Nursing Theory PDF

Lesson 1: Introduction to Nursing Theory: its Nursing accreditation criteria for baccalaureate History and Significance and high degree programs 2. the decision that doctora...

Lesson 1: Introduction to Nursing Theory: its Nursing accreditation criteria for baccalaureate History and Significance and high degree programs 2. the decision that doctoral education for nurses History of Nursing Theory should be in nursing - History of professional nursing began with Graduate Education Era Florence Nightingale. - development of nursing knowledge apart from - developed in tandem with the research era medical knowledge to guide nursing practice - master’s degree programs in nursing emerged to - nursing was based on principles and traditions meet the public need for specialized clinical that were handed down through an nursing practice. apprenticeship model of education and individual hospital procedure manual included concepts in: - nursing reflected its vocational heritage more 1. concept development than its professional vision. 2. nursing models - develop a body of specialised knowledge on 3. early nursing theorist which to base nursing practice 4. knowledge development process - strong emphasis on practice and worked throughout the century toward the development baccalaureate degree began to gain wider of nursing as a profession acceptance as: a. educational level for professional nursing Curriculum Era b. academic discipline in higher education - address the question of what content nurse nurse researchers worked to developed and should study to learn how to be a nurse clarify a specialized body of nursing knowledge - emphasis on what courses nursing students with the following goals should take, with the goal of arriving at a a. improving the quality of patient care standardized curriculum b. providing a professional style of practice - the idea of moving nursing education from c. achieving recognition as profession hospital-based diploma programs into colleges and universities began to emerge during this era - transition from vocation to profession - emphasized course selection and content for - Meleis (2007) noted, “theory is not a luxury in the nursing programs and gave way to the research discipline of nursing… but an integral part of the era nursing lexicon in education, administration and practice” Research Emphasis Era - important precursor was the acceptance of nursing as a profession and academic discipline in - focused on the research process and the long its own right range goal of acquiring substantive knowledge to guide nursing practice Theory Era - sought degrees in higher education began to emerge - a natural outgrowth of the research and graduate - began to participate in research and research education eras. courses were included in nursing curricula - emphasis on theory development and testing - awareness for the need of concept & theory - accelerated as early works developed as development coincided with two other milestone frameworks for curricula and advanced practice in the evolution of nursing theory: guides began to recognized as theory 1. the standardization of curricula for nursing master’s education by the National League for  classification of nursing models as paradigms - compromises nursing works by the within metaparadigms concepts are following: theorist who also are referred to as a. person pioneers in nursing b. environment c. health 3. nursing theory d. Nursing - derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models or more abstract - the said classification united nursing theoretical nursing theories, or from works of other works for the discipline disciplines - developed from some conceptual emphasis shifted from learning about the theorist framework and is more specific than the to use of the theoretical works to generate: framework a. research questions - theories may be specific to a particular b. guide practice aspect or setting of nursing practice c. organize curricula 4. Middle Range theory theory development emerged as a process and - more specific focus and is more concrete product of professional scholarship and growth than nursing theory in its level of and sought higher education among: abstraction 1. nursing leaders - more precise, with a focus on answering 2. administrators specific nursing practice questions 3. educators - address the specifics of nursing 4. practitioners situations within the perspective of the model or theory from which they are Nursing Theory Era derived - they specify each factor as: - the use of theory to convey an organizing a. the age group of the patient structure and meaning for these processes to the b. family situation convergence of ideas c. health condition - Fitzpatrick and Whall (1983) had said, “Nursing is d. location of the patient on the brink of an exciting new era” e. action of the nurse Theory Utilization Era - emphasis shifted to theory application in nursing practice, research, education, and administration - resorted balance between research and practice for knowledge development in the discipline of nursing - emphasis to produce evidence for quality professional practice types of nursing theoretical works: 1. nursing philosophy - sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical presentation - basis for subsequent development 2. nursing conceptual methods  theory is also vital to the practice of professional nursing higher degree nursing is recognized as a profession today nursing was the subject of numerous studies by sociologists who used the criteria for a profession Criteria for development of the professional status of nursing: Significance of Nursing Theory 1. utilisizes in its practice a well defined and well organized body of specialized knowledge that is DISCIPLINE – specific to academia and refers to a branch on the intellectual level of higher learning of education, a department of learning or domain of knowledge 2. constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses PROFESSION – a specialized field of practice founded and improves its techniques of education and upon the theoretical structure of the science of service through use of the scientific method knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities 3. entrust the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education Significance for the Discipline 4. applies its body of knowledge in practical services - this emphasis led into theory development era vital to human and social welfare that moved nursing toward the goal developing nursing knowledge to guide nursing practice 5. functions autonomously in the formulation of - the discipline and the profession are inextricably professional policy and thereby in the control of linked and failure to recognize and separate them professional activity from each other anchors nursing in a vocational rather than a professional view 6. attracts individuals with intellectual and personal - dependent on theory for its continued existence qualities of exalting service above personal gain - nursing can be vocational or nursing can be who recognize their chosen occupation as a life discipline with a professional style of work theory-based practice - nurses moved from the functional focus, with an 7. strives to compensate its practitioners by emphasis on what nurses do, to patient focus, providing freedom of action, opportunity for emphasizing what nurses know for thought, continuous professional growth and economic decision making and action security forms of basis in recognizing nursing as discipline: nursing in recognized as a profession and a. knowledge of person emphasis is placed on the relationship between b. health nursing theoretical works and achievement status c. Environment as a profession - every discipline or field of knowledge includes the use of substantive knowledge for the theoretical knowledge theory-based evidence for nursing is a quality - nursing as academic discipline depends on the that is characteristic of their practice existence of nursing knowledge Significance for the Profession The commitment to theory-based evidence for practice is beneficial to patients in that it guides theory is essential for the existence of nursing as systematic, knowledgeable care. an academic discipline Lesson 2 : Structure of Knowledge: Terminologies Proposition Science - statements that explains the relationships of - latin word is “scientia” – knowledge different concepts - systematically organized body of knowledge - ex. Children don’t want to stay in the hospital about a particular subject because of their fear of injections - performing the process of observation, description, experimental, investigation and Definition theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon - composed of various descriptions which convey a general meaning and reduces the vagueness in Knowledge understanding a set of concepts - general awareness, understanding of possession of information, facts, ideas, truths or principles Assumption - information, skills and expertise acquired by a - a statement that specifies the relationship or person through various experiences or through connection of factual concepts or phenomena formal/informal learning - ex. All patients who are not able to take good care of themselves need nurses Sources of Knowledge - Traditional – nursing practice which is passed Phenomenon down from generation to generation - a fact or occurrence that can be observed - Authoritative – an idea by a person of authority - something notable; excites people’s interest and which is perceived as true because of his or her curiosity expertise - Scientific – knowledge came from a scientific Philosophy method through research - a statement of beliefs and values about human beings and their world Theory - concerned with the purpose of human life, the - an organized system of accepted knowledge that nature of being and reality, the theory and limits is composed of concepts, propositions, definitions of knowledge and assumptions intended to explain a set of fact, event, or phenomena - a group of related concepts that propose actions that guide practice - a system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomena Concept - idea, belief, view, though, perception, impression - the building blocks of theories - enhances one’s capacity to understand phenomena as it helps define the meaning. Characteristics of a theory 1. theory can correlate concepts in such a way as to Abstract Concept generate a different way of looking at a certain - indirectly observed fact or phenomenon - independent on time and place - ex. The relationship between self-care deficit and - ex. love, care, freedom nursing 2. theories must be logical in nature Concrete Concept Logic – an orderly reasoning - directly observed interrelationships of concepts must be sequential - specific time and place and consistently used within the theory - ex. nurse, mother, chair  Florence Nightingale 3. Theories should be simple but generally broad in remembered today as the person responsible for nature improving conditions in hospitals and making Parsimonious – simple terms that describes, nursing an acceptable job explains, or predicts a wide range of phenomena strongest influence: education, observation and hands-on experience 4. Theory can be the source of hypotheses that can be tested for it to be elaborated Nightingale’s Nursing Theory 1. Theory Basis 5. theories contribute in enriching the general body - the inter-relationship of a healthful of knowledge through the studies implemented environment with nursing to validate them - external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to 6. theories can be used by practitioners to direct or disease or death enhance their practice 2. Theory Goal - nurses helps patients retain their own 7. theories must be consistent with other validated vitality by meeting their basic needs theories, laws, and principles but will leave open through control of the environment unanswered questions that need to be tested 3. Nursing’s Focus - control of the environment for Components of a Theory individuals, families & community 1. Context – resembles environment to which nursing act takes place 3 Types of Environment 2. Content – subject of the theory 3. Process – method by which nurses acts in using Physical Environment nursing theory - consists of physical elements where the patient is being treated Metaparadigm - affects all other aspects of the environment - greek “meta” - with ; “Paradeigma” - pattern - cleanliness of environment relates directly to - main concepts encompassing the subject matter disease prevention and patient mortality and the scope of discipline - ventilation, warmth, cleanliness, light, noise & - organizing conceptual or philosophical drainage framework of a discipline or profession - it defines and describes relationships among Psychological Environment major ideas and values - providing a positive stress free environment surrounding Person – the recipient of nursing care, including - can be affected by a negative physical physical, spiritual, psychological, socio-cultural environment which then causes stress components - requires various activities to keep the mind active (i.e manual work, appealing food, a pleasing Environment – internal and external conditions environment) and circumstances, and influences affecting the - involves communication with the person, about person the person, and about other people Health – the degree of wellness or illness Social Environment experienced by the person - collecting data about illness and disease prevention Nursing – the actions, characteristics, and - consist of a person’s home or hospital room, s well attributes of the individual providing the nursing as the total community that affects the patient’s care specific environment - stress free surroundings  environment; influences the environment to 5 Major Components of a Healthful Environment affect health 1. proper ventilation 2. adequate light Nightingale’s Assumption 3. sufficient warmth 4. control of noise 1. nursing js separate from medicine 5. control of effluvia (noxious odors) 2. nurses should be trained 3. the environment is important in nursing Metaparadigm in Nursing 4. the disease process is not important to nursing - observation of the sick 5. nursing should support the environment to assist - personal cleanliness the patient in healing - petty management 6. research should be utilized through observation - light and empirics to define the nursing discipline - health of houses 7. nursing is both an empirical science and an art - cleanliness of rooms 8. nursing’s concern is with the person in the - ventilation and warming environment - bed and bedding 9. the person is interacting with the environment - taking food 10. sick and well are governed by the same laws of - what food health - noise 11. the nurses should be observant and confidential - chattering hopes and advices - variety Metaparadigm in Nursing Person the patient, a human being acted upon by a nurse or affected by the environment who has reparative powers recovery is within the patient’s power as long as a safe environment for recuperation exists. Environment Comprises the external conditions and forces that affect one’s life and development everything from person’s food to a nurse’s verbal and nonverbal interactions with the person Health maintaining well-being by using a person’s powers to the fullest extent; disease is viewed as a reparative process instituted by nature maintained by controlling environmental factors to prevent disease; nurse helps the person through the healing process Nursing aims to provide fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet and proper diet; facilitates a person’s reparative by ensuring the best possible