Introduction to Biotechnology PDF

Introduction to Biotechnology  What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs. Examples: – Yeast in bread making and alcohol production – Use of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to kill harmful organisms...

Introduction to Biotechnology  What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs. Examples: – Yeast in bread making and alcohol production – Use of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to kill harmful organisms – Cloning of plants and animals – Artificial insemination  Biotechnology Industry Research is conducted by small companies, large corporations, and public universities.  Biotechnology Industry Funding comes from a variety of sources: – Public (government) – Private (companies and foundations) California passed a $300 billion referendum for research in stem cells in 2004.  Biotechnology Industry Focuses on a variety of research areas including: – Health/medicine – Food science – Environmental science – Agriscience  Impact of Biotechnology Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are consumed by millions of people (especially Americans) EVERY DAY. – Almost 56% of all soybean plantings worldwide are genetically engineered (much higher in the US)  Impact of Biotechnology Genetically modified crops were produced on more than 167 million acres in 18 countries in 2003, a 15% increase from 2002 – The US was the largest single producer with more than 60% of the total acreage in production.  Impact of Biotechnology The NC Biotechnology Center predicts that the biotechnology industry in the state will contribute more than $25 billion in annual income each year within the next 25 years. Pioneers in Biotechnology  Antony van Leeuwenhoek 1675 Discovers bacteria using a simple microscope  Gregor Mendel 1863 Austrian monk who conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants in the mid 1800s. Often considered the founder of genetics. Louis Pasteur 1870’s Disproved the notion of spontaneous generation, describing the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for fermentation Created the rabies vaccine  Robert Hooke 1665 Invented the compound light microscope First to observe cells in cork  James Watson & Francis Crick 1953 Englishmen responsible for the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA using X-ray photographs Paul Berg 1972 Stanford University scientist who first developed recombinant DNA technology, a method for insertion of genetic material from one organism into another. Historical Development of Biotechnolgoy  1750 B.C. Origins of “biotechnology” emerge in methods of food production and plant and animal breeding – Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food preservation) – Use of natural enzymes in yogurt – Use of yeast to produce bread – Use of fermentation for producing wine and beer  1869 DNA is discovered in trout sperm by German Miescher  1919 The word “biotechnology” is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.  1940’s-1950’s Widespread work is undertaken to investigate the structure and function of DNA 1980 The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting of genetically altered organisms.  1980’s-1990’s A variety of GMO’s and biotechnology techniques are introduced in fields from agriculture to medicine – Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNA from one organism for use in another, allowing more rapid and specific improvements in plants and animals – Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespread acceptance as a method to quickly and cheaply produce genetically identical plants  1990’s First transgenic organisms (GMO’s) are introduced in widespread agricultural production, particularly in the area of crops. – Bt corn and soybeans are introduced offering “natural” insect resistance by the introduction of a gene from the bacterium Baccillus thuringensis  1997 Dolly is the first animal cloned from diploid cells is produced in Scotland  Late 1990’s-Early 2000’s Human cloning is outlawed in the U.S. and the first concerns over the use of human stem cells in research begin to arise.  2020 -2021 COVID-19 Vaccine Johnson & Johnson's Covid-19 single-shot vaccine was shown to be 66% effective in preventing moderate and severe disease The vaccine is 85% effective overall at preventing hospitalization and death in all regions where it was tested. Its efficacy against moderate and severe disease ranged from one country to another: 72% in the US, 66% in Latin America and 57% in South Africa.  2020 -2021 COVID-19 Vaccine How it works The J&J vaccine is what is known as a non-replicating viral vector vaccine, using a common cold virus called adenovirus 26. Scientists made this vaccine by taking a small amount of genetic material that codes for a piece of the novel coronavirus and integrating it with a weakened version of adenovirus 26. J&J scientists altered this adenovirus so it can enter cells, but it cannot replicate and make people sick.  2020 -2021 COVID-19 Vaccine How it works AstraZeneca uses a similar platform, but its adenovirus comes from a chimpanzee. The adenovirus carries the genetic material from the coronavirus into human cells, tricking them into making pieces of the coronavirus spike protein -- the part it uses to attach to cells. The immune system then reacts against these pieces of the coronavirus. Biotechnology and Agriscience  Biotechnology and Agriscience There has been increased activity and research between different agricultural areas with common research techniques and goals – Plant Science – Animal Science – Environmental Science – Health/Agri-Medicine  Plant Science Wide scale production of transgenic plants impacting horticulture  Animal Science Increased use of methods of in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination improve selected breed programs  Environmental Science Use of biotechnology techniques in environmental science for cleaning contaminants and protecting endangered species – Bioremediation-use of natural organisms to clean contaminants  Environmental Science Immunoassay tests are used to test for the presence of contaminants in soil, water and even blood Installation of biological barriers to prevent the transfer of harmful microorganisms between production facilities – Example: Tire wash channels  Health/Agri-medicine Pharming-the creation of plants and animals capable of producing medical substances The use of biological barriers to prevent the spread of harmful microorganisms that could contaminate food sources  Health/Agri-medicine DNA analysis/paternity testing has emerged as a technique to test the genetic ancestry of animals Problems with Biotechnology in Agriculture  Problems with Biotechnology Transfer of genes found in transgenic organisms to natural populations. – Terminator genes have been used to minimize this risk  Problems with Biotechnology Unexpected impacts of genetically modified organisms and biotechnology processes on other organisms and the environment  Problems with Biotechnology Expense of the utilization of many biotechnology techniques – Cost of producing transgenic animals (There are transgenic fish, but no livestock yet.) Problems with Biotechnology Concerns over the safety and ethics of incorporating GMO’s into food for human consumption – Allergens – Example: The use of Starlink corn in taco shells not approved for human consumption  Problems with Biotechnology Lack of education among both consumers and producers concerning biotechnology processes and products Biotechnology Terms  Biotechnology Terms Use your biotechnology books to define the following terms: – Cloning – Clonal Offspring – Deoxyribonucleic acid – Genetics – Genetic Engineering – GMO – Ribonucleic Acid – Transgenic Organism