Age of Discovery and Spanish Exploration PDF

The Age of Discovery and Spanish Exploration  Three Worlds Collide ►Red, White, and Black – Gary Nash ►Collision of Cultures Red  The Great Migration  Bering Strait  @ 10,000 - 40,000 years ago  Neolithic Revolution ►@ 7,000 BCE i...

The Age of Discovery and Spanish Exploration  Three Worlds Collide ►Red, White, and Black – Gary Nash ►Collision of Cultures Red  The Great Migration  Bering Strait  @ 10,000 - 40,000 years ago  Neolithic Revolution ►@ 7,000 BCE in North America Images: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution  New World Diversity ► America in 1492  @ 12 million north of modern Mexico-USA border  @ 35 million between Mexico- USA border and the isthmus of Panama  @ 60 million in South America and the Caribbean ► Mongloid immigrants “founding gene base” Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:N%26SAmerica-pol.jpg  Maya ► Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) and Guatemala ► The most advanced American society ► 300 CE – 900 CE the society was at its height ► Concept of zero ► Accurate calendar  Toltec ► Anahuac Valley (Valley of Mexico) ► Little is known – Warlike? ► Drought and famine forced them to abandon their capital city prior to 1215 CE  Aztec ► Mexica ► Immigrated from the north ► Tenochtitlan – Old Toltec Capital  Mexico City ► Warlike ► Legalistic  Inca ► Stretching from Ecuador to Chile ► Cuzco ► Greatest architects of the ancient world  Earthquake proof buildings ► Medical - Brain surgery Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Peru_Machu_Picchu_Sunrise_2.jpg North American Civilizations ►Generally less sophisticated ►Decentralized ►Environmentally adapted Northeast Woodlands Indians ► Ohio Valley to the Atlantic Ocean and South to the Chesapeake Bay ► Wigwams and longhouse villages ► Farmers ► Small Game Hunting ► Fishing ► League of the Iroquois – Most advanced N. American Indian Society Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Apache_Wickiup,_Edward_Curtis,_1903.jpg  Five Civilized Tribes ►Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaws, Creeks, Cherokees ►Descendants of the mound builders  Pueblos ► Stretching from West Texas and Arizona into Colorado ► Hopi and Zuni ► Planned Communities – Apartment style pueblos ► Agricultural  Complex Amerindian Societies ►Southern Mexico ►Cultures were as advances as elsewhere in the world  Concept of “0”  Accurate calendars  Irrigation  Architecture ►Extended family Amerindian Societies @ 1492 ► Diverse physical environments ► Woodland environments support greater population density ► Native populations alter their environment as needed ► Cultural sharing  Trade  Strong attachment to the land  Strict social regimentation White  Spain ► Greek ► Roman  Language  Laws  Name – Hispania ► Barbarian invasion – Visigoths ► Here Spain took a different path from the rest of Europe  Moslem Spain ► Moors – North African Moslems ► 711 CE ► The Islamic conquerors did not instill feudalism as a form of government ► Constant warfare prevented a significant royal class from developing ► Moslems were the greatest traders of the ancient world, and Spain became wealthy from this trade.  The Reconquista ► From 711 onward the native Iberians struggled to expel the Moors, to “reconquer” the peninsula ► Warriors surrendered 1/5 of the spoils of war to the king – Moslem tradition ► No real nation of Spain, rather it was divided into many small kingdoms ► Castile – Greatest of the Spanish kingdoms  Hallmarks – survival, valor, loyalty (Conquistador)  Reconquista as Crusade ►900 CE the tomb of the Apostle Santiago discovered (St. James) ►Roman church became an ally ►Kings and queens became Christian Monarchs –Divine Right Kings  Economic Effects of the Reconquista ►Sheep  Moved in the case of war quickly’ ►Cattle  Vaqueros  Rodeo ►Ayuntemiento – Town Councils that governed in the name of the king  Los Reyes Catolicos ► 1469 – Isabelle of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon Married ► 1479 – Kingdoms unite and form Espana ► Turned local militias into powerful national armies loyal to the monarchs ► The Catholic Kings  Prince Henry the Navigator ►Portugal ►Navigation Schools ►Tri-partite sails ►Compass  1492 – Year of Discovery? ►Christopher Columbus ►West to the East Indies ►San Salvador (The Bahamas) ►West Indies ►Admiral of the Ocean Seas  European Societies @ 1492 ► Strict social classes  Nobles  Artisans  Merchants  Peasants ► Nuclear family  Husband  Wife  Children ► Patriarchal  Of course there are notable exceptions  Christian Europe ► Roman Catholicism is the dominant social influence ► Reformation  Martin Luther – Solo Scriptura  John Calvin ► Total Depravity ► Unlimited Atonement ► Limited Election ► Irresistible Grace ► Perseverance of the Saints  Henry VIII - Anglicanism  Erasmus of Rotterdam – Prince of the Humanists  A New Europe ► Famine ► Black death (Bubonic Plague) ► Expanding population fuels commerce ► Strong monarchs form nation-states ► Renaissance ► International banking houses ► Joint stock companies  The Age of Exploration ►Marco Polo – 1200s ►Renaissance leads to a rediscovery of ancient works by Greek, Arab and Jewish scholars ►Portuguese begin the first navigation school  Marco Polo ► 1254 - 1324 ► Traveled through Asia for 24 years ► Became a confidant of Kublai Khan ► Many historians question the validity of Marco Polo’s claims. However, much of what he tells in his stories has proven accurate ► The part about the flying elephants is clearly nonsense ► I hope…Duck just in case...  A Meeting With the Great Khan ► Kublai Khan (1214 - 1294) ► Wants to learn of Christianity  Pope Clement IV - Send 100 “learned men”  Procure Oil from the Holy Sepulcher ► Paiza - Golden Tablet to protect Marco Polo as his emissary Marco Polo’s Map  Zheng He ► Discovered America? ► 1405 - 1430 - Largest Ocean Going Armada in History STILL!  317 Ships  37,000 Men ► Muslim eunuch in the service of Wan Shengzhi - Emperor of the Ming Dynasty ► Visited at least 37 Countries  The Flag Ship ► At least 440 feet in Length the junk was the pride of the Chinese Navy and the largest ship ever built to that time  The Black Death ►Bubonic plague - Swelling and Buboes that infect the neck, armpits, and groins ►Pneumonic Plague - Airborne - Infects the Lungs - Victims choke on their own blood The Black Death In Europe ► 1000 - 38 Million ► 1100 - 48 Million ► 1200 - 59 Million ► 1300 - 70 Million ► 1347 - 75 Million ► 1352 - 50 Million  That is 25 Million dead in just under 5 years!  That is a 90% death rate for those who were exposed to the plague  How Does It Spread? ► ItStarted in Asia ► Came to Europe on ships carried by rats with fleas ► The fleas quickly infected people and it spread quickly How Was It Transmitted?  What Did It Look Like? Unfortunately we still have it today, and here are some examples What Path Did It Take?  Effects ► Parents abandoned sick children ► Feudalism was nearly destroyed as artisans became more valuable ► Serfs abandoned the land ► Animals ran wild ► “Bechini” pillaged homes dressed in red robes threatening to infect people ► The Church lost power ► Art became more realistic and less romantic ► In some cases people abandoned their duties and lived in debauchery  Effects on Children ► Children’s games lost their innocence  “Ring around the Rosy  Pocket full of Poseys  Ashes, ashes  We all Fall Down” ► Female children were the worst off. They were often left to die since they could not carry on the family name.  Art ► Danse Macarbe - Death’s Dance Art Reflected Death The Death Wagon Death Courts Even the Nobility  Why Did Europeans Come to America? ► Trade ► Spiritof adventure ► Wealth ► Missionary zeal ► Economic conditions ► Religious conditions ► Free land ► Mercantilism – The belief that colonies exist to provide wealth to the mother country  Essentially Gold = Power – Specie should stay in the empire  Impact on Europeans ►Columbian Exchange  Dependence on the potato ►Colonial competition ignites national rivalries  Magellan ►Circumnavigate the world ►It should be noted that Magellan himself died in a revolt in the Philippines.  Conquistadors ► God, Gold and Glory ► Friars – Catholic Priests ► Missions – Frontier Church ► Presidios – Frontier Outpost (Fortress)  Balboa ►Vasco Nunez de Balboa ►1513 ►Central American Isthmus ►South Sea – Pacific Ocean  Juan Ponce de Leon ►1513 ►Florida ►Fountain of Youth ►Florida was an island? ►Claimed North America for the Spanish  Hernan Cortes ►1521 ►Aztecs ►Moctezuma ►Claimed Mexico  Francisco Pizarro ►1532 ►Incas ►Executed emperor Atahlupa ►Claimed Central America  Panfilo de Narvaez ► 1528 ► Led 400 men in an expedition to Florida ► Sarasota Bay ► Searching for cities of gold ► Poor communications led his ships to abandon the expedition ► Horse hide boats ► Set out for Mexico City ► Shipwrecked on Malhado (Isle of Misfortune) ► Winter of 1528-29 – Karanakawa  Cabeza de Vaca ► Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca ► Estavanico (Estaban) ► Medicine men ► Texas and Mexico ► 1535 – Culiacan  Stories of golden cities  Fray Marcos de Niza ►1539 ►Estavanico – Guide ►Reportedly saw a city of gold in western New Mexico - Cibola ►Evidence of the legendary “Seven Cities of Gold”  Coronado Expedition ► Francisco Vasquez de Coronado ► 1541 ► Zuni Country ► Discovered that Cibola was an adobe village ► Demanded the natives reveal the hidden location of “El Dorado”  Burned some natives at the stake  Quivira – The Turk ► His report caused Spain to ignore Texas for 50 years  De Soto Expedition ►Hernan de Soto ►1542 ►Florida,Alabama, Mississippi River Valley ►De Soto died ►Luis Moscoso took Command  Moscoso Expedition ► Luis de Moscoso de Alvarado ► Reached East Texas – Trinity River – Houston County ► Returned to Mississippi River and built “bull boats” to sail along the Gulf Coast ► Wrecked – Present day Beaumont ► Marched to Panuco, Mexico – Reported no treasure ► Reinforced the crowns intention to ignore Texas  Spain’s Colonial Plan ►Rooted in the Reconquista ►Presidio – Armed frontier fortress (praesidium) ►Mission – Frontier church (Catholic)  Establish a Spanish presence  Negotiate with hostile tribes  Convert the Indians  Attain and retain territories ►Settlements  Spanish Settlements ► Urban Outposts ► Organized with roads running in right angles with a center town plaza ► East side of the plaza was for church buildings ► West side of the plaza was for government buildings ► This allowed morning light to assist mass, while afternoon light allowed government workers to work into the night. ► Pobladores (Citizens) sought to follow these rules whenever possible  Rancho ►Rancheros tamed the land and acted as intermediaries in Indian negotiations ►Supplied food for the missions, presidios and settlements  Black ►West African Society @ 1492 ►West African Culture  West African Culture ► Small villages ► Extended family ► Complex religion ► Division of labor ► Slavery is practiced but it is not race based and it is not generational  West African Societies @ 1492 ► Three climate zones – desert, savanna, rain forest ► Trade  Goods  Ideas – Slavery?  Religion - Islam ► Portugal arrives in Africa  Treated as equals at first  New trade outlet  Slave trade opens ► Sugar plantations – Increases the relative power of African forest societies  Impact on Africans ► High death rate among Amerindians leads Spain to turn to African labor ► Drains West Africa of its best and brightest ► African Diaspora - At least 12 million Africans relocated 1500s-1800s