Test your knowledge_Chapter 3.docx

By the end of **Chapter 3**, you will be able to answer the following questions. Remember to try and answer these first without any aids, then use your notes, slides, and textbook -- [the textbook has all the answers]. Also be aware that these questions are meant to help you review the content and f...

By the end of **Chapter 3**, you will be able to answer the following questions. Remember to try and answer these first without any aids, then use your notes, slides, and textbook -- [the textbook has all the answers]. Also be aware that these questions are meant to help you review the content and finding the answer on your own will aid your learning and preparation for the test (whilst avoiding overconfidence). Being unsure of whether an answer is correct/incorrect probably means that you need to review the material again. You can also communicate with peers and come to office hours to clarify any questions regarding this guide or course content in general. Be as detailed and thorough as possible. 1\. Match each term with the appropriate alternative. ---- ------------------------------------------- a. carries messages toward a given structure b. on the same side c. carries messages from a given structure d. on the opposite side ---- ------------------------------------------- - ipsilateral \_\_\_ - contralateral \_\_\_ - afferent \_\_\_ - efferent \_\_\_ 2\. What exactly does it mean when we say that structures like the spinal cord are lower order structures vs. the cortex? Does it mean that, for example, the medulla is less important than the visual cortex? 3\. Anatomists use a somewhat specialized vocabulary, and it is necessary to learn some of this to understand neuropsychology. For each term, choose the correct anatomical term from the list below for directions around the brain. ---- ----------- a. anterior b. dorsal c. posterior d. ventral ---- ----------- - top \_\_\_ - bottom \_\_\_ - front \_\_\_ - back \_\_\_ 4\. For each cell type, choose the correct function from the list below. ---- --------------------------------------------- a. produce cerebrospinal fluid b. structural and nutritive c. insulation within the brain and spinal cord d. insulation in the peripheral nervous system ---- --------------------------------------------- - astrocytes \_\_\_ - oligodendroglia \_\_\_ - Schwann cells \_\_\_ - ependymal cells \_\_\_ 5\. True or false. Astrocytes are part of our immune system and attack large particles that cross the blood brain barrier. 6. Identify the structural and functional differences between a motor neuron and an interneuron. 7. Identify the functional differences between an interneuron and a sensory neuron. 8. Explain all the ways afferent and efferent pathways differ. For example, explain the location of afferent pathways in the spinal cord and what kind of signals (typically) these carry. 9. Which interneurons can be found in the Cerebellum and why do you think these are abundant here? 10. What do you call a group of nuclei in the PNS?\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 11. Diagram the functional divisions of the human nervous system. 12. Identify and describe 2 ways that the brain and spinal cord are protected from injury and infection. 13. What is an ischemic stroke and what is a hemorrhagic stroke? What are the main differences, and would these require the same treatment? Explain. 14. In general, how is blood supplied to the brain? 15. True or False and explain why. A person with a blocked right carotid artery will damage the right cerebral hemisphere completely. 16. If there is a blockage on the main branch of the anterior cerebral artery, what parts of the [cerebral cortex] will this blockage affect? 17. Identify the lobes of the cortex supplied by each of the following: anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior cerebral artery. 18. Identify two types of glial cells and indicate their main function in the nervous system. 19. Compare and contrast the functions of the spinal nerves and cranial nerves. 20. Why is it important to know about cranial nerves, where their nuclei are and what they innervate? How can knowing these be beneficial? 21. What is the organization of the spinal cord described by the Bell-Magendie law? 22. Discuss briefly how flexion and extension reflexes help an organism to adapt to its local environment. 23. List 3 cranial nerves with their function and one typical symptom of dysfunction. 24. List three components of the limbic system and a function ascribed to each one. 25. What is the relationship between primary, secondary, and tertiary regions of the cortex in information processing? 26. If I find a piece of cortex that I believe is a primary sensory area, what cellular layer characteristics would it have? 27. A piece of cortex that contains a large layer V and VI is likely: a. A primary motor area b. A primary sensory area c. An association area d. A secondary sensory area 28. Describe the main function of the thalamus. 29. What sensory modality (sense) is not relayed by the thalamus? 30. How many layers of neurons does the Cerebral Cortex have? 31. In the cortex, information that will result in complex movement most likely flows from: a. Primary to secondary and then to an area of association (tertiary areas) b. Tertiary area to secondary and finally to primary area c. Secondary to primary area only d. Tertiary to primary and finally to secondary e. Tertiary to primary and secondary, secondary to primary, with feedback loops at every level. 32. What are the Basal Ganglia's main inputs? What are the main functions of the Basal Ganglia? 33. Name the structures and locations of the Midbrain? 34. What Cranial nerve converges at the level of the Midbrain? 35. What would happen if a person's superior colliculi where damaged? Describe the behaviour 36. What is the main function of the Pons? 37. Describe what happens if a person's spinal nerve is damaged affecting only the dorsal root -- the spinal nerve damages is located at the cervical level serving the upper limb. 38. If a person's Vermis is damaged, that person would exhibit these symptoms: 39. The Thalamic nuclei, Lateral Geniculate Body and the Medial Geniculate Body receive input from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, respectively and relay this input to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, respectively. 40. Describe one disease of the Basal Ganglia. 41. Describe the functional and anatomical differences of Oligodendroglia and Schwann cells. 42. The orientation towards or away from a stimulus (particularly visual and auditory) is mediated by these nuclei in the midbrain: (also identify where in the midbrain these are located) 43. The spinothalamic tract originates in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and terminates in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 44. If after a spinal cord injury, a person loses feeling below the injury level but movement and reflexes are intact, what pathway in the spinal cord is damaged? Where are these located?  45. How were Brodmann areas characterized? 46. Which of the basal ganglia's nuclei is an input region and which is considered an output region? 47. Name an area of the brain that would receive information coming from the basal ganglia via the Thalamus. 48. How did researchers find out that there is a hierarchy in the nervous system with higher order structures providing support for more complex behaviour? 49. Related to \#48, what behaviours would an animal show if it had a spinal cord and a hind brain, with the hind brain being its highest order structure? i.e., no midbrain, diencephalon, basal ganglia or cortex. Would it survive?