (Pulled elbow) Forearm, wrist and hand Forearm, wrist and hand Scaphoid fracture > Table of Contents | 36 Theme Topic Distal radius fractures Finger injuries Dupuytren’s contracture Vertebral fractures Spondylolisthesis Spine Degenerative disc disease Torticollis Pelvis Pelvic fracture Hip Hip fractures Femur The leg, ankle and foot Femoral shaft fracture Osteonecrosis of the femoral head Knee and patellar Patellar dislocation Knee ligament injuries Meniscus tear (Meniscus rupture) Tibia Tibial fracture Ankle and foot Ankle fracture Achilles tendon rupture Foot deformities Sports injuries Sports injuries Paediatric fractures Paediatric fractures Septic arthritis (Infectious arthritis) Bone and joint infections Osteomyelitis Benign bone tumors Bone tumours Malignant bone tumors Collection of orthopedic conditions Thoracic outlet syndrome Other Osteochondritis dissecans Tenosynovitis > Table of Contents | 37 7. Ear, Nose and Throat / Head and Neck Theme Topic The ear Examination of the ears Hearing loss Otitis externa (Swimmer’s ear) Acute otitis media (Middle ear infection) Ear Chronic otitis media Cholesteatoma Otosclerosis Ménière disease Tinnitus Case: Dizziness Dizziness and vertigo Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Vestibular Neuronitis (labyrinthitis) Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) Phobic postural vertigo Epistaxis Nose Nasal papilloma Rhinitis Rhinosinusitis Sinusitis Throat Acute tonsillitis Larynx Laryngitis Laryngeal carcinoma Pharyngeal cancer Adenoid hypertrophy Miscellaneous ENT conditions Miscellaneous ear, nose, and throat disorders Diseases of the salivary glands > Table of Contents | 38 Theme Topic Head and Neck Head and Neck Examination Overview of head and neck region Deep neck infections Congenital neck masses 8. Ophthalmology Theme Topic Eye exam Focused examination of the eyes Ocular trauma Traumatic eye injuries The eye and orbit Orbit Orbital disorders Lacrimal aparatus Diseases of the lacrimal apparatus Lids and lashes Inflammation of the eyelids Conjunctivitis Conjunctiva Trachoma Pterygium Sclera Scleritis and episcleritis Cornea Corneal disorders Diseases of the uvea Uveal tract Uveal melanoma Diseases of the lens Lens Cataract Diseases of the vitreous body Vitreous Endophthalmitis Diseases of the retina Retina Diabetic retinopathy Retinal vessel occlusion > Table of Contents | 39 Theme Topic Retinal detachment Age-related macular degeneration Glaucoma Glaucoma Pupils Physiology and abnormalities of the pupil Horner syndrome Ophthalmology miscellaneous Keratitis Ocular motility disorders and strabismus Australian resources and guidelines RACGP Guidelines: Eye health 9. Neurosurgery Theme Topic Cerebrovascular system Transient ischaemic attack Stroke Subarachnoid hemorrhage Intracerebral hemorrhage Epidural hematoma Cerebrovascular conditions Subdural hematoma Wallenberg syndrome (lateral medulla syndrome) Locked-in syndrome Carotid-cavernous fistula Cerebral aneurysms Cerebral venous thrombosis Mild traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injury Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus Elevated intracranial pressure and brain herniation Intracranial pathology Idiopathic intracranial hypertension > Table of Contents | 40 Theme Topic Brain tumours Astrocytoma Brain tumours Pituitary adenoma Meningioma Acoustic neuroma Spinal cord tracts and reflexes Complete spinal cord injury Spinal cord conditions Incomplete spinal cord syndromes Syringomyelia Spinal stenosis > Table of Contents | 41 III. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1. Obstetrics 2. Gynaecology 1. Obstetrics Theme Topic Principles of obstetrics & gynaecology OB/GYN: history and physical examination Infertility Nonhormonal contraception Contraception, preconception and infertility Hormonal contraceptives Prenatal care Pregnancy The placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac Maternal complications during pregnancy Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy Gestational diabetes mellitus Hypertensive pregnancy disorders Antenatal care, fetal wellbeing and medical Placental insufficiency disorders in pregnancy Gestational trophoblastic disease Intrauterine growth restriction Multiple pregnancy HIV in pregnancy Chorioamnionitis, neonatal infection and omphalitis Childbirth Mechanics of childbirth Labour and birthing Uterine rupture Preterm labor and birth Congenital TORCH infections Birth traumas Obstetric emergencies Postpartum hemorrhage Antepartum hemorrhage Postpartum period Puerperium Prenatal and postnatal physiology > Table of Contents | 43 Theme Topic Safer Care Victoria Clinical Resources Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand Guidelines Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Australian resources and guidelines King Edward Memorial Hospital Guidelines Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: College statements and guidelines 2. Gynaecology Theme Topic Diagnostic procedures in gynaecology Menopause Pelvic organ prolapse Menopause, urogynaecology and prolapse Stress incontinence Urinary incontinence Urinary tract infections Anomalies of the female genital tract Human papillomavirus infection Cervical cancer (Cervical carcinoma) Oncology and gynaecological surgery Breast cancer Vulvar and vaginal cancer Ovarian tumors Menstrual cycle and menstrual cycle abnormalities Hypogonadism Menstrual cycle, puberty and hormones Estrogen and associated diseases Disorders of sex development Differential diagnoses of vaginal bleeding Vaginal bleeding Endometriosis Endometrial cancer > Table of Contents | 44 Theme Topic Uterine leiomyoma (Fibroids) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Vulvovaginitis Sexually transmitted infections Ectopic pregnancy Pregnancy loss Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Australian resources and guidelines Gynaecologists: College statements and guidelines > Table of Contents | 45 IV. Paediatrics 1. Neonatology and Child Development 2. General Paediatrics 3. Cardiology 4. Hematology and Oncology 5. Endocrinology and Growth 6. Infectious diseases 7. Neurology 8. Child Psychiatry and Neurodevelopment 9. Pulmonology 10. Gastroenterology 11. Ophtalmology and Ent 12. Nephrology 13. Musculoskeletal 14. Paediatric Basic Life Support 15. Congenital and Inherited Disorders 1. Neonatology and Child Development Theme Topic The newborn infant Birth traumas Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Teratogenic birth defects Assessment and care and major problems of Intrauterine Growth Restriction the newborn Congenital visceral malformations Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn Vitamin K deficiency bleeding of the newborn Sudden infant death syndrome Neonatal jaundice Neonatal jaundice (Icterus neonatorum) Neonatal screening The newborn infant Congenital TORCH infections Infectious diseases in pregnancy affecting the newborn HIV in pregnancy Perinatal hepatitis B Hypertensive pregnancy disorders Pregnancy disorders affecting the newborn Gestational diabetes mellitus Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy Neonatal sepsis Chorioamnionitis, neonatal infection, and omphalitis Child development and milestones Child development and milestones Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 2. General Paediatrics Theme Topic Paediatric history and examination Paediatrics: history and physical examination National program for Child and Youth Health – > Table of Contents | 47 Theme Topic Vaccination National Vaccination Program Immunisation schedule Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines Australian resources and guidelines Australian Government Department of Health: National Immunisation Program Schedule 3. Cardiology Theme Topic Acyanotic congenital heart defects Congenital heart defects Cyanotic congenital heart defects Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 4. Haematology and Oncology Theme Topic Anaemia Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Acute leukemia Paediatric haem-onc Hodgkin lymphoma Neuroblastoma Common paediatric tumours Wilms tumour (Nephroblastoma) Retinoblastoma Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines > Table of Contents | 48 5. Endocrinology and Growth Theme Topic Puberty Puberty disorders Disorders of sex development Tall stature and abnormally rapid growth Disordered growth Metabolic syndrome Short stature Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 6. Infectious Diseases Theme Topic Measles Mumps Scarlet fever (Second disease) Rubella Fifth disease (Erythema infectiosum) Roseola infantum Chickenpox Dermatology and rashes Atopic dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Acne vulgaris Herpes simplex virus infections Molluscum contagiosum Impetigo Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Dermatophyte infections > Table of Contents | 49 Theme Topic Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor) Scabies Dermatology and rashes Lice infestation Fever and inflammation Approach to the child with fever Febrile seizures (Febrile seizure) Kawasaki disease Sepsis Sepsis Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 7. Neurology Theme Topic Meningitis Neuro infections Poliomyelitis Craniosynostosis Hydrocephalus Neurology Craniovertebral junction anomalies Neural tube defects Seizure disorders Seizure disorders and febrile convulsions Generalized epilepsy in childhood Febrile seizures (Febrile seizure) Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 8. Child Psychiatry and Neurodevelopment Theme Topic Child development and milestones Child psychiatry and neurodevelopmental disorders Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders > Table of Contents | 50 Theme Topic Chromosomal aberrations Autism spectrum disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Cerebral Palsy Maltreatment in child and youth Child maltreatment Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 9. Pulmonology Theme Topic Bronchiolitis Croup Respiratory tract infections Pertussis Acute bronchitis Recurrent wheezing and asthma Asthma Hypersensitivity reactions Urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis Angioedema Obstructive sleep apnoea Obstructive sleep apnoea Food allergy Food allergies Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 10. Gastroenterology Theme Topic Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Approach to the vomiting child Gastroesophageal reflux Acute appendicitis > Table of Contents | 51 Theme Topic Esophageal atresia Duodenal atresia and stenosis Hirschsprung’s disease Necrotizing enterocolitis Intussusception Volvulus and intestinal malrotation Meckel diverticulum Inguinal hernia Testicular torsion Approach to children with acute abdominal pain Ovarian torsion Henoch-Schonlein purpura Approach to the constipated child Constipation Approach to the child with chronic diarrhoea Diarrhea and malabsorption Malabsorption Celiac disease Crohn disease Ulcerative colitis Lactose intolerance Irritable bowel syndrome Acute gastroenteritis Bacterial gastroenteritis Diarrheagenic E. coli Rotavirus infection Diarrhea Approach to the dehydrated child Dehydration Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 11. Ophtalmology and Enterology Theme Topic Conjunctivitis Opthalmology Strabismus > Table of Contents | 52 Theme Topic Orbital cellulitis Acute otitis media Ear Chronic otitis media Otitis externa Acute tonsilitis Laryngitis Nose and throat Epiglottitis Sinusitis Rhinitis Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 12. Nephrology Theme Topic Urinary tract infections Urinary tract infections Nephrotic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome Congenital anomalies of the kidneys Bladder exstrophy, abnormalities of the male urethra, Renal and urinary tract malformations and webbed penis Vesicoureteral reflux Nephritic syndrome Glomerulonephritis Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Henoch-Schönlein purpura Enuresis Elimination disorders Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines Australian resources and guidelines > Table of Contents | 53 13. Musculoskeletal Theme Topic Developmental dysplasia of the hip Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease Slipped capital femoral epiphysis Orthopedics Osgood Schlatter disease Transient synovitis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Idiopathic scoliosis Septic arthritis Osteomyelitis and infectious arthritis Osteomyelitis Muscular dystrophy Progressive muscular dystrophies Muscular atrophy Spinal muscular atrophy Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines 14. Paediatric Basic Life Support Theme Topic Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Paediatric basic life support Foreign body aspiration (FBA) Parenteral fluid therapy Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines Australian resources and guidelines Advanced paediatric life support algorithms > Table of Contents | 54 15. Congenital and Inherited Disorders Theme Topic Basics of human genetics Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome Inherited hyperbilirubinemia Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism Congenital immunodeficiency disorders Cleft lip and cleft palate (Cleft lip) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Inborn errors of metabolism Rare inherited syndromes Choanal atresia Neurocutaneous syndromes Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines > Table of Contents | 55 V. Psychiatry Psychiatry Theme Topic Mental status examination Basics of psychiatry Overview of psychiatric emergencies Autism spectrum disorder Tourette syndrome Neurodevelopmental conditions Emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Personality disorders Personality disorders Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders Psychosomatic Somatic symptom and related disorders Schizophrenia Delusional disorder Psychosis Bipolar disorder Lithium Antipsychotics Major depressive disorder Anxiety disorders Depressive and anxiety conditions Antidepressants Suicidality Obsessive compulsive disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder Feeding and eating disorders Eating disorders Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Dissociative disorders Dissociative disorders Elimination disorders Elimination disorders Sleep disorders Sleep wake disorders Sedative hypnotic drugs Sexual dysfunctions Sexuality and sexual medicine > Table of Contents | 57 Theme Topic Alcohol use disorder (Alcoholism) Substance related and addictive conditions Substance-related and addictive disorders Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome Major neurocognitive disorder Delirium Alzheimer’s disease Neurocognitive conditions Vascular dementia Frontotemporal dementia Parkinson-plus syndromes Psychotherapy and defense mechanisms Other Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Anticonvulsant drugs RANZCP: Indigenous Mental Health Aboriginal Mental Health Clinical Practice Guideline and Pathways Australian resources and guideline RANZCP: Guidelines and resources for practice RANZCP: Mental Health Acts- comparative tables (by state) RACGP: Mental health risk assessment. A guide for GPs > Table of Contents | 58