TGMathM2 PDF Past Paper
Document Details
Uploaded by FieryBananaTree
Tags
Summary
This document contains mathematical problems and potential solutions. It appears to be a collection of examples or exercises, not a formal past paper. No clear exam board or year is identified.
Full Transcript
76j,n76 7toyflkf -Ao,afmtpq,xumu @ IP[IP’3fpG mjko IDl clj; ,6o]tfqd ,D- mjko ok’ lyo mt,tgm3; ,Dl ;P’9ao mjjko [q;]u cdh;;q’lk lD;Dl mjko vjvocdh; lu;yw- ,D- d;fcdh3fpG mjko cv39 vkfzkl5d...
76j,n76 7toyflkf -Ao,afmtpq,xumu @ IP[IP’3fpG mjko IDl clj; ,6o]tfqd ,D- mjko ok’ lyo mt,tgm3; ,Dl ;P’9ao mjjko [q;]u cdh;;q’lk lD;Dl mjko vjvocdh; lu;yw- ,D- d;fcdh3fpG mjko cv39 vkfzkl5d mjko ly’7e dyj’ltfk dt-;’lbdlkmydko c]t dy]k lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk ;P’9ao @W!W ສ. ວ. ສ ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ 7eoe xB,76j,n76gs^A,oU wfhIa[dkoIP[IP’0Bo 3fpvu’.ljltrk;t7;k,gxao9y’0v’dkoIPo{ dkolvo.o-Ao,afmtpq,8Qo1j6xtgmfgIqk c]t 3fplq,mq[da[s^addko.odkod+lhk’7;k,I6h 7toyflkfF s^ad9yf8t;ymtpkdjP;da[7;k,Ia[I6hF s^ad;y-k768k,95f\kp c]t s^ad;y-k76muj9e cod7;k,c8d8jk’]ts;jk’[5d7qo c]t lq[mq[da[;ymudko96’.9oadIPoD dkoIPo0v’oadIPo9t[ao]5zqoleg]af8k,7kf|kp s^n[+ c,jo0Boda[z6hIPogxao8Qo8= \kp7;k,;jkdyf9tdefhko,aolt\v’0v’z6hIPogxaovaole7aoS lj;o76,u|hkmuj-Uoe oerk dkoIPo c]t 7h5,7v’dkoIPo0v’oadIPoD 7e;jk7h5,7v’dkoIPoc,jodkolhk’czo dkolvoF dkodtdP,[qflvoF dtdP,v5xtdvodkoIPo{dkolvoF dko9afc[j’ c]t 7h5,7v’g;]k.oc8j]t0Ao8voc8j]t[qf.shg\ktlq,D.sh76oe.-hg;]kmujdeoqf.shle]a[c8j]t [qfgrnjvc[j’g;]k.shc8j]t0Ao8vo0v’dkoIPo{dkolvo1jk’g\ktlq,D.o[qfcotoe76c8j ]t[qfxtdv[fh;pG g;]klvoF 95fxtlq’0v’dkoIPo{dkolvoF goNv.o8Qo8=F lnjdkoIPo{dkolvoF dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvoF cotoe7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsafF dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoD.om5dMd=]tou shk,oadIPo0PoF c8h, s^n 0uf.lj.oxB,c[[IPogfaf0kfD faj’oAo 769t 8hv’djkp[qfg/ydsaf.ljdtfko s^n cotoe.shoadIPodjkp.ljxB,0Po0v’oadIPogv’ s^n.lj g9hp8kj’skd c]h;9bj’rkoadIPocdhD xB,7j6,n76sq;oU 7q’pa’,u0=h0kf8qd[qdrjv’1j6[k’xtdkoF ltoAo 9bj’0=7;k,Ij;,,noe[aofk76 vk9ko 9qj’dt]5ok-j;pgda[delyj’muj0kf8qd[qdrjv’ c]h;lqj’7egsaowxpa’lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk grnjv9twfhry9k]tokg0Qk.o dkoxa[x5’xB,7j6,n76sq;oU.shfu0Bod;jkgdqjkD 0v[.9]j;’|hk,krhv,oUfh;pD lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk d lk]t[ko rkdmu ! 9eo;oxqddt8y c]t 9eo;o9y’ ! [qfmu ! g]dlj;o ! [qfmu @ mt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’g]dlj;o & [qfmu # dkosp=h c]t dko0Bor6fIj;,g]dlj;o ) [qfmu $ dkoxP[mP[g]dlj;o !! [qfmu & dko[;d c]t dko]q[g]dlj;o !& [qfmu * dko[;d c]t dko]q[g]dlj;o X8+? !_ ດິ [qfmu ( dko76og]dlj;o @# ະສ [qfmu ) dkoskog]dlj;o @( [qfmu _ 9eo;oxqddt8y #@ [qfmu !W 9eo;oxqddt8y X8+? ລຂິ #& ວນ [qfmu !! 9eo;ovtxqddt8y $W rkdmu @ dkog7yj’7n $@ ຫງ [qfmu !@ dkog7yj’7nmP[.ljg,af|bj’ $@ [qfmu !# dkog7yj’7nmP[.ljg,af|bj’ X8+? $* ສະ [qfmu !$ dkog7yj’7n0v’,5,mP[.ljcdo c]t mP[.ljg,af &W rkdmu # g]dde]a’ c]t leo;o &* ສ ວ. [qfmu !& g]dde]a’ &* [qfmu !* g]dde]a’ X8+? *W ສ. [qfmu !( leo;o *@ [qfmu !) dko7eo;odjP;da[leo;o *& [qfmu !_ dkocpdlj;o76o.oleo;o *( rkdmu $ lq,zqo c]t vtlq,zqo0Ao|bj’mju,u|bj’8q;]a[ (# [qfmu @W ltg\uzqo (# [qfmu @! lq,zqo0aho|bj’muj,u|bj’8q;]a[ (* [qfmu @@ dkocdh39fdjP;da[lq,zqo0Ao|bj’muj,u|bj’8q;]a[ )$ 0 [qfmu @# vtltg|uzqo )) [qfmu @$ vtlq,zqo0Ao|bj’muj,u|bj’8q;]a[ _! [qfmu @& dkocdh39fdjP;da[vtlq,zqo0aho|bj’muj,u|bj’8q;]a[ _) [qfmu @* lq,zqomuj,u7jkle[6o !W! [qfmu @( vtlq,zqomuj,u7jkle[6o !W$ rkdmu $ I6[lujc9F I6[lk,c9 c]t I6[;q’,qo !W( [qfmu @) I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko !W( [qfmu @_ I6[lujc9lkd !!! [qfmu #W I6[fvd9ao c]t I6[9t85]af !!$ [qfmu #! I6[7k’\6 !!) [qfmu #@ I6[lk,c9 !@W [qfmu ## glAomujle7ao.oI6[lk,c9 !@# [qfmu #$ ];’Iv[ c]t goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkdF I6[9t85]af c]t I6[fvd9ao !@_ [qfmu #& ];’Iv[ c]t goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc90hk’0t|koF I6[lk,c9 c]t I6[ 7k’\6 !#@ [qfmu #* ,5,.o c]t ,5,ovd0v’I6[lk,c9 !#& [qfmu #( ,5,.o0v’I6[lujuc9l;f !#_ [qfmu #) ;q’,qo c]t czjo,qo !$@ rkdmu *vaf8klj;orq;raoF g]dlj;oIhvp c]t ,kf8klj;o !$& [qfmu #_ |hkrP’8q;xtlko !$& [qfmu $W dkogxaovaf8klj;orq;raodq’ !&W [qfmu $! vaf8klj;orq;raoxUo !&* [qfmu $@ g]dlj;oIhvp !*! [qfmu $# ,kf8klj;o !*( rkdmu ( s^adgdo8kc]af !(W [qfmu $$ dkolkp8k,];’muj.sh,k !(W 7 [qfmu $& glAo-njzjkog,afg7yj’dk’0v’lv’0hk’0v’I6[lk,c9 !(@ [qfmu $* s^adgdo8kc]af (Thalès) !(& [qfmu $( I6[lk,c97hkp7ndao !)! [qfmu $) d=]tou7hkp7n0v’I6[lk,c9 !)$ rkdmu ) lt4y8y !)* [qfmu $_ dkogda[de0=h,6o c]t dkoltg|u0=h,6ofh;p8k8t]k’ !)* [qfmu &W dkoltg|u0=h,6ofh;pI6[c8h, !_! [qfmu &! dkoltg|u0=h,6ofh;pI6[c8h, X8+? !_* ດິ ະສ ລຂິ ວນ ຫງ ສະ ສ ວ. ສ. ’ rkdmu ! 9eo;oxqddt8y c]t 9eo;o9y’ [qfmu ! g]dlj;o g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ { grnjv.shoadIPo,u7;k,leobddjP;da[g]dlj;oS { grnjv.shoadIPoIh67;k,\kpF 7;k,le7ao0v’g]dlj;omujrq;raoda[-u;yfxt9e;aoD { grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfcdh39f[aoskdjP;da[g]dlj;owfhF @D goNv.o8Qo8= { dkoxjPo9eo;omqfltoypq,gxaog]dlj;o c,jogIqkg]uj,9kddko0Po9eo;omqf ltoypq,gxaog]dlj;oly[D a { g]dlj;o ,u7;k,\kp;jk c[j’gxao b lj;oc]h;gvqk a lj;o b a o 9eo; or6f0v' g]dlj; o b o r6f0v' g]dlj; o a - 76o9eo;o|bj’da[g]dlj;o c,jogryjo b ¾ 76oda[ a c]h;sko.sh b s^n sko.sh b c]h;76oda[ a #D lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,@ { ;q’;PoF [aomafpk;F [aomaflkdF [aomafcmd,6, c]t l=lu $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo.shxt8y[afgxao & 0Ao8vofaj’oUG 0Ao8vomu !G { 76m;o7no[qfIPogdqjkmujIa[.-h[qfIPo.\j s^n oerkoadIPocdh[qfg/ydsafmuj.sh.o[qfIPodjvoD 1 { 76c[j’oadIPogxao95F 95]t @ sk * 7qo { 76.shoadIPoc8j]t7qovjko39fc]h;fegouodkocdh39f.odyf9tdeD { 76cotoeoadIPoc8j]t95[aombdgvqk7e8v[muj958qogv’ gsao;jk4nd8hv’D 0Ao8vomu @G { 764k,7e8v[0v’c8j]t95 s^n.shc8j]t950Boltg\u7e8v[1j6dt fkorhv,ma’vtmy[kp;ymu c]t gsfzqo.odkocdh39fD 0Ao8vomu #G { 76.shoadIPola’gdf7e8v[ma’\qfmujwfhF c]dxjPo7e7yf7egsao oedao c]h;lts^6[gvqk7e8v[muj4nd8hv’D 0Ao8vomu $G { 76vtmy[kp c]t -Uc9’lyj’mujzyfrkf c]t lyj’muj4nd8hv’c]h;lt ດິ ະສ s^6[95fxtlq’0v’dyf9tdeD 0Ao8vomu &G { 76cotoeoadIPoc8j]t7qogIaf[qfg/ydsaf1j6.oshv’1jk’]t0=h ລຂິ { 76cotoeoadIPo0Bocdh[qfg/ydsaf1j6dtfkoD ວນ { 76cotoeoadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsafmujpa’gs^nv s^n [k’0=h1j6[hkoD &D dkoxtg,uozqo ຫງ xt8y[afgxaolk,I6[c[[7nG ສະ !? la’gdfmafltotmjkmu c]t m5dlyj’mujoadIPoltcf’vvd.oshv’IPog;]koadIPo xt8y[afdyf9tdeF oadIPom5d7qowfhxtdv[lj;og0Qk.odkocdh[aosks^n[+L ສ cdhwfh4nd8hv’-afg9os^n[+L X76vkf.sh7tcooc8j]t95 4hk8hv’dko? ວ. @? la’gdfmafltotmjkmu c]t m5dlyj’mujoadIPoltcf’vvd.oshv’IPog;]koadIPo cdh[qfg/ydsafF ສ. #? la’gdfdkocdh[qfg/ydsafmujoadIPogIaf1j6[hko3fpc8j]tgmnjvdjvo9tg]uj,g0Qk[qf IPo.\j.shgvqkoadIPo,kcdh[qfg/ydsaf[k’0=h1j6dtfkoD \kpgsfG le]a[[qf8+Mwxd=.shxt8y[af7ndao s^n \6o.-h8k,ltrk[7;k, g\ktlq,0v’c8j]t[qfD 2 *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! 85 850 17 75 750 3 8,5 0,75 10 100 2 100 1000 4 2 200 1 125 25 5 0,2 1,25 10 1000 5 100 20 4 dyf9tdemu @ { 76cotoeoadIPoc8j]t95c8h,I6[7no.\jc]h;mklurkdlj;omuj8hv’dkoD { 76vkfc[j’7e4k,.shc8j]t95c8d8jk’daod=wfhg-ajoG 7e4k, dD.sh95|bj’F 7e4k, 0D.shvud95|bj’ c]t 7e4k, 7D d=.shvud95vnjogrnjvxt1afg;]kD dyf9tdemu # 3 2 dD u 560 210 g 0D u 450 180 g 8 5 dyf9tdemu $ 3 3 dD u 630 236,25 g 0D u 630 378 g 8 5 (D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf 21 34 105 !D 1) 2,1 2) 3,4 3) 10,5 10 10 10 214 10811 2201 4) 2,14 5) 10,811 6) 2,201 100 1000 1000 5 18 831 @D 1) 0,625 2) 0,72 3) 55,4 8 25 15 2 6 10 4) 0,016 5) 0,08 6) 0,08 125 75 125 14 42 5 11,5 #D 1) u3 2,8 2) 2,3 u 2,875 15 15 4 4 10 1 5 3) 0,1u 0, 001 4) 21 u 15 1000 1000 7 17 3 5) 3,12 u 4,42 6) 4,03 u 0,01209 12 1000 4 1 $D dD 0D 5 7D 7 ’D 12 3 9D 1 16 4 16 16 20 5 4 3 &D A D C B *D dD 45 D 0D 30 D 7D 36 D ’D 15D (D g]dlj;o|hvpdj;k ! g]dlj;ogmqjkda[ ! g]dlj;os^kpdj;k ! 21 15 17 17 19 19 21 ; ; ; ; 23 19 19 17 19 17 19 3 )D 9eo;o\kd[umujglpwx u 210 90 |j;pS pa’gs^nv 210 90 120 |j;p 7 _D 9eo;o\kdoafmuj0kp 3 u 240 144 kg S pa’gs^nv 240 144 96 kg ດິ ະສ 5 !WD dD 9eo;og0Qk|q,dyoc]h; 5 u 96 40 dhvoS pa’gs^nv 96 40 56 dhvo 12 0D 9eo;og0Qk|q,dyoc]h; 3 u 96 36 dhvoS pa’gs^nv 96 36 60 dhvo ລຂິ 8 ວນ !!D dD 4hk[ao95c8j 2 9t,uoE 2 u12 8 A 0D 4hk[ao95c8j 3 9t,uoE 3 u12 9 A 3 3 4 4 ຫງ !@D ]qflu2hk,u 1 u 720 240 7ao 3 ສະ ]qflucf’,u 1 u 720 180 7ao 4 ]qflu0k;,u 5 u 720 300 7ao ສ 12 mbo0v’mhk; d=]tdao,u 5 u11 016 000 2 295 000 du[ ວ. !#D 24 ສ. mbo0v’mhk; la’mv’,u 1 u11 016 000 1 377 000 du[ 8 2 mbo0v’ok’ verk,u u11 016 000 7 344 000 du[ 3 !$D [=]y,kfoE\kddhP’,u 1 u 20 5 A S [=]y,kfoE\kdoaf,u 3 u 20 6 A 4 10 [=]y,kfoE\kd,j;’,u 2 u 20 8 A S [=]y,kfoEvhvp,u 1 u 20 1 A 5 20 4 [qfmu @ mt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’g]dlj;o.-hg;]k ! -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ ¾ grnjv.shoadIPo,u7;k,lk,kfG { -vdmt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’lv’ s^n s^kp9eo;o4h;oD { -vdmt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’lv’ s^n s^kpg]dlj;oD { oe.-hmt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’g]dlj;ogrnjvG D -vdskr6fIj;,0v’g]dlj;oS D 7af9hvog]dlj;oD @D goNv.o8Qo8= { mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’lv’ s^n s^kpg]dlj;o gmqjkda[zqosko]ts;jk’mt;u76o Ij;,|hvpl5f0v’9eo;or6f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’r6fD { v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’lv’ s^n s^kpg]dlj;o gmqjkda[zqosko]ts;jk’v5xt 76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’9eo;or6f c]t mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’r6fD #D lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,@D { [aomafpk;F [aomaflkd c]t l=luD $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo.shxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo7nda[[qfmu !D le]a[[qfoU dko-vdskmt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’lv’ s^n s^kp9eo;o4h;o]kp]tvPf.shg[yj’[qfmu (.oxB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,D! X mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’lv’ s^n s^kp9eo;o4h;o[;d XmI|l? c,jozqo76o0v’ lj;o76o,6omuj8jk’daoma’\qfda[lj;o76o,6omuj7ndaoF le]a[lj;o76o,6omuj7ndao.shgvqklj;o 76omuj,u8q;de]a’s^kpd;jkD 5 v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’lv’ s^n s^kp9eo;o4h;o[;d XvIs^l? c,jozqo76o0v’ lj;o76o,6omuj7ndaoma’\qf c8j.shgvqklj;o76o7ndaomuj,u8q;de]a’|hvpd;jk\j6? &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! 2 4.shlv’g]dlj;o c]t D 5 15 dD mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ @ c]t $ c,jo $D 0D v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ & c]t !& c,jo &D 4 7D ດິ ະສ 5 dyf9tdemu @.shlv’g]dlj;o 2 c]t 4 D 3 ລຂິ 7 ວນ dD mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ # c]t ( c,jo @!D 0D v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ @ c]t $ c,jo @D ຫງ 2 7D 21 ສະ *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf 2 3 4 ສ !D lk,g]dlj;o , c]t D 5 10 15 ວ. dD mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ @ S # c]t $ c,jo !@D ສ. 0D v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ & S !W c]t !& c,jo &D 2 3 4 12 7D mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ , c]t c,jo. 5 10 15 5 2 8 @D lv’g]dlj;o c]t D 7 21 { mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ @ c]t ) c,jo )D { v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ ( c]t @! c,jo (D 6 2 8 8 faj’oAomt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ c]t c,jo 7 21 7 { v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ @ c]t ) c,jo @D { mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ ( c]t @! c,jo @!D 2 8 2 faj’oAov5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ c]t c,jo 7 21 21 2 7 #D lk,g]dlj;o , c]t 32 D 3 24 45 { mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ @ S ( c]t #@ c,jo @@$ D { v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ # S @$ c]t $& c,jo #D 2 7 faj’oAomt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ , c]t 32 c,jo 224 3 24 45 3 25 15 10 $D lk,g]dlj;o , c]t D 3 7 9 { v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ @& S !& c]t !W c,jo &D { mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ # S ( c]t _ c,jo !)_D 25 15 10 5 faj’oAov5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ , c]t c,jo 3 7 9 65 5 7 &D lk,g]dlj;o , c]t 11 D 48 40 90 gIqk,u 48 8 u 2 u 3 2 u 3 4 40 8u5 23 u 5 90 2u9u5 2 u 32 u 5 mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ $)S $W c]t _W c,jo 2 4 u 32 u 5 720 5 7 faj’oAo r6fIj;,0v’g]dlj;o , c]t 11 c,jo (@WD 48 40 90 126 *D 7af9hvog]dlj;o 3fp.-hv5xt76os^kpl5f0v’ !@* c]t !)_F 189 gIqk,u 126 2 u 63189 3 u 63 v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’ !@* c]t !)_ c,jo *#D 126 2 u 63 2 faj’oAo 189 3 u 63 3 7 [qfmu # dkosp=h c]t dko0Bor6fIj;,g]dlj;o g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPo,u7;k,lk,kfG { -vdg]dlj;omujgmqjkdaoD { -vdr6fIj;,,g]dlj;oD { sp=h c]t 0Bor6fIj;,g]dlj;oD ດິ ະສ @D goNv.o8Qo8= { dkosp=hg]dlj;o c,jodko7aflj;o76oIj;,0v’9eo;or6f c]t 0v’r6fvvdD { dko0Bor6fIj;,0v’g]dlj;o c,jodkogIaf.shg]dlj;o,ur6fgxao9eo;ofP;daoD a ລຂິ k z 0F ka a ວນ { 4hk gxaog]dlj;o|bj’ c]t gIqkwfh b kb b gryjooe.-h75o]adltotoU g0Qk.odko7af9hvog]dlj;o c]t 0Bor6fIj;,g]dlj;o ຫງ #D lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo ສະ xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,@F l=luD ສ $D dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo ວ. { dkofegouodyf9tde.o[qfoU [+9egxao9afoadIPogxao95d=wfhvkfgIafgxao[5d7qo ສ. c]h;d;fxkdgxqjkD { le]a[dyf9tdemu # 0=h 0D.shrkoadIPo-vdr6fIj;,djvoc]h;9bj’.shoadIPozaf xjPodaovvdwxcdh1j6dtfkoD &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! 210 42 u 5 42 14 u 3 14 dD 165 33 u 5 33 11 u 3 11 8 30 5 24 3 42 7 27 3 75 5 0D ; ; ; ; 36 6 32 4 18 3 81 9 45 3 dyf9tdemu @ 2 4 6 8 10 dD 3 6 9 12 15 2 2u 2 2u3 2u 4 2u5 0D 3 3u 2 3u 3 3u 4 3u 5 dyf9tdemu # 5 5u 2 10 7 7u3 21 dD ; 6 6u 2 12 4 4u3 12 0D r6fIj;,c,jo @$ 3 18 7 21 3 5 60 ; ; ; 4 24 8 24 24 2 24 &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf 76 38 19 7 28 140 !D dD ; 12 6 3 5 20 100 1,5 15 0,3 16 4 1,6 0D ; 2,5 25 0,5 100 25 10 6 42 72 8 100 0 @D dD ; z ; z 5 35 63 9 1000 10 12 1 400 1 48 8 0D z ; ; 32 3 800 2 18 3 8 2 18 6 32 1 #D dD ; ; 12 3 33 11 96 3 2 1 120 1 81 0D ; ; 9 4 2 360 3 9 9 33 3 15 3 27 9 24 4 14 7 36 3 7D ; ; ’D ; ; 44 4 20 4 24 8 30 5 16 8 24 2 5 15 10 40 7 28 1 5 $D dD c]t ; c]t 4 12 3 12 5 20 4 20 7 14 11 15 4 0D c]t ; c]t 8 16 16 54 54 9 1 7 7D c]t 21 3 21 28 32 8 10 55 10 7 14 &D dD ; 0D ; 9D ; lD ດິ ະສ 35 40 12 15 33 6 16 32 2 4 6 8 10 12 *D dD D 3 6 9 12 15 18 ລຂິ ວນ 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0D D 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 ຫງ 16 2 18 3 7D D ’D D 24 3 30 5 ສະ 7 35 70 35 (D ; 3 15 30 15 ສ 1 6 4 1 6 0,1 3 6 15 ວ. )D dD S 0D S 7D 4 24 16 2 12 0,2 4 8 20 ສ. 1 2 1 5 1 9 1 15 _D dD S 0D S 7D S ’D D 2 4 2 10 2 18 2 30 3 6 3 9 3 21 3 27 !WD dD S 0D S 7D S ’D D 4 8 4 12 4 28 4 36 10 [qfmu $ dkoxP[mP[g]dlj;o g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPo,u7;k,lk,kfG { xP[mP[g]dlj;omuj,ur6f7ndaoD { oe.-hdkoxP[mP[g]dlj;og0Qk.o-u;yfxt9e;aoD @D goNv.o8Qo8= { g]dlj;omuj,ur6f7ndaoF 4hkg]dlj;o.f,u9eo;or6fs^kpdj;kc,jog]dlj;ooAo s^kpdj;kD { g]dlj;omuj,u9eo;or6f7ndaoF 4hkg]dlj;o.f,ur6fs^kpdj;kc,jog]dlj;ooAo |hvpdj;kD a ka a { 4hk gxaog]dlj;o|bj’ c]t k z 0F gIqkwfh b kb b gryjooe.-h75o]adltotoU g0Qk.odko7af9hvog]dlj;o c]t 0Bor6fIj;,g]dlj;o { xP[mP[g]dlj;omuj,ur6f8jk’dao gIqk8hv’0Bor6fIj;,djvoc]h;9bj’xt8y[afdkoxP[ mP[7nda[g]dlj;omuj,ur6f7ndaoD #D lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,@ { [aomaflkdF [aomafpk;D $D dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo { dkofegouodyf9tde.o[qfoU [+9egxao9afoadIPogxao95d=wfhvkfgIafgxao[5d7qo c]h;d;fxkdgxqjkD { le]a[dyf9tdemu #F.shrkoadIPo-vdr6fIj;,djvoD 11 &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! 3 45 7 91 dD ; 5 75 3 39 32 8 35 7 42 7 30 3 90 6 0D ; ; ; ; 36 9 60 12 108 18 20 2 75 5 dyf9tdemu @ 1 5 7 5 6 8 13 dD ; ! ; 3 3 12 12 5 5 5 6 6 12 3 3 0D ; 1; 10 5 12 8 2 ດິ ະສ dyf9tdemu # dD r6fIj;,c,jo @WD 9 45 2 8 ; 4 20 5 20 ; ລຂິ 7 20 ; 5 2 50 20 ວນ 7 2 9 5 0D 20 5 4 2 ຫງ *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf 1 3 5 7 12 0D 3 3 3 3 3 ສະ !D dD 8 8 8 8 8 12 9 8 6 2 1 1,5 1,7 20 2,5 4 7D ສ 7 7 7 70 7 7 1 12 1,5 2 23 3 ວ. ’D 4,3 43 4,3 4,3 43 4,3 ສ. 1 7 1 5 1 7 @D dD < ; > ; < 6 36 3 18 8 48 1 1,9 1 5 3 7 0D > ; < ; < 1,5 3 0,8 3,2 5,1 10,2 1 1 1 7D = 0,1 ; = 10 ; = 2 10 0,1 0,5 7 7 10 17 #D dD 0D 7 17 10 10 10 20 10 20 12 $D dD r6fIj;,c,jo $)F 3 36 5 30 4 12 9 216 5 80 ; ; ; ; 4 48 8 48 16 48 2 48 3 48 gsao;jk 12 30 36 80 216 48 48 48 48 48 4 5 3 5 9 faj’oAo 16 8 4 3 2 0D r6fIj;,c,jo @WF 2 8 7 14 9 3 15 1 10 ; ; ; ; 5 20 10 20 20 4 20 2 20 gsao;jk 8 9 10 14 15 20 20 20 20 20 2 9 1 7 3 faj’oAo 5 20 2 10 4 7D r6fIj;,c,jo !@F 11 2 8 5 10 3 9 7 ; ; ; ; 12 3 12 6 12 4 12 12 gsao;jk 8 9 10 11 7 12 12 12 12 12 faj’oAo 7 2 3 5 11 12 3 4 6 12 &D dD 6 6 6 0D 4 5 7 8 6 5 5 5 5 *D gIqklq,mP[lk,g]dlj;o 2 , 3 c]t 7 3 4 12 2 8 3 9 r6fIj;,c,jo !@F gIqkwfh F 3 12 4 12 gsao;jk 7 8 9 , faj’oAooadIPoshv’ ,@ ,addy]k[ko[h;’s^kpdj;kD 12 12 12 (D ];’pk;0v’I6[lujc9lkd R1: L1 19, 6 5, 6 ; 3,5 ];’pk;0v’I6[lujc9lkd R2: L2 19, 25 5,5 3,5 gsao;jk L1 ! L 2 , faj’oAoI6[lujc9lkd R1 ,u];’pk; pk;dj;kI6[lujc9lkd R2 13 14 )D oadIPoshv’ ,@}!.ljc;jo8kG 30 18 oadIPoshv’ ,@}@.ljc;jo8kG 38 14 g]dlj;o c]t 18 ,ur6fIj;,c,jo &(WF 30 38 14 266 18 270 270 266 ; gsao;jk ! 30 570 38 570 570 570 faj’oAo oadIPoshv’ ,@}@.ljc;jo8ks^kpdj;koadIPoshv’ ,@}!. _D mhk; cl’3po]q’ & gmnjv.odko3po _ gmnjv gxao 5 S 9 5 ດິ ະສ mhk; 7e,u3po]q’ & gmnjv.odko3po ) gmnjv gxao S 8 mhk; ]5o3po]q’ $ gmnjv.odko3po _ gmnjv gxao 4 S 9 ລຂິ mhk; gof3po]q’ * gmnjv.odko3po ) gmnjv gxao 6 ; 8 ວນ g]dlj;o 5 ; 5 ; 4 ; c]t 6 ,ur6fIj;,c,jo (@F 9 8 9 8 ຫງ 5 40 5 45 4 32 6 54 gsao;jk ; ; ; c]t 32 40 45 54 9 72 8 72 9 72 8 72 72 72 72 72 ສະ faj’oAo mhk; gof3pogdaj’dj;k\j6D 2A !WD dD 7yfw]j];’l6’8k,l6f h b ສ ວ. b (cm) # ( !! h (cm) 26 26 26 ສ. 3 7 11 26 26 26 0D g]dlj;o ; ; ,u9eo;or6f7ndaoF gsao;jk 11 ! 7 ! 3 11 7 3 26 26 26 faj’oAo 11 7 3 7D I6[lk,c9mu|bj’,u];’l6’ l6’dj;k\6jD 14 [qfmu & dko[;d c]t dko]q[g]dlj;o g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPo,u7;k,lk,kfG { [;dF ]q[g]dlj;omuj,ur6f7ndaoD { oe.-hdko[;dF ]q[g]dlj;og0Qk.odkocdh39f8jk’Mmujrq;raoda[-u;yfxt9e;aoD @D goNv.o8Qo8= { dko[;dg]dlj;omuj,ur6f7ndao c,jogryjo[;d9eo;or6f.ljdaoc]h;Iadlkr6f a c ac 7ndaow;hD g-yj’ bz0 b b b { dko]q[g]dlj;o c,jogIqk[;d9eo;odq’dao0hk,da[8q;]q[D ab a ( b ) #D lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,@D { [aomafpk;F [aomaflkdF l=luD $D dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo { dkofegouodyf9tde.o[qfoU [+9egxao9afoadIPogxao95d=wfhvkfgIafgxao[5d7qo c]h;d;fxkdgxqjkD { le]a[dyf9tdemu !F.shoerkoadIPooa[shv’muj0uf]kpF shv’mujmklu.oI6[c]h; 9bj’fegouodyf9tdeD &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! 1 dD rkdlj;omuj0uf]kpdq’da[g]dlj;o 10 15 5 0D rkdlj;omujmkludq’da[g]dlj;o 10 6 3 7D rkdlj;omuj0uf]kp c]t rkdlj;omujmkludq’da[g]dlj;o s^n 10 5 1 5 6 3 \kp7;k,;jk 10 10 10 5 4 2 ’D rkdlj;omuj[+mkludq’da[g]dlj;o s^n 10 5 10 6 4 2 \kp7;k,;jk 10 10 10 5 dyf9tdemu @ 4 6 10 ດິ ະສ dD ok’ 8kfegIafoExajowfhma’\qf ]ufF 7 7 7 10 2 8 0D oExajomujok’8kfepa’gs^nv ]ufF 7 7 7 dyf9tdemu # ລຂິ ວນ 15 18 33 11 5 6 dD ; ; 7 7 7 12 12 12 ຫງ 23 18 41 10 7 3 ; 2 2 2 23 23 23 ສະ 13 8 21 a b ab 8 6 2 a b ab 0D ; ; ; b b b 9 9 9 b b b 3 3 3 ສ *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf ວ. 7 12 8 1 1 2 1 2 1 !D a ; b 3; c ; d ; e ; f 5 4 16 2 5 4 2 16 8 ສ. 7,9 9 3 12 @D a ; b ; c 10 24 21 7 1,2 8 2 6 2 25 d ; e ; f 50 12 3 15 5 0,5 15 11 4 18 3 19,5 11 8,5 30 10,5 #D a) b) 7 7 7 7 7 13 13 13 13 13 8 3 20 9 17 1 35 9 c) 1 d) 2 11 11 11 11 8 8 8 8 16 13 5 1 13 5 1 19 2 8 7 2 8 7 17 $D a ; b 4 4 4 4 4 13 13 13 13 13 20 2 17 20 2 17 1 c ; 3 3 3 3 3 7 2 4 724 5 1 d 15 15 15 15 15 3 12 8 2 12 8 2 6 2 1 11 2 1 11 12 4 e ; f 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 3 § 2 4 · 13 6 13 19 5 § 4 9 · 5 13 18 9 &D a ¨ ¸ ; b ¨ ¸ ©3 3¹ 3 3 3 3 8 ©8 8¹ 8 8 8 4 §5 1· 6 8 6 14 7 c 2¨ ¸ 2 ; ©4 4¹ 4 4 4 4 2 § 8 15 · 23 3 26 d ¨ ¸ 1 ©3 3 ¹ 3 3 3 § 7 · 5 § 7 12 · 5 19 5 24 e ¨ 1¸ ¨ ¸ 2 © 12 ¹ 12 © 12 12 ¹ 12 12 12 12 § 7 · 4 § 45 7 · 4 52 4 56 f ¨5 ¸ ¨ ¸ © 9¹ 9 © 9 9¹ 9 9 9 9 15 § 13 1 · 15 12 27 16 § 4 1 · 16 3 13 *D a ¨ ¸ ; b ¨ ¸ 2 © 2 2¹ 2 2 2 3 © 3 3¹ 3 3 3 § 29 1 · 30 24 6 1 § 25 9 · 1 16 1 17 c ¨ ¸2 ; d ¨ ¸ © 12 12 ¹ 12 12 12 2 © 4 4¹ 4 4 4 4 17 2 17 4 21 7 (D a 2u ; 15 15 15 15 15 5 § 11 1 · 12 b 5u¨ ¸ 5u 12 © 5 5¹ 5 § 9 5· 4 28 §7 9· 16 c 7u¨ ¸ 7u ; d 15 u ¨ ¸ 15 u 16 © 17 17 ¹ 17 17 © 15 15 ¹ 15 § 1 4 · § 7 5 · 5 12 17 )D a ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ; ©3 3¹ © 3 3¹ 3 3 3 § 5 7 · § 8 1 · 12 7 19 b ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ©6 6¹ ©6 6¹ 6 6 6 § 9 1 · § 13 3 · 8 16 24 6 c ¨ ¸¨ ¸ © 20 20 ¹ © 20 20 ¹ 20 20 20 5 17 § 7 9 · § 1 9 · 16 10 6 d ¨ ¸¨ ¸ © 19 19 ¹ © 19 19 ¹ 19 19 19 § 19 7 · § 9 6 · 12 3 15 e ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ; © 2 2¹ ©2 2¹ 2 2 2 § 15 1 · § 8 2 · 14 6 8 f ¨ ¸¨ ¸ © 9 9¹ ©9 9¹ 9 9 9 _D 7 13 3 x x 12 12 5 19 5 1 x x ດິ ະສ 28 28 2 7 23 5 x x 20 20 3 9,1 0,1 x ລຂິ x 2 ວນ 15 15 3 7,3 4,7 3 x x 18 18 2 ຫງ !WD dD 0D ສະ 7 13 2 13 5 1 30 30 3 24 24 3 ສ ວ. 11 1 1 1 6 7 30 30 3 24 24 24 ສ. 3 2 1 1 11 1 5 5 2 24 24 18 [qfmu * dko[;d c]t dko]q[g]dlj;oX8+? g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPo,u7;k,lk,kfG { [;dF ]q[g]dlj;omuj,ur6f8jk’daoD { oe.-hdko[;dF ]q[g]dlj;og0Qk.odkocdh39fmujrq;raoda[-u;yfxt9e;aoD @D goNv.o8Qo8= { dko[;dg]dlj;omuj,ur6f8jk’dao gIqk8hv’0Bor6fIj;,djvo c]h;9bj’7eo;odko[;dg0Qkdao { dko]q[g]dlj;o c,jogIqk[;d9eo;odq’dao0hk,da[8q;]q[ ab a (b) #D lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,@D { [aomafpk;F [aomaflkdF l=luD $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo { dkofegouodyf9tde.o[qfoU [+9egxao9afoadIPogxao95d=wfhvkfgIafgxao[5d7qoc]h; d;fxkdgxqjkD { le]a[dyf9tdemu !F.shoerkoadIPola’gdfshv’muj0uf]kpg-yj’gmqjkda[g7yj’|bj’0v’ shv’mujmkluu.oI6[c]h;9bj’fegouodyf9tdeD &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! 1 dD rkdlj;omuj0uf]kpdq’da[g]dlj;o 20 3 6 0D rkdlj;omujmkludq’da[g]dlj;o s^n 10 20 19 7 7D rkdlj;omuj0uf]kp c]t rkdlj;omujmkludq’da[g]dlj;o 20 1 3 1 6 7 \kp7;k,;jk 20 10 20 20 20 ’D rkdlj;omuj[+mkludq’da[g]dlj;o 13 20 \kp7;k,;jk 10 7 20 7 13 10 20 20 20 20 dyf9tdemu @ 2 3 10 3 13 dD c,j8h6c[j’g0Qk|q,.shs^koma’lv’ 5 25 25 25 25 0D g0Qk|q,pa’gs^nv 1 13 25 13 12 ດິ ະສ 25 25 25 25 dyf9tdemu # dD 4 7 8 7 15 1 15 30 30 30 30 2 ລຂິ ; 13 7 39 7 32 6 18 18 18 18 16 9 ວນ 5 1 5 4 9 3 5 12 5 7 ; 2 12 3 12 12 12 4 6 6 6 6 ຫງ 3 14 9 14 23 7 7 28 7 21 0D ; 25 75 75 75 75 2 8 8 8 8 ສະ 5 1 15 4 19 7 2 21 10 11 ; 4 3 12 12 12 5 3 15 15 15 ສ *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf ວ. 4 7 8 7 15 3 5 5 15 5 20 5 !D a) ; b) ; 5 10 10 10 10 2 4 12 12 12 12 3 ສ. 2 13 8 13 21 3 1 7 5 7 12 2 c) ; d) 7 28 28 28 28 4 6 30 30 30 30 5 15 2 3 1 2 1 49 9 7 3 10 @D a ; b 2 20 8 4 4 4 2 35 15 5 5 5 24 36 11 12 9 1 4 26 11 13 11 24 c 1; d 1 8 16 44 4 4 4 4 48 24 24 24 24 14 25 7 5 2 1 12 15 9 6 3 9 12 e ; f 2 12 30 6 6 6 3 12 30 6 6 6 6 6 #D a) 4ndS b) 4ndS c) 4ndS d ) zyfS e) zyfS f ) 4ndS g ) 4nd 20 4 20 12 20 32 3 4 9 4 13 $D a ; b ; 9 27 27 27 27 5 15 15 15 15 2 21 2 19 1 4 1 5 c 7 d 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 25 1 24 2 15 2 13 e 5 ; f 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 120 3 117 2 9 2 7 g 6 ; h 3 20 20 20 20 3 3 3 3 15 15 8 7 k 2 4 4 4 4 13 4 1 65 24 15 104 52 &D a ; 6 5 2 30 30 30 30 15 8 2 3 96 40 45 181 20 2 12 140 6 12 158 b ; c ; 5 3 4 60 60 60 60 3 7 21 21 21 21 21 13 4 1 65 24 15 26 13 d ; 6 5 2 30 30 30 30 15 8 2 3 96 40 45 11 20 2 12 140 6 12 122 e ; f 5 3 4 60 60 60 60 3 7 21 21 21 21 21 2 7 10 *D a) x b) x 2 5 5 3 2 2 7 2 10 x x22 2 5 5 5 5 3 5 10 6 4 x 1 x 5 3 3 3 1 3 2 1 c) x ; d) x 8 4 7 14 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 x x 8 8 4 8 7 7 14 7 6 1 7 1 4 3 3 x x x 8 8 8 14 14 14 14 (D dD x 1 c]t y 1 4ndD phvo 3 y 4 x 3 u1 4 u 1 3 1 2 D 4 4 3 5 0D x c]t y ; zyfD 2 2 phvo 3 y 4 x 3 u 5 4 u 3 15 12 13 z 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 5 3 7D x c]t y ; 4ndD 8 2 phvo 3 y 4 x 3 u 3 4 u 5 9 20 36 20 16 2 2 8 2 8 8 8 8 1 67 ’D x c]t y ; zyfD 100 100 phvo 3 y 4 x 3 u 67 4 u 1 201 4 117 z 2 100 100 100 100 100 9D x 0 c]t y 2 ; 4ndD phvo 3 y 4 x 3 u 2 4 u 0 2 0 2 3 3 1 7 3 7 10 5 )D g0Qk|q,dyoc]h; 4 12 12 12 12 6 ດິ ະສ g0Qk|q,gs^nvw;hdyo8voc]’ 1 5 6 5 1 D 6 6 6 6 _D dD -Ao,=8Qowfhg’yoma’\qf 1 5 1 1 4 5 6 2 17 6 24 4 12 24 24 24 24 24 0D -Ao,=xkpwfh 1 ລຂິ 17 24 17 7 ວນ 24 24 24 24 !WD dD 7 28 49 21 0D 2 10 6 8 ຫງ 5 20 35 15 25 125 75 100 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 !!D a ; b < a b 2 8 2 8 8 8 8 ສະ 1 1 3 2 12 2 14 7 < 3u a 2 u b 3u 2 u 2 8 2 8 8 8 8 2 ສ 12 2 10 5 < 3u a 2 u b 8 8 8 4 ວ. a b ab 3u a 2 u b 3u a 2 u b ສ. 1 1 5 7 5 2 8 8 4 4 1 1 5 7 5 3 12 12 6 6 3 3 3 21 3 5 20 4 10 2 22 [qfmu ( dko76og]dlj;o g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPo,u7;k,lk,kfG { 76og]dlj;oda[g]dlj;oD { Ih69eo;oxUo0v’9eo;o\bj’ c]t g]dlj;o\bj’muj8jk’l6oD @D goNv.o8Qo8= { dko76og]dlj;o c,jogryjo76o9eo;or6fda[9eo;or6f c]t 76or6fda[r6f c]h;7af9hvo X4hk7af9hvowfh?D a c a c auc.shlv’g]dlj;o c]t g-yj’ b z 0 c]t d z 0, gIqkwfh u b d b d bud { lv’9eo;o9txUodaod+8+g,njvzqo76o0v’r;d,aogmqjk !D 1 { 4hk a gxao9eo;o8jk’l6oS c,jo9eo;oxUo0v’ a. a #D lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,@D { [aomafpk;F [aomaflkdF l=luD $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo { dkofegouodyf9tde.o[qfoU[+9egxao9afoadIPogxao95d=wfhvkfgIafgxao[5d7qoc]h; d;fxkdgxqjkD { le]a[dyf9tdemu @F.shoerkoadIPom;o7nol6f7yfw]jgoNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkd XgoNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkdgmqjkda[zqo76o]tsj;k’];’pk; c]t ];’dh;k’?D &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! 3 3 u 40 120 28 u 5 5 140 a u 40 12 ; b 28 u 20 ; 10 10 10 7 7 7 5 3 c 15 18 u ; d 21 35 u 6 5 23 dyf9tdemu @ 2 4 2 dD goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkd ABCD gmqjkda[ AB u AD u m 3 5 1 2 0D goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkdohvpmujmklufegmqjkda[ m 15 7D goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkd ABCD gmqjkda[ ) gmnjv0v’goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9 8 2 2 4 8 lkdohvpmujmklufeg-yj’gmqjkda[ m , ltcf’;jk u 15 3 5 15 dyf9tdemu # 3 2 3u 2 6 4 3 4 u 3 12 4 dD a u ; b u ; 5 7 5 u 7 35 9 5 9 u 5 45 15 ດິ ະສ 4 6 4 u 6 24 8 7 3 7u3 c u ; d u 1; 3 7 3 u 7 21 7 3 7 3u 7 7 5 7 u 5 35 e u 8 3 8 u 3 24 ລຂິ 0D 9qj’8nj,leo;o8+wxoU a u c auc ວນ b d bud ຫງ *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf 2 6 2 u 6 12 4 1 2 1u 2 1 ສະ !D a u ; b u 3 5 3 u 5 15 5 2 3 2u3 3 7 16 7 u16 7 u 2 u 8 4 1 4 u1 2 c u 1 d u 8 14 8 u14 8 u 2 u 7 3 6 3u 6 9 ສ 5 2 5u 2 4u0 0 ວ. 4 e u 1 f u0 0 2 5 2u5 3 3 3 ສ. 3 5 3 u 5 15 1 1000 1u1000 2 @D a u b u 7 11 7 u11 77 100 55 100 u 55 11 1 24 1u 24 12 3 44 3 u 44 3 c u d u 2 7 2u 7 7 44 5 44 u 5 5 100 3 100 u 3 3 5795 2 5795 u 2 e u f u 1 7 100 7 u100 7 2 5795 2 u 5795 2 4 8 #D dD u 0D 2,5 u 4 10 9 3 27 7 11 77 17 19 7D u 1 ’D 3 u 7 7 19 17 5 6 10 24 5 5 u16 7 6 7u6 1 $D A u16 10 B u 8 8 12 35 12 u 35 10 1 2 3 1u 2 u 3 1 3 21 4 3 u 21u 4 1 C u u D u u 2 3 5 2 u 3u 5 5 7 8 9 7 u8u 9 2 1 15 4 1u15 u 4 u 6 2 E u u u6 18 14 5 18 u14 u 5 7 7 4 1 7 1 8 §7 4· 1 11 1 11 &D dD u 0D ¨ ¸u u 3 3 4 3 3 3 ©3 3¹ 4 3 4 12 §7 4· 1 3 1 1 7 4 1 7 1 6 7 ¨ ¸u u ’D u 2 ©3 3¹ 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 9 1 13 1 10 12 10 u12 5u 2u 4u 3 8 *D dD u u 8 1 16 1 9 15 9 u15 9 u 3u 5 9 40 5 25 5 45 20 45 u 20 15 u 3 u 20 3 0D u u 35 5 80 5 40 75 40 u 75 20 u 2 u15 u 5 10 3 4 7 12 3 u 4 7 u12 2 28 34 7D u u 2 15 5 9 2 u15 5 u 9 5 15 15 3 § 4 7 · 12 3 25 12 10 ’D u¨ ¸u u u 2 © 15 5 ¹ 9 2 15 9 3 1 1 10 1 10 1 1000 4 (D ; ; ; ; ; 7 40 0,8 8 3,2 32 0,016 16 3 )D 4 2 8 u 3 2 1 5 u 9 3 27 4 3 2 6 5 5 10 5 25 u u u 3 9 27 3 4 9 6 18 u 2 1 4 1 5 2 4 8 3 2 9 3 9 7 21 7 7 35 2 3 u ! 4 16 6 8 24 3 2 9 6 4 3 5 2 25 1 1 1 _D a , b , c 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dD ab u ac u 8 4 8u 4 32 8 2 16 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 ab ac a bc u 32 16 32 32 32 8 4 2 8 8 4 1 §1 1· 1 3 3 a bc u¨ ¸ u 8 ©4 2¹ 8 4 32 3 0D gsao;jk ab ac a bc 32 ດິ ະສ 7 !WD Ax , > Ay 8k,]efa[ 51 { lhk’g7yj’glAo-nj > AO , > BO , >CO { 16jg7yj’glAo-nj > AO ;k’g,af A" 3fp.sh OA" AO { 16jg7yj’glAo-nj > BO ;k’g,af B" 3fp.sh OB" BO { 16jg7yj’glAo-nj >CO ;k’g,af C" 3fp.sh OC" CO { 0uf8+ A"B", A"C" gIqkwfhg7yj’glAo-nj > A"x" , > A"y" g7yj’7nda[g7yj’glAo-nj > Ax F > Ay 8k,]efa[D { 3fpdko;afcmdF gIqkwfh xAy n x"A"y" n dyf9tdemu @ x y' ດິ ະສ O x' y ລຂິ { mP[.ljg,af O F >Oy g7yj’7nda[ >Ox S >Ox' g7yj’7nda[ >Oy' ວນ n yOy' ,5, xOx' n n y'O { ,5, x'Ox ny S x'Oy n y'O nx D ຫງ { ,5,0hk,9v,c,joG I6[X!? c]t I6[X@?D ສະ dyf9tdemu # v 2 3 y { I c,jog,afg7yj’dk’0v’ > AB@ A 4 { mP[.lj I , g,afg7yj’7n0v’ A c,jo B ສ x 1 g7yj’glAo-njg7yj’7nda[ > Ax c,jo > By' ວ. I y' ,5,g7yj’7nda[ xABn c,jo y'BAn 6 B 7 ສ. x' n ABy' { ,5, xAB n phvolv’,5,g7yj’ 5 8 u 7ndaomP[.ljg,af I D { [aofk,5,mujg7yj’7ndaomP[.ljg,af I ,uluj76j Xg[yj’8k,I6[?D D 1 g7yj’7nda[ 7 ltoAo 1 7 D 2 g7yj’7nda[ 8 ltoAo 2 8 D 3 g7yj’7nda[ 5 ltoAo 3 5 D 4 g7yj’7nda[ 6 ltoAo 4 6 52 D ,5,lts^a[.o c]t ,5,-hvo0t|ko Xg[yj’8k,I6[c8h,|hk &@.oxB,c[[IPo? 76lk,kfla’gdfwfhdkogmqjkdao0v’,5,lts^a[.o0v’I6[g[Nv’-hkp c]t dkogmqjk dao0v’,5,-hvo0t|ko.oI6[g[Nv’0;k0v’dyf9tde #D *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’[qfg/ydsaf !D dD ' 0D A A' ' A A' x x' y y' x x' y y' 7D ' ’D ' x' x x' x A A' A' A y' y y' y x @D y' A' P A y x' d1 d2 d1 O #D d2 O' I I O d'2 d'2 d'1 d'1 53 $D z z x' x A x' y A B x y B y' C z' y' z' I6[ X!? I6[ X@? n da[ xAy' yAx' n n da[ x'Az' xAz n n da[ x'Ay' yAx n n da[ xAz' zAx' n n da[ x'Az' zBx n n da[ y'Bz' yBz n n da[ xBz' n n da[ yBz' n ດິ ະສ zBx' zBy' n da[ y'Cz' zCy n n da[ yCz' zCy' n &D 1 3 125D c]t ລຂິ 2 55D ວນ 1 2 55D ຫງ 3 d d' ສະ *D 60D a 120D a ສ c b c b ວ. g d g d ສ. f e f e 1 2 I6[ X!? b e gl 60D c]t a c d lf 120D I6[ X@? b e gl 120D c]t a c d lf 60D 54 (D 1 5 60D 2 4 110D 5 6 3 6 70D d1 110D d2 60D 4 1 3 2 d3 d4 d5 )D dD l 36D ; B A l C l 72D 0D A D F B E G C 7D n 108D BDA n 72D D BDC ’D ,uI6[lk,c9mjP’vnjo ) I6[D { glAo-nj0t|koda[ AB ,ulv’glAoD { glAo-nj0t|koda[ BD ,u|bj’glAoD 55 rkdmu # g]dde]a’ c]t leo;o [qfmu !& g]dde]a’ g;]k # -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { oe.-hoypk,g0Qk.odkovjko c]t dko0Pog]dde]a’ {.-hl6frNo4ko0v’g]dde]a’g0Qk.odkocdh[aoskD ດິ ະສ { xjPo9eo;ogxaog]dde]a’ c]t xjPog]dde]a’gxao9eo;oD @D goNv.o8Qo8+ g]dde]a’muj,u8q;de]a’gxao9eo;o4h;oD ລຂິ ວນ x zqo76o0v’g]dde]a’ am u an a m n ຫງ x zqosko0v’g]dde]a’ g,njv a z 0 gIqkwfhG ສະ am n a mn 4hk m ! n, a ສ am 1 m n, ວ. n nm 4hk a a ສ. am am n m a0 1 4hk m n. a a x de]a’0v’de]a’ (a m )n a mun x de]a’0v’zqosko a an ( )n g-yj’;jk bz0 b bn 56 #D lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo xN,c[[IPoD $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo { xt8y[af8k,7ecotoe16j[qfmu !D { oerkoadIPocdh[qfg/ydsaf[k’0=h.o0=hmu !F @F # c]t $ 16jshv’D { d;fdkD {.sh;Pd[hko[qfg/ydsafmujpa’gs^nvD &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! dD 7 7 7 21; 6, 2 6, 2 6, 2 6, 2 4 u 6, 2 24,8 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 5u 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 0D < 3 u 3 u 3 u 3 81 3 3 < 5 u 5 u 5 125 5 2 < 0, 2 u 0, 2 0, 04 0, 2 4 4 4 64 43 < u u 5 5 5 125 53 dyf9tdemu @ dD m n am an am u an mn a m n 2 1 aua a auaua 3 a3 3 2 auaua aua auauauaua 5 a5 2 2 aua aua auauaua 4 a4 9kd8k8t]k’F gIqkwfhG am u an a m n 57 0D m n am an am mn a mn an auauauaua aua auauauaua a3 5 2 auaua 3 aua auauaua auauaua a3 4 1 a auaua 3 a 3 3 auaua auaua auaua 0 a0 1 auaua am 9kd8k8t]k’ gIqkwfhG a mn X.og’njvow0 m!n c]t a z 0? an ດິ ະສ am am 4hk m n c]t a z 0F gIqkwfhG an am a mm ລຂິ a0 ວນ am vudfhko|bj’ 1 am ຫງ faj’oAo gIqkwfhG a0 1 ສະ 2 7D < a4 a4 u a4 a 4 4 a 4u 2 ສ 4 < a3 a3 u a3 u a3 u a3 ວ. a3333 ສ. a 3 u4 n faj’oAo gIqkwfhG am a mun 4 §a· a a a a < ¨ ¸ u u u ©b¹ b b b b auauaua bububub a4 b4 58 n §a· an faj’oAo gIqk9twfhG ¨ ¸ ©b¹ bn 3 < ab ab u ab u ab au auaububub a3b3 faj’oAogIqk9twfhG ab n a nb n *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’[qfg/ydsaf 4 !D dF 25 F 0D (3ab) 2 F 7D xy 2 2 ª§ 3 · § m · º § 3mt · ’D « ¨ 4 ¸ ¨ n ¸ t » ¨ ¸ ¬© ¹© ¹ ¼ © 4n ¹ @D dD 27648 0D 54675 7D 69984 23 ’D 1296 9D 1 lD 144 #D dD x10 0D y9 7D (ab)33 ’D 100x 7 9D t lD xn yz -D n4a pD x 24 fD a 2 xb 2 y c 2 z 8D x2 4 2 1§ x· $S dD 0D ¨ ¸ 7D ab 5 2© y¹ ’D 1 9D 24m lD 1 &D n 50; m 27; p 15 59 [qfmu !* g]dde]a’ X8+? g;]k ! -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { 7eo;og]dde]a’rNo !WD { xjPo9eo;ogxaog]dde]a’ c]t xjPog]dde]a’gxao9eo;oD @D goNv.o8Qo8+ ດິ ະສ g]dde]a’rNo !WD 10n u 10 u..... u 10 100............0 10 n gmnjv ລຂິ n 8q; ວນ 1 10 n 0, 00..............01 10n ຫງ n 8q;s^a’\kp95f ສະ #D lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo xN,c[[IPoD ສ ວ. $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສ. { xt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo mujwfhcotoe.o0=hmu $ 16j[qfmu ! D { oerkoadIPocdh[qfg/ydsaf0=hmu ! c]t 16jshv’D {.sh;Pd[hko[qfg/ydsaf0=hmu #D &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’dyf9tde dD 102 100; 105 100000; 106 1000000; 100 1 0D 1000 103 ; 10 000 104 ; 100 000 105 ; 10 101; 1 100 60 7D x 45000 4,5 u10000 4,5 u104 x 565, 01 0,56501u 103 x 0, 75 75 u 102 x 88, 008 8800,8 u102 *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf !D dD 6,95 u 106 ; 4, 602 u 107 0D 5, 2 u 103 ; 2,5125 u101; 1, 25002 u103 7D 4,3 u 102 ; 4,5 u107 ; 1,55002 u104 ; 7,525 u102 @D dD 602380 000 000 000 000 000 000 3,g]d5oD 0D 39300 000 m 7D 89 600 000 km 2 #D 1,5 u 1021 dik, 61 [qfmu !( leo;o g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { 9ecodxtgrf0v’leo;oD { xjPoxt3spd7eg;Qkgxaoleo;orbf-t7toyf c]t xjPoleo;orbf-t7t oyfgxaoxt3spd7eg;QkD ດິ ະສ @D goNv.o8Qo8+ leo;oD ລຂິ leo;oc,joc4;9eo;omuj,us^kprqf8+daofh;pg7njv’\kp [;d F ]q[ ວນ F 76o u s^n sko y D ຫງ #D lnjdkoIP{dkolvo xN,c[[IPoD ສະ $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສ {.shxt8y[af8k,7ecotoe.o0=hmu $ 16j[qfmu !D ວ. { 76gvqk.9.lj8nj, 0Ao8vodkolvo.97;k, X76vkfpqd8q;1jk’vnjomujrq;rao ສ. da[c8j]t[aosk grnjv.shoadIPog0Qk.9c9h’?D { cdh[qfg/ydsaf0=h !F @ c]t # 16jshv’D { g]nvdgvqk[qfg/ydsaf 0=hmu $ grnjvd;fdkD {.sh;Pd[hko[qfg/ydsafmujpa’gs^nvD 62 &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’dyf9tde 5x 3 !D dD leo;o0v’zqosko x 1 0D 2x 3 x 2 leo;o0v’zqo[;d 7D 3x 1 x 3 leo;o0v’zqo76o 4x ’D x 3 leo;o0v’zqo76o 3 2 9D x3 leo;o0v’zqo76o 2 lD 3 x 1 x 1 leo;o0v’zqo[;d -D x x 1 3 leo;o0v’zqo[;d § x 3· pD ¨ ¸x3 leo;o0v’zqo[;d © x ¹ 1 3 fD leo;o0v’zqo[;d x x 1 @D dD 500m 200 Xdu[? 0D 2a b3 [jvooaj’F 7D.sh a c,jo];’pk;F b c,jo];’d;hk’ c]t A c,jogoNvmuj gIqkwfhG A ab D #D dD 7jk[afzjkoxt86le]a[z6h.spjlv’7qoD 0D zqo[;d7jk[afzjkoxt86le]a[z6h.spj|bj’7qo c]t gfadohvplv’7qoD 7D 4hk-N[afzjkoxt86shk[afle]a[z6h.spj zh60kpxU9tc4,[af|bj’[afle]a[gfadohvp.sh Xlk,kfg;Qkwfhs^kpc[[ c]h;c8j7;k,g\ktlq,? 63 *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’[qfg/ydsaf !D dD 9eo;ooadIPo.oshv’,u a b 7qoD 0D ]k7kl=fe c]t [ydma’\qfgmqjk 1000 x 1500 y du[ 7D ]k7kma’\qfgmqjk 3n 5000 du[ ’D g’yomvogmqjk 50000 3x du[ y 9D P (cm) 4 bh lD A 2 ດິ ະສ -D g’yomuj9jkp-Ng0Qkc,jo 5000 x 2000 du[ @D dD ltcf’g4y’9eo;omujgxaomt;u76o0v’ # 0D 9eo;o7ud ລຂິ ວນ #D dD zqo[;d0v’[aofk]jP,0hk’ma’\qf 0D goNvmujvhv,0hk’ ຫງ 7D goNvmujrNo ’D [=]y,kf ສະ $D dD zqo[;d]k7klQ’|bj’zno c]t glNv|bj’zno 0D zqo[;d0v’]k7klQ’lv’zno c]t glNvlk,zno ສ ວ. 7D -NlQ’cxfzno c]t glNvsqdzno mk’Ihko.shlj;os^5f $WWW du[D Xlk,kfg;Qkwfhs^kpc[[ c]h;c8j7;k,g\ktlq,? ສ. ah &D I6[ X!? A F 2 h(b1 b2 ) I6[ X@? A 2 AC u BD I6[ X#? A 2 64 [qfmu !) dko7eo;odjP;da[leo;o g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { 7eo;oleo;o8jk’MwfhD { -vdsk7jk0v’leo;o3fpdkocmo7jk0v’8q;vadlvo.ljleo;owfhD @D goNv.o8Qo8+ dko7e;odjP;da[leo;oD #D lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo xB,c[[IPoD $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo {.shxt8y[af8k,7ecotoe.o0=hmu $ 16j[qfmu !D { 76gvqk.9.lj8nj, 0Ao8vodkolvo.97;k, X76vkfpqd8q;1jk’vnjomujrq;rao da[c8j]t[aosk grnjv.shoadIPog0Qk.9c9h’?D { cdh[qfg/ydsaf0=h !F @F #F & c]t *.shoadIPocdh16jshv’D { g]nvdgvqk[qfg/ydsaf @ 0=h9kd0=hmu & c]t * grnjvd;fdkD {.sh;Pd[hko[qfg/ydsafmujpa’gs^nvD &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’dyf9tdeD !D a bc a bc a bc a bc @D A 2b; B abc 65 *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’[qfg/ydsafD §3 3· § 3 2· !D D ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ©5 4¹ © 4 5¹ § 12 15 · § 15 8 · ¨ ¸¨ ¸ © 20 ¹ © 20 ¹ 27 § 7 · ¨ ¸ 20 © 20 ¹ 27 7 20 1 ດິ ະສ A 5; B 6,8; C 254 @D A 20 a; B 2a b; C 3 b; D 8b 2a 25; E 2 x 31; F 16 x 8 G 5( x 3) 2( x 1) ລຂິ H 2 y (1 y ) y (1 2 y ) ວນ 5 x 15 2 x 2 2 y 2 y2 y 2 y2 D 3x 17 3y ຫງ 5 49 51 11 #D A ; B ; C ; D 2 20 40 12 ສະ $D A 12; B 6; C 0; D 6; E 0; F 6 &D A 40 S B 112 ສ 5 ວ. C 90 S D 4 9 u 45 ສ. !WD dD F 8 u150 1200 0D F 32 113 5 48 u 20 220 7D P 160 ’D I 2, 75 6 80 1 152 225 1125 9D V u 3,14 u 62 u 5 188, 4 lD h 3 2 u 9,8 19, 6 98 66 [qfmu !_ dkocpdlj;o76o.oleo;o g;]k $ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { xjPozqo[;d.oleo;o.shgxaoleo;omujgxaozqo76o3fpdkocpdgvqklj;o76oIj;, 0v’r;d,aovvdgxaolj;olj;o76oD { xjPoleo;omujgxaozqo76o.shgxaoleo;omujgxaozqo[;d @D goNv.o8Qo8+ dkocpdlj;o76o.oleo;o 3fpdkocpdgvqklj;o76oIj;,0v’r;d,aovvd gxaolj;o76oD #D lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo xN,c[[IPoD $D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo {.shxt8y[af8k,7ecotoe.o0=hmu $ 16j[qfmu !D { xt8y[afc8j]tdyf9tdegxaod5j,F d5j,]t @{$ 7qoD { 76gvqk.9.lj8nj, 0Ao8vodkolvo.97;k, X76vkfpqd8q;1jk’vnjomujrq;rao da[c8j]t[aosk grnjv.shoadIPog0Qk.9c9h’?D { cdh[qfg/ydsaf X[k’0=h? c8j0=hmu !{* 16jshv’D { g]nvdgvqk[qfg/ydsaf @ 0=h9kd0=hmu & c]t * grnjvd;fdkD { d;fdk @W okmuD {.sh;Pd[hko[qfg/ydsafmujpa’gs^nvD 67 &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! dD < AMNPQ AMJIN AJQPI 5u 4 2u 4 20 8 28 < AMNPQ (5 2) u 4 7u4 28 < zqowfhIa[9kddko7yfw]jma’lv’d=]tou gmqjkdaoD ດິ ະສ < -vdskgoNvmuj0v’ MNPQ 8k, a, b c]t k < AMNPQ AMJIN AJQPI ka kb ລຂິ ວນ < AMNPQ k ( a b) faj’oAoF k a b ka kb ຫງ 0D < AMNPQ AMLEJ ALEIN AJQKE AEKPI ສະ 5u 4 5u 2 3u 4 3u 2 20 10 12 6 48 ສ < AMNPQ (5 3)(4 2) ວ. 8u 6 ສ. 48 < -vdskgoNvmuj0v’ MNPQ 8k, a , b, c c]t d < AMNPQ AMLEJ ALEIN AJQKE AEKPI ad ac bd bc < AMNPQ (a b)(c d ) ad ac bd bc faj’oAo ab cd ad ac bd bc 68 dyf9tdemu @ < 70 u11 70 u 22 70 u17 70 11 22 17 70 11 22 17 350 < 2a u 3 2a u 5 2a u 6 2a 3 5 6 4a < 2 a 1 3 a 1 4 a 1 a 1 2 3 4 3 a 1 < m2 m2 m 2 m2 m 3 m 2 ª¬1 m 2 m 3 º¼ m 2 >1 m 2 m 3@ 0 dyf9tdemu # A x 1 3x 1 ; B 2x 2x 2 C x 2 3 x D 2x 1 2x 3 dyf9tdemu $ lj;o76oIj;,0v’[aofkleo;o]5j,oUc,joG < 3u 5 3u 7 3u11 3 u13 c,jo 3 < 4 8 12 16 20 24 c,jo 4 < 2ab 2ac 2ad 2ae 2af c,jo 2a < (1 n)(m n) (m n)(2 n) c,jo m n < b b 2 b3 b 4 c,jo b < ab (ab) 2 c,jo ab *D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[0v’[qfg/ydsaf !D dD 5x 5 0D 2a 2 2a 69 2 1 y3 7D 7a 7 ’D 1 y3 1 9D 1 lD 6 -D a 2 b2 pD 1 x3 fD m3 n3 @D dD 5 x 4 y 0D 2bx 7D 13a ’D 7m 2m2 9D 3a 9b lD n3 18n2 9n 15 -D a 2 b2 5a 2 2b3 m n ດິ pD fD 8D ະສ 36 25 #D dD 5 0D 3 7D 11 ’D 4 9D 2a ລຂິ lD 2mn ວນ -D ab pD 3ac ຫງ fD 4 x 2 y 2 8D x 4D x y mD n m n ສະ $D dD 7 x 7 y 7 x y 0D 3a 3b 3c 3 a b c ສ 7D 2ab 2ac 2ad 2a(b c d ) ວ. ’D 4n 6mn 2n 2 3m ສ. 9D 22ab 33ac 44ad 11a(2b 3c 4d ) lD 10 xy 5 x 2 y 2 5 xy 2 xy -D 36b 2 9b 9b 4b 1 pD 5a 2 10a 3 15a 4 5a 2 1 2a 3a 2 fD 15m4 25m2 5m 2 (3m 2 5) 70 &D dD 3m5 3m 4 12m3 9m 2 3m 2 m3 m 2 4m 3 0D 4a 2 b 2 c 2 8ab 2 c 12a 2 b3 c3 4ab 2 c ac 2 3abc 2 7D 9 x3 y 6 x 2 y 2 3 xy 3 3 xy 3 x 2 2 xy y 2 ’D 5n3 10n 2 m 15nm 2 5n n 2 2mn 3m 2 *D dD ax ay bx by ax ay bx by a x y b x y x y ab 0D pm pn mq nq pm pn mq nq pm pn mq nq p mn q mn mn pq 7D x 2 2 x 5 x 10 x 2 2 x 5 x 10 x 2 2 x 5 x 10 x x2 5 x2 x2 x5 ’D 4ax 6ay 4bx 6by 4ax 4bx 6ay 6by 4ax 4bx 6ay 6by 4x a b 6 y a b a b 4x 6 y 2 a b 2x 3y 9D x 2 3x 2 x 6 x 2 3x 2 x 6 x 2 3x 2 x 6 x x 3 2 x 3 x3 x2 71 lD a 2c 2 acd acd d 2 a 2c 2 acd acd d 2 a 2c 2 acd acd d 2 ac ac d d ac d ac d ac d 2 ac d -D 3n(n 2) 3n(3 2n) 3n ª¬ n 2 3 2n º¼ 3n ª¬ n 2 3 2n º¼ 3n > n 2 3 2n @ ດິ ະສ 3n 3n 1 pD ( x 5)(n m) ( x 5)(n 2m) x 5 ª¬ n m n 2m º¼ ລຂິ x 5 ª¬ n m n 2m º¼ x 5 > n m n 2m @ ວນ 3m x 5 ຫງ fD (1 3x)(2 3 x) (3 x 1)(1 x) (1 3 x)(2 3 x) 1 (1 3 x)(1 x) 1 3 x ª¬ 2 3 x 1 x º¼ ສະ 1 3x > 2 3x 1 x @ 1 3x 4 x 3 ສ ວ. 8D (2 x 4)(3x 5) 2(3x 6)( x 1) 2 x 2 3x 5 2 3 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 3x 5 2 3 x 2 x 1 ສ. x 2 ª¬ 2 3x 5 6 x 1 º¼ x 2 > 6 x 10 6 x 6@ 4 x 2 mn m 2 n mn 2 mn § m n · 4D ¨1 ¸ 5 10 15 5 © 2 3¹ a3 a 2b a 2c a2 § b c· mD 3¨ a ¸ 2 x3 4 x4 6 x3 2x © 2x 3 ¹ 72 rkdmu $ lq,zqo c]t vtlq,zqo0Ao|bj’mju,u|bj’8q;]a[ [qfmu @W ltg\uzqo g;]k @ -qj;3,’ !D 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { oe.-hoypk,F 75o]adltot0v’ltg\uzqocdh[qf/ndsaf c]t g]d39f { cdh39f[aosk.o-u;yf9y’0v’la’7q,wfh @D goNv.o8Qo8= { ltg\uzqoc,jolv’9eo;omuj8+daofh;pg7njv’\kpgmjqkda[ " " c]t gxao9y’m5dM7jk0v’8q;|a’ln X pqdg;Ao7jk8hv’shk, ? {dkoxjPoltg\uuzqo|bj’gxaoltg\uuzqo.\jmP[gmqjkda[ltg\uuzqomuj.shdjvoD #D lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo { xnh,c[[IPo { -y’ , \kd38ho-y’ X4hk,ug’njvow0rhv,? $D dyf9tdedkoIPo {dkolvo {.shxt8y[af8k,dkocotoe.o0=hmu $ 1j6[qfmu !D {.sh76gvqk.9.ljcotoe]tvPfdyf9tdemu @ c]t.97;k,D &D 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde dyf9tdemu ! ltg\uuzqo 2a 10 { 4hk a 6 ltg\uuzqogxaoltg\uuzqozyf { 4hk a 5 ltg\uuzqogxaoltg\uuzqo4nd 73 dyf9tdemu @ d? x 3 1 4 gxao ltg\uuzqo4nd x 3 1 2 42 gxaoltg\uuzqo4nd x 3 1 a 4a gxaoltg\uuzqo4nd x a b faj’oAo a7 b7 gxaoltg\uuzqo4nd x a b faj’oAo ac bc gxaoltg\uuzqo4nd 0? ດິ ະສ x a b faj’oAo ac bc x a b faj’oAo auc buc x a b faj’oAo ລຂິ au 1 bu 1 cz0 ວນ c c 7? ຫງ a 1 4 a 7 10