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Florence Nightingale's 1 Sanitation Environmental Theory Creating a clean and hygienic Florence Nightingale, known as the founder of environment to prevent the spread of modern nursing, revolutionized...

Florence Nightingale's 1 Sanitation Environmental Theory Creating a clean and hygienic Florence Nightingale, known as the founder of environment to prevent the spread of modern nursing, revolutionized diseases and infections. the field with her environmental theory. Let's explore her background, 2 Proper Ventilation contributions, and the impact of her theory on Ensuring sufficient fresh air to nursing practice. promote respiratory health and reduce the risk of airborne pathogens. Florence Nightingale's Background and Contributions 3 Natural Light Utilizing natural light to positively Early Life impact mood, circadian rhythms, and overall well-being. Born in Italy in 1820, Nightingale defied societal expectations and pursued her passion for 4 Noise Control nursing. Minimizing noise disturbances to ensure a peaceful and healing The Crimean War environment for patients. Nightingale gained recognition for her work in improving sanitary conditions and reducing MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS mortality rates in military hospitals during the war. 1 Nursing Nightingale believed that every woman, Pioneering Reforms at one time in her life, would be a nurse She established the first professional training in the sense that nursing is being school for nurses and advocated for better responsible for someone else’s health healthcare practices. 2 Health Nightingale defined health as being well The Environmental Theory and using every power (resource) to the Explained fullest extent in living life. Additionally, she saw disease and illness as a reparative ❖ Nightingale's theory emphasizes the process that nature instituted when a impact of the environment on a patient's person did not attend to health concerns. healing process. It focuses on the 3 Person essential elements of clean air, pure In most of her writings, Nightingale water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, referred to the person as a patient. and light. Nurses performed tasks to and for the patient and controlled the patient’s Key Principles of the Environmental environment to enhance recovery. 4 Environment Theory Nightingale’s concept of environment emphasized that nursing was “to Subjectivity assist nature in healing the patient. Some critics argue that the theory lacks scientific objectivity and fails to consider Application of the individual patient preferences. Environmental Theory in Nursing Practice Evolution of Healthcare As healthcare practices and technologies evolve, ➔ Creating Healing Spaces it is important to adapt the theory to Nurses contribute to the incorporate new advancements and changes. healing process by designing patient rooms that promote Jean Watson's Philosophy and relaxation and recovery. Theory of Transpersonal Caring ➔ Incorporating Nature Nature-based interventions, ❖ An in-depth look at Jean Watson's such as gardens and green influential theory of transpersonal caring spaces, are integrated into in nursing practice, exploring key healthcare settings to aid in concepts, applications, criticisms, and patient healing and well-being. future implications. ➔ Nutrition and Nourishment About Jean Watson Nightgale's theory highlights the importance of providing ❖ Jean Watson is a renowned nurse patients with nutritious meals theorist and professor who developed to support their recovery and the theory of transpersonal caring. She overall health. believes that nursing is an art and a science that encompasses compassionate Evidence Supporting the care and holistic healing. Effectiveness of the Environmental Theory Major Assumptions 1 Nursing According to Watson (1988), the word nurse is both noun and verb. To her, nursing consists of “knowledge, thought, values, philosophy, commitment, and action, with some degree of passion” (p. 53). Nurses are interested in understanding health, illness, and the human experience; promoting and restoring health; and preventing illness. 2 Health She defined health as “unity and harmony Critique of the Environmental Theory within the mind, body, and soul”; associated with the “degree of congruence between the self as perceived and the self needs of patients. as experienced” (Watson, 1988, p. 48). 3 Person 3 The Transpersonal Watson uses interchangeably the terms human Caring Relationship being, person, life, personhood, and self. She This relationship is built on trust, empathy, and views the person as “a unity of understanding, creating a healing atmosphere for mind/body/spirit/nature” (1996, p. 147), and she both the patient and the nurse. says that “personhood is tied to notions that one’s soul possess a body that is not confined by Original 10 Carative Factors objective time and space...” ( 1 Formation of a Humanistic Altruistic 4 Environment System of Values She has a much broader view of Humanistic and altruistic values are learned environment: “the caring science is early in life but can be influenced greatly by not only for sustaining humanity, but nurse educators. This factor can be defined as also for sustaining the planet... satisfaction through giving and extension of the Belonging is to an infinite universal sense of self spirit world of nature and all living 2 Instillation of Faith- Hope things; it is the primordial link of This factor, incorporating humanistic and humanity and life itself, across time altruistic values, facilitates the promotion of and space, boundaries and holistic nursing care and positive health within nationalities” Watson describes assumptions for the patient population. It also describes the a Transpersonal Caring Relationship extending nurse’s role in developing effective nurse-patient to multidisciplinary practitioners Key Concepts interrelationships and in promoting wellness by in Watson's T helping the patient adopt health-seeking behaviors Key Concepts in Watson's Theory of 3 Cultivation of Sensitivity to Self and Others Transpersonal Caring The recognition of feelings leads to self actualization through self-acceptance for both 1 Caring as the Central the nurse and patient. As nurses acknowledge Central Focus their sensitivity and feelings, they become more Watson emphasizes the genuine, authentic, and importance of engaging sensitive to others in caring relationships to 4 Development of a Helping-Trust Relationship promote healing and The development of a helping-trust relationship well-being. between the nurse and patient is crucial for transpersonal caring. A 2 The Ten Carative trusting relationship promotes and accepts the Factors expression of both positive and negative These factors guide feelings. nurses in providing 5 Promotion and individualized care that Acceptance of the considers the physical, Expression of Positive emotional, and spiritual and Negative Feelings The sharing of feelings is a risk-taking psychophysical, psychosocial, andintrapersonal experience for both nurse and patient. The nurse needs of self and patient. Patients must satisfy must be prepared for either lower-order needs before attempting to attain positive or negative feelings. The nurse must higher-order needs.m recognize that intellectual and emotional understandings of a situation differ 10 Allowance For Existential-Phenomenological Forces 6 Systematic Use of the Scientific Problem- Solving Method for Decision Making Phenomenology describesdata of the immediate Use of the nursing process brings a scientific situation that help people problem- solving approach to nursing care, understand the phenomena in question. dispelling the traditional image of a nurse as the Existential psychology is a science of human doctor’s handmaiden. The nursing process is existence that uses phenomenological analysis. similar to the research process in that itis systematic and organized Application of Watson's Theory in Nursing Practice 7 Promotion of Interpersonal Teaching-Learning This factor is an important concept for nursing Creating a Healing Environment in that it separates caring from curing. It allows Nurses can create a healing the patient to be informed and shifts the environment by fostering a responsibility for wellness and health to the sense of safety, comfort, and patient. The nurse facilitates this process with tranquility for patients. teaching-learning techniques that are designed to enablevpatients to provide self-care, determine Enhancing Nurse- Patient Connections personal needs, and provide opportunities for Nurses can establish meaningful connections their personal growth through active listening, empathy, and genuine presence. 8 Provision for a Supportive, Supportive, Protective, and Corrective Mental, Promoting Holistic Care Physical, Sociocultural, and Spiritual Environment Environment Nurses must By considering all aspects of a recognize the influence that internal and external patient's well-being - physical, environments have on the health and illness of emotional, social, and individuals. Concepts relevant to the internal spiritual - nurses can provide environment include the mental and spiritual comprehensive care. well-being and sociocultural beliefs of an individual. Criticism and Limitations of Watson's Theory 9. Assistance with Gratification of Human Needs Ethical Concerns The nurse recognizes the biophysical, Some argue that the theory's emphasis on subjective experiences may lead to biased care and neglect of objective medical Theory evidence. Lack of Empirical Evidence 1 Authentic Presence Critics argue that there is a lack of scientific Being fully engaged, attentive, and research supporting the effectiveness of emotionally present in interactions Watson's theory in improving patient with patients and colleagues. outcomes. 2 Enablement Future Implications and Research in Empowering individuals to make informed decisions and promoting Transpersonal Caring Theory their active participation in their own care. Incorporating Technology 3 Caring Moment Exploring how technology can enhance and A unique opportunity for authentic maintain the humanistic aspects of caring in a connection and shared understanding that rapidly evolving healthcare landscape. enhances the healing process. Cultural Considerations 4 Transcendence Further investigating how cultural values and Embracing the human experience beliefs influence the transpersonal caring beyond illness or ailment, valuing the relationship and tailoring care accordingly. individual's journey. Marilyn Ray's Theory of Major Assumptions Bureaucratic Caring 1 Nursing Nightingale believed that every ❖ Discover the visionary theory of woman, at one time in her life, would Marilyn Anne Ray that revolutionizes be a nurse in the sense that nursing is the concept of caring in bureaucratic being responsible for someone else’s healthcare settings. health 2 Proper Ventilation Who is Marilyn Anne Ray? Ensuring sufficient fresh air to promote respiratory health and Marilyn Anne Ray is a renowned nursing reduce the risk of airborne scholar and author, best known for pathogens. her groundbreaking Theory of Bureaucratic 3 Natural Light Caring. Utilizing natural light to positively impact mood, circadian rhythms, and Definition of Bureaucratic Caring overall well-being. Bureaucratic Caring refers to the integration of 4 Noise Control attentive and caring practices within Minimizing noise disturbances to bureaucratic systems, transforming them into ensure a peaceful and healing compassionate and empathetic environments. environment for patients. Key Concepts in Marilyn Ray's Major Assumptions  professionals, patients, and their families. 1 Nursing Nursing is holistic, relational, spiritual, Collaborative Decision-Making and ethical caring that seeks the good Involving patients as partners in their own care of self and others in complex and fostering shared decision- making processes. community, organizational, and bureaucratic cultures. Benefits of Implementing the Theory 2 Health Health provides a pattern of meaning for Improved Patient Satisfaction individuals, families, and communities. In all human societies, beliefs and caring Enhanced patient experiences practices about illness and health and increased satisfaction rates leading to are central features of culture. Health is improved healthcare outcomes. not simply the consequence of a physical state of being. Engagement 3 Person A person is a spiritual and cultural Increased job satisfaction, being. Persons are created by God, motivation, and overall well- being of healthcare the Mystery of Being, and they engage professionals. co-creatively in human organizational Positive Organizational Culture and transcultural relationships to find Promotion of a caring and compassionate work meaning and value culture that positively impacts the overall 4 Environment organization. Environment is a complex spiritual, ethical, ecological, and cultural Challenges and Limitations phenomenon. This conceptualization 1 Time Constraints of environment embodies knowledge Allocating sufficient time for and conscience about the beauty of meaningful interactions and life forms and symbolic (representational) incorporating caring systems or patterns of meaning Application in practices in busy healthcare Healt settings. 2 Resistance to Change Application in Healthcare Settings Overcoming resistance to adopting new approaches Patient-Centered Care and values within traditional Ensuring the well-being and satisfaction of bureaucratic systems. patients by recognizing and addressing 3 Evaluation and Measurement their individual needs and preferences. Developing effective methods to evaluate and measure the implementation and impact of the theory. Effective Communication Successful Examp Fostering open and transparent communication Patricia Benner: Novice to Expert Theory among healthcare Introduction Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert theory, Characteristics: Rapid, accurate introduced in 1984, is a foundational decision-making with a deep understanding of model that explains how nurses develop skills patient needs and situations. and acquire clinical expertise over time. Drawing from the Dreyfus Model of Skill Nursing Metaparadigm in Benner’s Model Acquisition, Benner identified five stages of 1. Person: nursing competence, focusing on the importance o In Benner’s model, the “person” is both the of experiential learning in clinical practice. This patient and the nurse. The model model offers a structured approach to emphasizes the nurse's development as an understanding the progression of nursing skills individual, growing through experiences and and is widely used in both nursing education and interactions with patients. practice. 2. Health: Health is understood not just in terms of the Major Concepts and Definitions absence of disease but as the patient's lived 1. Novice: experience. Nurses at different levels of Definition: The beginner with no experience in expertise interpret health differently, with the clinical situations they are expected to experts focusing on the patient’s holistic health perform. rather than just treating symptoms. Characteristics: Follows strict rules and 3. Situation: guidelines, unable to exercise discretionary Benner and Wrubel (1989) use the term situation judgment. rather than environment, because situation 2.Advanced Beginner: conveys a social environment with social Definition: A nurse with some experience who definition and meaningfulness. They use the begins to recognize patterns in clinical phenomenological terms being situated and situations. situated meaning, which are defined by the Characteristics: Relies on guidelinesbut starts person’s engaged interaction, interpretation,and using experiences to handle recurring situations, understanding of the situation. though still needs support. 4. Nursing: 3. Competent: o Nursing in this framework is a practice-based Definition: A nurse with typically 2-3 years of l profession that evolves through experience. experience in the same role. The ability to provide effective care grows as Characteristics: Demonstrates efficiency, nurses gain more experience, moving from rule- organized care, and can make decisions based on based care to intuitive, expert-level care. more comprehensive analysis of a situation. 4. Proficient: Application to nursing theory Definition: A nurse who perceives clinical situations in a holistic manner. Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert model Characteristics: Uses intuition and experience provides a comprehensive understanding of how to guide decision- making, anticipates needs, nurses develop expertise over time. By and focuses on long-term outcomes. emphasizing experiential learning and 5. Expert: mentorship, the model outlines a clear path for Definition: A nurse with extensive experience the development of nursing competence. This who has an intuitive grasp of clinical situations framework is essential for clinical practice, without needing to rely on rules or guidelines. education, and leadership, helping to ensure that Moral Practice Is Founded on Care nurses provide high-quality care as they progress Concept: Empathy and reflection must in their careers. work together in moral practice. Empathy and Reflection: Empathy is the Kari Martinsen: Philosophy of Caring foundation of moral action, and it involves recognizing what the patient Overview: Kari Martinsen is a Norwegian nurse needs most. and philosopher whose work focuses on the philosophy of care, emphasizing the moral, Person-Oriented Professionalism practical, and relational aspects of care. Focus: Person-oriented professionalism demands that nurses see the patient as a Key Point: Her philosophy revolves around the suffering person, protecting their idea that care is fundamental not only to integrity. nursing but to life itself. She critiques modern Engagement: Nurses must invest healthcare's focus on efficiency and themselves in caring encounters, objectivity, advocating for a return to the moral obligating themselves to do their best foundation of care. for the patient. Major Concepts and Definitions Sovereign Life Utterances Care Concept: These are pre-cultural Definition: Care is the foundation of nursing and phenomena fundamental to all societies, a fundamental precondition for life. Three including openness, mercy, trust, hope, Dimensions of and love. Relation to Care: Without these Care: qualities, life disintegrates. Care helps to Relational: Care is about relationships realize these utterances in both personal between individuals. and professional interactions. Practical: Care is rooted in actions and Caring Actions: Through caring actions, practices.Moral: nurses can help patients experience love, Care is a moral imperative directed trust, hope, and mercy. outward, towards the other. The Untouchable Zone Professional Judgment and Discernment Definition: A protective boundary that Concept: Judgment is learned through nurses must not crossin caring concrete clinical experiences and encounters, ensuring professionalism developed through professional practice. and impartiality. Sensory and Moral: It involves the Duality: While respecting this zone, care ability to "see, listen, and touch must also involve openness and clinically in a good way.“ vulnerability in appropriate ways. Vocation Link to Perception: Perception in Concept: Vocation is a call to care for nursing is analog and subjective, others, grounded in the law of involving the integration of professional neighborly love. knowledge and previous experience.  Professional and Personal Refinement: emphasizes that nursing is not just a set of tasks, Nursing requires personal growth but a moral and relational practice. alongside professional knowledge. Education: Nurses must be trained not only in technical skills but also The Eye of the Heart in moral discernment and empathetic care. Concept: Stemming from the parable of Clinical Practice: The philosophy of caring the Good Samaritan, demands that nurses treat patients as whole the "eye of the heart" refers to the ability persons, recognizing their dignity and suffering. to be moved by the suffering of others. Katie Eriksson: Theory of Caritative Caring Holistic Understanding: Seeing the patient with Introduction the "eye of the heart" combines perception and Overview: Katie Eriksson is a Finnish- understanding. Swedish nurse and theorist whose Theory of Caritative Caring is rooted in the idea of The Registering Eye caring as a human science with a deep Definition: The registering eye is ethical and spiritual foundation. concerned with objectifying the patient and classifying clinical situations. Major Concepts & Definitions Critique: Martinsen warns that a Caritas: Love and charity; the foundation of one-sided focus on this perspective can caring. remove compassion from nursing, Caring Communion: Deep, intimate reducing the patient's will to live. connection that defines the caring reality. Nursing Metaparadigm The Act of Caring: Involves faith, hope, love, and creative actions. Caritative Caring Ethics: Nursing: Caring goes beyond nursing, but is Distinction between caring ethics (moral fundamental to it. True care involves relational, relation with the patient) and nursing ethics practical, and moral elements. (rules guiding nursing decisions). Person: Individuals are shaped by their social Dignity: Absolute and relative human dignity; and communal environments. A person cannot respect for the patient’s uniqueness. be separated from these contexts. Invitation: Welcoming the patient to the caring communion. Health: Health is understood in both classical Suffering: The ontological concept involving and modern terms, involving both the body’s human struggle; three condition and medical competence. types: illness, care, and life. Reconciliation: Achieving peace and new Environment: Space and situation are important wholeness after suffering. Caring Culture: The in nursing. Time, architecture, and interactions caring environment shaped by values, traditions, create the ambiance of care. and rituals Application to Nursing Theory Practical NURSING METAPARDIGM Implications: Martinsen’s philosophy Human Being: Entity of body, soul, and spirit, fundamentally religious and striving for communion. Health: Movement towards wholeness and holiness, involving balance between suffering and health. Nursing: Love and charity, or caritas, as the basic motive ofcaring has been found in Eriksson (1987b, 1990,2001) as a principal idea even in her early works Environment: Caring culture as a context of love, charity, and ethical interaction Application to Nursing Theory Clinical Practice: Nurses are called to offer caritative care, focusing on alleviating suffering, preserving dignity, and supporting the patient’s overall well-being. The nurse-patient relationship is sacred and central to the healing process. Nursing Education: Nursing education should focus on developing nurses who embody caritas— compassion, love, and mercy in their care. Emphasizes the importance of ethical discernment, spiritual care, and the moral responsibility of caring. Application to Nursing Theory Caring Ethics: Eriksson's theory provides a moral and ethical framework for nursing practice, where the nurse’s role is to alleviate suffering through compassionate, dignified care. Holistic Care: Caritative caring integrates physical, mental, and spiritual care, ensuring that nursing addresses the whole person, not just their illness.