Uzbekistan Past Paper - Fundamentals of Finance PDF

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND INNOVATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN TASHKENT STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGIES “APPROVED”...

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND INNOVATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN TASHKENT STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGIES “APPROVED” First Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs of TSUE ______S.Mekhmonov “___” _______ 2024 TESTS FOR FINAL CONTROL IN THE DISCIPLINE "FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE" (for 2nd year students, on the topics of the 3rd semester) Field of knowledge: 400000 - Business, management and law Field of education: 410000 - Business and management 60410600 - Insurance Names of bachelor’s directions - Accounting and auditing (by 60410100 whose students will study this industry). discipline - World economy and international 60411900 economic relations (by region and type of activity) 60310200 - Econometrics Discussed and approved at the meeting of the Department of Finance and Financial Technologies. No. 1 dated 08/30/2024 Head of Department: ________ Prof. Kh. A. Kobulov Compiled by: _________ Senior Lecturer O. Sh. Kuvatova Tashkent 2024 +++++ 1. In which of the following answers is the definition of the term "finance" given? ==== #finance is a system of monetary relations that has an imperative form and is associated with the formation, distribution and use of monetary funds ==== finance is a set of legal relations arising in real money turnover regarding the formation, distribution and use of centralized funds of financial resources ==== finance is a barter relationship between individuals and legal entities ==== finance is a social relationship between individual groups of citizens +++++ 2. Among the listed, what are the main functions of finance? ==== #distribution, control ==== informational, stimulating; ==== control, stimulating ==== distribution, cost +++++ 3. Through the implementation of what function of finance is the creation of primary (basic) income in the field of material production? ==== reproductive ==== control ==== #distribution ==== stimulating +++++ 4. List the areas of financial relations depending on the mechanism of formation and use of financial resources ==== #public finances; finances of economic entities represented by enterprises, institutions and organizations; household finances ==== finances of economic entities, household finances ==== state budget, state-owned enterprises ==== finances of enterprises operating on a commercial basis, finances of organizations engaged in non-commercial activities, finances of public associations +++++ 5. Which of the links of the financial system are the finances of political parties? ==== household finances ==== finances of organizations engaged in non-commercial activities ==== #finances of public associations ==== corporate finance +++++ 6. The market in which free monetary capital and savings are redistributed between various economic entities by making transactions with financial assets is called… ==== stock market ==== #financial market ==== money market ==== insurance market +++++ 7. Which of these markets refers to the money market? ==== mortgage market ==== #currency market ==== insurance market ==== precious metals market +++++ 8. The main body regulating the organization of the credit market and banking activities in our country is: ==== #Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Central Depository ==== Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan +++++ 9. Give a name to the above definition: The part of the financial market in which long money is circulating, that is, funds with a circulation period of more than a year is called… ==== #capital market ==== insurance market ==== real estate market ==== stock market +++++ 10.Among the listed, specify the main participants of the financial market ==== insurance and credit institutions ==== financial market infrastructure entities ==== #buyers and sellers of financial instruments, financial intermediaries ==== investment banks +++++ 11.What is the functional purpose of the financial market? ==== #mediating the movement of funds from their owners (savers) to users (investors), ==== in the redistribution of funds of economic entities ==== in mediation between spheres and branches of the economy ==== in the distribution of free cash between the links of the financial system +++++ 12.What cannot serve as a financial instrument? ==== precious metals ==== national currency ==== #real estate ==== securities +++++ 13.Among those listed, select an element that is not related to the elements of financial markets ==== financial institutions ==== financial market regulatory authorities ==== rules and principles of activity of financial market participants ==== #market pricing mechanism +++++ 14.Among the above, choose the correct definition of a financial intermediary ==== #institutions that accumulate excess reserves of market relations entities and lend them in the form of various kinds of debt obligations to entities with a shortage of financial resources ==== companies that attract funds from numerous investors into a single "pool" and invest them in stocks, bonds, short-term money market instruments or other securities ==== funds whose goal is to achieve the same parameters of portfolio value growth as the growth of a certain market index ==== this is a type of investment company that periodically offers its shares to be repurchased from stockholders +++++ 15.What industries are insurance divided into in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== property insurance and general insurance; ==== life insurance and liability insurance ==== life and property insurance ==== #life insurance and general insurance +++++ 16.What can act as an object of financial intermediation in the money market? ==== #free cash ==== funds in foreign currency ==== treasury notes ==== cash held at the bank's cash desk ++++ 17.Among the above, select the elements of the financial infrastructure related to the infrastructure of the non-bank credit intermediation market ==== commercial banks ==== insurance companies and other subjects of insurance activity ==== exchanges, exchange intermediaries ==== #microfinance organizations, leasing companies, factoring companies +++++ 18.Among these, select the elements of the financial infrastructure related to the infrastructure of the commodity market. ==== microfinance organizations, factoring companies ==== insurance companies and other subjects of insurance activity ==== #exchanges, exchange intermediaries ==== commercial banks +++++ 19.Financial rent is: ==== #a series of consecutive fixed payments made at the same time intervals ==== income received from investing funds on a bank deposit ==== cash flows predicted within the framework of the investment project ==== income received from investing money in an insurance company +++++ 20.Give a name to the following definition. The totality of actions and activities carried out by the authorities on the use of financial relations to fulfill the functions and tasks assigned to it by the state is called … ==== #financial policy ==== financial system ==== financial control ==== financial mechanism +++++ 21.What types of financial policy is divided into depending on the duration of the period and the nature of the tasks to be solved? ==== strategy and concept ==== strategy and perspective ==== #tactics and strategy ==== tactics and perspective +++++ 22.A set of persons who have united to achieve common goals, carry out joint activities and form an independent legal entity – a legal entity is called … ==== conglomerate ==== trust ==== #corporation ==== association ++++ 23.What economic entity is a method and form of organization of society, a mechanism of interconnection and interaction of people living in a single territory, united by the institution of citizenship, a system of public authorities and laws? ==== #The State ==== A commercial enterprise ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 24.The essence of which economic entity is characterized in such important features as territory, population, government bodies, and taxes? ==== #The State ==== A commercial enterprise ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 25.Which economic entity is tasked with regulating the development of the economy and social sphere? ==== #The State ==== A commercial enterprise ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 26.Which economic entity is responsible for financing public organizations of the education system? ==== #The State ==== A commercial enterprise ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 27.Which economic entity is responsible for financing public health organizations? ==== #The State ==== A commercial enterprise ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 28.Which economic entity performs economic, managerial, social, environmental, law enforcement and defense functions? ==== #The State ==== A commercial enterprise ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 29.What economic entity is the main unit of production, economic and commercial activity and operates to make profit? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 30.What economic entity can function as a limited liability company? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 31.What economic entity can function as a joint stock company? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 32.What economic entity can function as a corporation? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 33.What economic entity can operate as a private enterprise? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 34.Which economic entity may be synonymous with “a firm” or “a legal entity”? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 35.Which economic entity pays corporate income tax? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 36.Which economic entity pays land tax for legal entities? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 37.Which economic entity pays property tax for legal entities? ==== #A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A household ==== An individual ++++ 38.What economic entity is run by one or more people living together? ==== #A household ==== A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A school ++++ 39.What economic entity provides the state and enterprises with labor resources? ==== #A household ==== A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A hospital ++++ 40.Members of which economic entity pays personal income tax? ==== #A household ==== A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A school ++++ 41.Members of which economic entity pays property tax for individuals? ==== #A household ==== A commercial enterprise ===== The State ==== A joint stock company ++++ 42.Which economic entity pays land tax for individuals? ==== #A household ==== A commercial enterprise ==== The State ==== A district hospital ++++ 43.Which of the following is money relations regarding the formation, distribution, and use of the State budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan? ==== #Centralized finance ==== Decentralized finance ==== Enterprise finance ==== Household finance ++++ 44.Which of the following is money relations on the formation, distribution,  and use of money funds of commercial enterprises? ==== #Decentralized finance ==== Centralized finance ==== Finance of non-profit organizations ==== Household finance ++++ 45.Which of the following is money relations on the formation, distribution, and use of money funds of a family? ==== #Household finance ==== Centralized finance ==== International finance ==== Money ++++ 46.Which of the following money funds is a centralized money fund? ==== #State budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Depreciation fund of the enterprise ==== Family budget ==== Personal budget of an individual ++++ 47.Which of the following money funds is a centralized money fund? ==== #Extra-budgetary Pension Fund under The Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Wage fund at the enterprise ==== Family budget ==== Salary of a school teacher ++++ 48.Which of these money funds belongs to the centralized funds? ==== #Employment Promotion Fund of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== The authorized capital of the enterprise ==== Family budget ==== Reserve fund of an enterprise ++++ 49.Which of the following money funds is a decentralized fund? ==== #Family budget ==== Employment Promotion Fund of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== State budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Extra-budgetary Pension Fund under The Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan ++++ 50.Give an example of a financial relation that is optional ==== #Purchase of a bottle of Coca-Cola ==== Payment of personal income tax ==== Household payments for utilities ==== State payment of a pension to a retired grandmother ++++ 51.Give an example of a financial relation that occurs more than 6 times per one year ==== #Payment of wages by the enterprise to its employees ==== Payment of dividends by the enterprise to its founders ==== Payment of property tax for individuals ==== Payment of land tax for individuals ++++ 52.Give an example of a financial relationship that is optional ==== #Purchase by an individual of one portion of pilaf for lunch ==== Payment by an enterprise of wages to its employees ==== Payment of dividends by an enterprise to its founders ==== Payment of property tax for individuals ++++ 53.Which economic category can be considered as a system of money relations regulated by the state regarding the formation, distribution, and use of various money funds? ==== #Finance ==== Tax ==== Insurance ==== State budget expenditures ++++ 54.To which part or sphere of the financial system can a pensioner's finance be attributed? ==== #Household finance ==== Business finance ==== Finance of non-profit organizations ==== Public finance ++++ 55.To which part or sphere of the financial system can the Employment Promotion Fund of the Republic of Uzbekistan be attributed? ==== #Public finance ==== Household finance ==== Business finance ==== Finance of non-profit organizations ++++ 56.Which of the following does not apply to the external financial relations of  the household? ==== #Relations between mother and her son ==== Household relations with insurance companies ==== Household relations with commercial banks ==== Household relations with the state budget ++++ 57.Which organization supervises the activities of commercial banks? ==== #Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== State Tax Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan ++++ 58.Which authority gives licenses to commercial banks? ==== #Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== State Tax Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan ++++ 59.What organization determines the minimum size of the authorized capital of a commercial bank? ==== #Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== State Tax Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan ==== State Customs Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan ++++ 60.Which of the following organizations are not regulated by the Central Bank? ==== #Public schools and hospitals ==== Commercial banks ==== Pawnshops ==== Credit unions ++++ 61.Which of the following does not apply to the rights of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan? ==== #Plan the budget expenditures of the Yunusabad district of the city of Tashkent ==== Receive and check reports and other documents of banks, credit unions and pawnshops, request and receive information about their activities, including transactions ==== Establish requirements for internal audit of banks ==== Send banks, credit unions and pawnshops binding orders to eliminate violations identified in their activities ++++ 62.Which of the following is a long-term financial policy? ==== #Financial strategy ==== Financial system ==== Financial tactics ==== Financial mechanism ++++ 63.Which of the following is a short-term financial policy? ==== #Financial tactics ==== Financial system ==== Financial strategy ==== Financial mechanism ++++ 64.The main characteristic of what type of financial policy of the state is non-  interference of the state in the economy, the preservation of free competition, the use of the market mechanism as the main regulator of economic processes? ==== #Classic financial policy ==== Regulatory financial policy ==== Planning and directive financial policy ==== Financial stabilization policy ++++ 65.What type of financial policy is based on the economic theory of J. Keynes, which substantiates the need for government intervention and regulation of the cyclical development of the economy? ==== #Regulatory financial policy ==== Classic financial policy ==== Planning and directive financial policy ==== Financial stabilization policy +++++ 66.The financial resources generated by business entities are called: ==== #Decentralized financial resources ==== Centralized financial resources ==== State financial resources. ==== Macro-level finance +++++ 67.Which economic entities are responsible for financing public health organizations? ==== # The state. ==== Commercial enterprise ==== Household ==== A natural person +++++ 68.Synonyms of the name of which economic entity can be "firm" or "legal entity"? ==== # Commercial enterprise ==== A natural person ==== The state.. ==== Household +++++ 69.Specify the correct definition of the term "finance" ==== # Finance is a system of monetary relations between various economic entities regarding the formation, distribution and use of funds ==== Finance is a system of special legal relations between the state on the one hand and enterprises and individuals on the other hand ==== Finance is a set of funds owned by economic entities ==== Finance is all the investments of public authorities over several years +++++ 70.In which of the following options is the incorrect definition of the term "finance" given? ==== # Finance is a barter relationship between legal entities regarding the supply of goods ==== Finance is a set of monetary relations between economic entities ==== Finance is a set of economic relations between legal entities and individuals ==== Finance is a set of monetary relations between individuals +++++ 71.Which of the following is a monetary relationship regarding the formation, distribution and use of the State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan? ==== # Centralized finance ==== Decentralized finance ==== Enterprise finance ==== Finances of individuals +++++ 72. The main source of foreign currency in the Republic of Uzbekistan (choose the correct answer) ==== # oil and gas exports ==== foreign investments; ==== equipment export. ==== import of goods; +++++ 73.This is an economic situation in the market in which a single company exercises control over the volume of supply and the cost of a product. ==== # monopoly ==== oligopoly; ==== export. ==== import ; +++++ 74.A market structure dominated by a small number of sellers, and the "entry" of new manufacturers into the market is limited by high barriers. ==== monopoly ==== #oligopoly; ==== export. ==== import ; +++++ 75.A market model in which only two companies dominate or are present in the production and distribution of goods. ==== monopoly ==== oligopoly; ==== #duopoly ==== import ; +++++ 76.A market situation where there is only one buyer (and many sellers). ==== monopoly ==== oligopoly; ==== duopoly ==== #monopsony ; +++++ 77.A situation where there are an unlimited number of sellers and an unlimited number of buyers on the market (with a minimum number of large sellers) and at the same time the laws of competition fully apply ==== # polypoly ==== oligopoly; ==== duopoly ==== Monopsony ; +++++ 78.What are the sources of household income? ==== # Wages, business income and state social benefits and rent ==== Only the payment of labor. ==== Only income from business activities. ==== Only state social benefits. +++++ 79.What types of savings and savings can be in households? ==== # Deposits of the population in commercial banks ==== Holidays abroad. ==== Education in educational institutions. ==== Purchase of expensive household appliances. +++++ 80. Select household income. ==== # salary ==== Loans ==== Credit ==== social tax +++++ 81. Select household income. ==== # dividends ==== Loans ==== Credit ==== social tax +++++ 82.Select household income. ==== # pensions ==== Loans ==== Fees ==== social tax +++++ 83.Give an example of a financial relationship, the implementation of which is not mandatory ==== # Buying a bottle of Coca-Cola ==== Payment of personal income tax ==== Payment of utilities by the household ==== Payment of a pension by the state to a retired grandmother +++++ 84.Give an example of a financial relationship, the implementation of which is not mandatory ==== # Getting a consumer loan to purchase a new cell phone ==== Payment of personal income tax ==== Payment of utilities by the household ==== Payment of a pension by the state to a retired grandmother +++++ 85.Give an example of a financial relationship that is carried out more than 6 times a year ==== # Payment of wages by the enterprise to its employees ==== Payment of dividends by the company to its founders ==== Payment of personal property tax ==== Payment of land tax from individuals +++++ 86.Give an example of a financial relationship, the implementation of which is optional ==== # Purchase by an individual of one portion of pilaf for lunch ==== Payment of wages by the enterprise to its employees ==== Payment of personal property tax ==== Payment of land tax from individuals +++++ 87.Which of the following sources form the main part of the state budget revenues? ==== #Taxes ==== Fees and other charges ==== External borrowings ==== Income from the leasing of state property +++++ 88.What are the components of the budget system of the Republic of Uzbekistan? ==== #The republican budget, the budget of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and local budgets ==== The budget of the Republic and local budgets ==== The budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Karakalpakstan ==== The budget of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and local budgets +++++ 89.What types of financial policy are divided into, depending on the duration of the period and the nature of the tasks being solved? ==== #Tactics and strategy ==== Strategy and concept ==== Tactics and perspective ==== Strategy and perspective +++++ 90.Which of the components of the financial policy of the state is the activity of the state aimed at ensuring the stable functioning of the budget system? ==== # budget policy ==== tax policy ==== social policy ==== investment policy +++++ 91.The financial market is … ==== # the sphere of market relations, where demand and supply for the country's financial resources are formed, and their movement is carried out to provide capital for production and non-production investments ==== market institute for the redistribution of funds of economic entities ==== a market in which a variety of industrial goods are the object of purchase and sale ==== the mechanism of market circulation +++++ 92.How many links are there in the budgetary system of a unitary state? ==== #2 ==== 1 ==== 5 ==== 3 +++++ 93.What methods of financing budget deficits are external? ==== # loans from international financial and credit institutions ==== income from the privatization of state property ==== issuance of government securities on the domestic market ==== money issue +++++ 94.The budget surplus is: ==== # Excess of income over expenses ==== Equality of income and expenses ==== Excess of expenses over income ==== There is no right answer +++++ 95.What does the budget system of federal states include? ==== # federal budget, budgets of federation members, local budgets ==== The state budget ==== the state budget and local budgets ==== local budgets +++++ 96.The budget system of the Republic of Uzbekistan consists of: ==== # 2 levels ==== 1 levels ==== 3 levels ==== 4 levels +++++ 97.What revenues prevail in the budget revenues of the Republic of Uzbekistan? ==== #tax revenues ==== loans of the population ==== non-tax income ==== land tax +++++ 98. Which of the listed taxes are direct? ==== # income tax ==== VAT ==== excise taxes ==== a different answer. +++++ 99.Select indirect taxes ==== # VAT ==== personal income tax ==== property tax ==== income tax +++++ 100. Corporate bonds - ===== # bonds issued by companies and firms ===== bonds issued by local authorities ===== government-issued bonds ===== bonds issued by ministries +++++ 101. Insurance in Islamic finance is... ===== # takaful ===== salaam ===== murobaha ===== mudoraba +++++ 102. In Islamic finance, what type of contract corresponds to a bank taking assets from a manufacturer or seller for $100,000 and selling them to its client for $120,000, setting a margin? ===== # Murobaha; ===== Musharaka; ===== Takaful; ===== Mudaraba +++++ 103. Does an ordinary share give the right to receive dividends? ===== # Gives, but does not guarantee ===== Does not give ===== Gives ===== no dividends are paid on such shares +++++ 104. How to calculate the dividend yield of a stock? ===== # (amount of dividend / share price) x 100 ===== (share price / dividend amount) x 100 ===== (the amount of the dividend x the share price ) / 100 ===== (dividend amount + share price) / 100 +++++ 105. Which answer lists the types of contracts based on partnership in Islamic finance? ===== # Musharaka, mudoraba ===== Murobakha, salaam ===== Kafala, wakala ===== Ijara, wadi'a +++++ 106. The issuer is.... ===== # A legal entity or government agency that issues securities and is responsible to the owners of securities on its behalf. ===== Issue of securities ===== The owner of the promissory notes ===== A legal entity or individual with a portfolio of securities +++++ 107. Budget surplus- ===== # Excess of budget revenues over its expenditures for a certain period ===== Excess of budget expenditures over its revenues for a certain period ===== The balance of budget revenues and expenditures for a certain period ===== Problems with the execution of local budgets +++++  108. Which answer option indicates the feature of the stock? ===== # Stocks have no expiration date ===== Stocks cannot be valued ===== The stock must be redeemed at par value after a certain period ===== The stock does not give the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders +++++ 109. A bond differs from a stock in that… ===== # An investor who buys it becomes a creditor of the issuer. ===== In the event of no profit, the owner of the bond cannot receive dividends. ===== The bond gives its owner the right to become a member of this JSC. ===== The bond gives its owner the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders. +++++ 110. An ordinary share is a share for which dividends ===== # Will vary depending on profit ===== Paid in fixed percentages ===== Paid without fail ===== Not paid +++++ 111. Which of the financial market areas is the area of economic relations associated with the implementation of transactions for the purchase and sale of foreign exchange assets, as well as the investment of capital in foreign currency? ===== # Foreign exchange market. ===== Stock market. ===== Loan capital market. ===== Gold market. +++++  112. Dividend is… ===== # portion of net profit per share ===== total amount of gross profit received by the enterprise for the year ===== net profit amount subject to redistribution ===== profit amount before taxes +++++ 113. Which option indicates the types of shares? ===== # Ordinary and preferred ===== Coupon and zero-coupon ===== Dividend and interest ===== Long-term and short-term +++++ 114. Shares are bought and sold on…? ===== # stock market ===== currency market ===== money market ===== insurance market +++++ 115. What is a budget deficit? ===== # Excess of expenditures over budget revenues ===== Equality of budget revenues with expenditures ===== Excess of revenues over budget expenditures ===== Ratio of budget revenues and expenditures +++++ 116. What is the source of state budget revenues? ===== # direct and indirect taxes ===== law enforcement ===== maintenance of the state apparatus ===== pension payments +++++ 117. How does a state budget deficit affect the economy? ===== # increases the national debt ===== reduces motivation to work ===== reduces income inequality ===== leads to the introduction of preferential taxation +++++ 118. The main financial plan of the state is: ===== # state budget ===== strategic plan ===== business plan ===== state finances +++++ 119. Which group of expenses has the largest share in the structure of expenses of the state budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan? ===== # Social expenses ===== Economic expenses ===== Expenses on financing centralized investments ===== Expenses on the maintenance of local self-government bodies of citizens +++++ 120. The simple interest calculation scheme assumes: ===== # the base from which the calculation is made is constant ===== accrual of interest on the general base taking into account the initial amount of funds and capitalized interest ===== multiple accrual of interest on the entire deposit amount ===== single accrual of interest on the entire deposit amount +++++ 121. Compound interest rates are: ===== # these are interest rates applied to amounts increased by the amount of accrued interest in the previous period. ===== these are interest rates applied to the same initial amount throughout the entire term of the loan ===== these are interest rates that increase each year ===== these are interest rates applied to amounts reduced by the amount of accrued interest in the previous period +++++ 122. The main securities include: ===== # shares, bonds; ===== options, futures, forwards; ===== warrants; ===== credit contracts