Techwrite - First Semester PDF
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These notes from a first-semester technical writing course discuss the characteristics of technical writing, which includes accuracy, clarity, and formality. The document also elaborates on the importance of technical writing for tasks, work facility, relationships, and income.
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TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. maintained by using passive voice and 3rd CHAPTER 1: TECHNICAL WRI...
TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. maintained by using passive voice and 3rd CHAPTER 1: TECHNICAL WRITING person POV. Practical: Technical writing is practical if it Technical Writing results in a written output that you can apply, ○ “On-the-job writing” is a modern definition use, or carry out in your day-to-day living. of technical writing. Procedural: Technical writing adheres to a ○ Its etymological definition came from three particular course of writing acts. It presents foreign terms: technikos (Greek), techne facts and information systematically or (French), and teks (Indo-European). The methodically. first two mean art, craft, or skill; the last, Special: Inclined to be exclusive and selective which is the origin of techne, means to of its topic, language, methodology, and weave or fabricate. Being the root of the readers, this kind of writing is special, unique, word textile, teks indicates that weaving or different from the other modes of writing. (35,000 BCE) is one of the very first Diversionary: Technical writing is considered technologies done by people in this world. on-the-job writing that is prone to extensive ○ Technical writing simplifies the complicated exposure to multicultural clients and concepts to complete a task objective or coworkers, as well as cross-cultural or goal. multilingual communication brought about by globalization through the Internet or email. CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNICAL WRITING Straightforward Authoritative: To think of it as one clothed with Accurate: It deals with complete facts and full rights, powers, and influence to do a thing, avoids the frequent use of expressions for to command or be obeyed, or to enforce hedging such as may, perhaps, maybe, seem, something on anyone. apparently, would, etc. Presentable: Focusing your attention on these Clear: using simple, concise, specific, basic elements of a written prosaic work: grammatically correct language structures, and margin, spacing, punctuation marks, size/style good sentence construction (easy to of the letter, and quality/size of the stationery understand). or bond paper. Formal Graphical: Graphs and other illustrations are IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL WRITING necessary to stress, clarify, simplify, or sum up ideas that you textually present in your written Completion of task composition (Bertoline, 2009). Facility of work: Near or far, through written Objective: Avoid including your inner thoughts, communication about the job, all project sentiments, or feelings. This is what others call workers are allowed to be informed. the You Attitude or Scientific Attitude, whereby, Improvement of interpersonal relationships: focuses on the reader's point of view rather Applying the principled and ethical ways of than on your views as the writer. It can be communicating ideas about the project using COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 1 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. the various technical writing products (reports, between you or among several technical resumes, brochures, flyers, manuals, etc.) and writers. writing letters, Emails, and memos, technical Zest: The expression, of technical writing may writing plays an important role in building sound difficult to some, but a zestful technical better working relationships among people. writer turns anything difficult into something (Gerson, 2006) easy and enjoyable. Increase of income: Through research proposals, bid proposals, brochures, sales TECHNICAL WRITING VS OTHER TYPES OF WRITING letters, order letters, and many others. buying-selling activities happen. Fictional writing that produces novels, short Means of job promotion: Shown by your stories, plays, poems, and other literary works technical written work, these qualities of yours not only stir up your emotions positively but are your instrument to getting a job promotion. also enlightens you spiritually or mentally. (Beer, 2005) Likewise, expository, academic, and other Improvement of personality traits persuasive kinds of writing that yield essays, Security of records: Technical writing prevents anecdotes, journals, or biographies aim at a possible loss or change of data involved in informing, enlightening, instructing, or any working project. (Locker, 2009) entertaining readers. How do you compare and contrast technical QUALITIES OF TECHNICAL WRITING writing with the different types of writing? Technical writing is not meant for Superior communication skills: Listening, entertainment purposes but for knowledge speaking, reading, and writing are the four improvement. The impact of the written work basic communication skills that any kind of entirely depends on the reader's judgment. writer has to master to be able to exchange About sharing of knowledge as the common ideas excellently with others. objective of all types of writing, technical HOTS or Higher-Order Thinking Skills: writing slants a bit, in that, aside from Higher-order thinking skills require more and informing or educating, it necessarily elicits deeper mental effort from the thinker. responses, reactions, or answers from readers Persuasive skills: In technical writing, two or clientele. It operates in such a way that it has parties are involved: the writer or seller and to establish a connection between two the reader or buyer. Between the two, the first parties—seller-buyer/employer-employee/ one has the burden of proof or the worker-worker/company-company. responsibility to persuade or convince the other party of the excellence of the technical paper or the object of the selling act. Integrity: However, for the sake of money, stiff competition enough to erode your integrity or honesty as a technical writer may arise COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 2 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. ~ ACTIVITIES FROM THE BOOK ~ 8. Compare and contrast technical writing with the other types of writing. 9. If one company downplays the essence of Activity 1: Answer the following questions technical writing, what will be the result? intelligently and concisely. Activity 2: Encircle the letter of the word or 1. How do some people view technical writing phrase to complete the sentence in a traditional and modern way? Some people associate technical writing with thick 1. A wide application of technical writing is printed manuals produced by engineers for possible if it is viewed in a traditional way. systems, computers, software, and consumer 2. Michel Foucault claimed that the language of goods. While the "modern" view of technical technical writing is not the creation of the communication is that it is only one aspect of writer. a product or service that is provided to 3. A technical report with this statement “The consumers, it can include video, audio, or auto mechanic needs to attach an engine to helpful hints on a screen in addition to more the car” lacks accuracy. conventional and complicated documents. 4. Trusting in the effectiveness of your report gives your work the quality of clearness. 2. Describe the language of technical writing. 5. A well-written technical report or business The language of technical writing is positive letter functions to increase work. and simple. In verbal communication, the 6. In technical writing, improving your speaker's voice, tone, and emotion convey communication skills means being excellent more information than the words themselves. in all 4 communication skills. 7. Letting your readers study various graphs or 3. In what way does technical writing promote illustrations in your technical report diversity and multiculturalism? It is because encourages readers to think evaluation. it makes information accessible to as many 8. All types of written works give knowledge. people as possible from all over the world. As 9. Technical writing has many similarities with a result, making user manuals accessible other types of writing except in language. online in a variety of languages is the way to 10. To have zest in technical writing means to go. view things positively. 4. Do you agree with Michel Foucault's ideas Activity 3: compare and contrast technical writing about technical writing? Why? Why not? with other types of writing [technical writing (on-the-job writing), academic or expository 5. Are you in a discourse community? Give writing, literature, or fictional writing] in terms of: reasons for your answer. How important is Aristotle's contribution to technical writing 1. Purpose or objectives 2. Audience or readers 6. How do you know that a technical written 3. Structure or organization work requires HOTS 4. Style or language 5. Sample work 7. Have you already written an effective technical paper? Explain your answer. COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 3 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. CHAPTER 2: LANGUAGE OF TECHNICAL WRITING By leaps and Bounds Very Fast Technical Writing is easily distinguished from d. Avoiding redundancies or words that say the the other types of writing because of its meaning. language. e. Avoid expletives or sentences with no true TECHNIQUES FOR USING THE RIGHT LANGUAGE TO subjects. PRODUCE TECHNICAL REPORTS Don’t say Say 1. PRACTICE CONCISENESS It is requested that You are requested you stay to… Expressing oneself in the fewest number of words There will be a A meeting will be... at the same time retaining completeness in meeting tomorrow meaning is possible through the following methods: f. Cancel or Drop extra words Wordy phrases Shortening phrases Don’t say Say Afford an Permit Allowing the agent’s Allowing the agent’s opportunity Like request means the request means Along the lines Another slowing of all showing confidential An additional Fast confidential documents documents a. Substituting long and complex words with short I think checking of all simple ones. I think that the records is important checking of all records is important b. Avoiding nominalizations or the use of "camouflaged or shun words" (words ending in -sion or -tion); replace them with active words. 2. ACTIVE VOICE RATHER THAN PASSIVE VOICE Nominalizations Short/simple words Make revisions Revise Sentences in active voice stress the doer of the Come to Conclusion Conclude / Decide action; In passive voice, the receiver of the Investigation of the Investigate action. According to Vanhauss (2005), technical writing c. Omitting cliches, hackneyed, trite, should be an “action-oriented style, ” rather old-fashioned, worn-out expression. than one with a great deal of “hidden words Don’t say Say Examples: ○ Active: The researcher conducted a study At all times Always on the effectiveness of the female condom COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 4 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. ○ Passive: A study on the effectiveness of the Don’t say Say female condom was conducted by the researcher. Policeman Police Officer 1. USE NON-SEXIST INSTEAD OF SEXIST e. Avoid using jargon, gobbledygook, LANGUAGE horse-and-buggy, or verbal dead words. These expressions are long, pretentious, and a. Using Plural pronouns instead of Single high-sounding; words that have no significant Pronouns. or necessary place in the Sentence. Eliminate these vague expressions by Don’t say Say substituting them with simple and easier Each reporter Reporters should terms. should submit his submit their work on Examples: legal profession (habeas corpus, monthly report on time subpoena, status quo, preliminary injunction, time corpus delicti) and Business World (rebate, The technician has to assets and liabilities, amortization, mortgage, The technician has show his I.D. cards to to show his I.D. card guard balance, sheet, assessment) to the guard f. Pay close attention to words and phrases that b. Using the second-person point of view instead are frequently misused and misspelled. For of the third-person point of view. example: adapt and adopt, accept and except, affect and effect Don’t say Say The user should You should click the click the 'Install' 'Install' button to begin button to begin the the process process c. Using expressions like He or She him or her. Avoid using a slash mark He/She him/her. Don’t say Say She is willing to pay He or She is willing to any amount for his pay any amount for his choice or her choice d. Avoid using words that explicitly favor one gender. COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 5 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. d. Compose ~ ACTIVITIES FROM THE BOOK ~ 7. Let your voice go up and down in reading that poetic line to avoid monotony. a. Inventive Directions: The underlined words below are in the b. Detective text that you are about to read. Choose the letter c. Uniformity in sound of the expression that corresponds in meaning to d. Variation in sound the underlined word. 8. The loss of his tool kit that he finds so important creates an intense effect on his 1. A technical writer is like a scientist who business. works systematically. a. Sight a. artistically b. Deep b. methodically c. Expensive c. emotionally d. Smooth d. religiously 9. Give me a post-dated check to guarantee or 2. Being passive most of the time, you don't assure the full payment of your debt. find life exciting. a. promise a. interesting b. express b. jolly c. state c. inactive d. grant d. rewarding 10. Mr. Cruz is your present employer, while Mr. 3. As a voracious reader, he has no doubt of Lopez to whom you will submit your finishing that thick book in a couple of days. application letter for a new job in a different a. Greedy or desirous company is your prospective employer. b. Intelligent or brainy a. past c. Slowly or lazily b. assigned d. Conscious or sensitive c. future 4. Having the same hairstyle and dress, you d. resigned appear analogous to each other. a. helpful b. similar c. critical d. analytical 5. Please, list those items in a columnar manner; that is, start writing them from the top to the bottom of the page. a. Horizontal b. Vertical c. Spacious d. Wide 6. Name the major and the minor parts that constitute that instrument. a. Contribute b. Oppose c. Institute COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 6 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. CHAPTER 3: THE TECHNICAL WRITING PROCESS which is acceptable. This short mental exercise can also spark fresh thoughts. Technical Writing Process Strategies: ○ Subject Matter or Topic: Giving you much ○ Brainstorming: write any ideas related to time to think very carefully about the topic your topic. of your paper, including ideas to support or ○ Free writing or Looping: Similar to the explain your chosen topic, this pre-writing brainstorming session, free writing requires stage is also called by others as the Ideation writing any ideas connected to the topic. or Inventive Stage. However, in this case, you have to express ○ Audience or Reader: This writing technique your ideas in sentences continuously and is what others call the You Attitude or the freely without worrying about the Reader-Oriented style of writing. Your grammaticalness of your sentences. audience or readers may also fall under ○ Interview: Ideas about your topic easily any of the following types: come to your mind by asking some people a. Primary audience - makers of about their thoughts and feelings about decisions. your chosen topic. b. Secondary audience - implementers of ○ Questionnaire Survey: The structured as decisions and givers of well as the unstructured questions are recommendations. written or prepared beforehand; say, c. Immediate audience - transmitters of several hours or days before they are decisions through the different users presented to the respondents. d. Nominal audience - names mentioned ○ Reading in the report but have no significant ○ Listing: This is a columnar or linear writing participation in the production of the of words related to your topic that lets you report expunge irrelevant words after deciding to ○ Content: Being in the Ideation or Inventive end your listing. writing stage, you devote a lot of time ○ Speculating: Speculating is an act of thinking of ideas, facts, or opinions to entertaining some doubts about something. substantiate your paper. A great deal of this ○ Semantic Mapping or Drawing: This knowledge greatly depends on your sensory pre-writing strategy allows you to draw or experience and perceptions. sketch on paper whatever images or mental pictures you have about your topic. Your STAGE 1: PRE-WRITING STAGE drawings reflect your understanding of the topic and the relationships of ideas with the topic. Planning is the term used by others to identify ○ Outlining this initial step in technical writing. At this ○ Semantic Webbing or Clustering: individual moment, the writer may merely write brief words representing ideas related to the bullet points or scribbles on a sheet of paper, COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 7 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. topic are written inside the circular, on their importance to you or the reader, rectangular, or triangular figures. on time element, or space. ○ Electronic Devices: Radios, TV sets, and ○ Make your report accessible to the reader. computers are rich sources of the content This statement refers to the ability of your of your technical report. report to influence, attract, and make him concentrate on the essential ideas of the STAGE 2: DRAFTING OR WRITING report. ○ Present data in various forms such as Some consider this as the stage of packaging or giving them a vertical, horizontal, or formatting data. columnar positioning of structures in the Data packaging means spending time and report. This principle of variety even applies effort in forming clear and correct sentences to to putting a margin in your paper. express the ideas you have collected through a ○ Moreover, always keep in mind that in this pre-writing strategy or data-collecting stage called the Drafting or Writing stage, technique. A good technical report should the most effective way to express your avoid the "orphan line" that presents the Initial thoughts is a conversational way; that is, sentence of a paragraph as the last line of the just write whatever you want to say to your page and the last line of the paragraph as the reader or listener using active voice. lone topmost line on the next page. (Beer, (Penrose, 2010) 2005) In the past, technical writing had to sound cold Formatting, on the other hand, makes you or impersonal. In this case, passive verbs rather think of how your report should appear on the than active words were the ones paper (e.g., layout, arrangement, illustrations, recommended or favored. Now, Technical etc.) Writing experts say that giving your report a Break the long paragraph by adopting the personal touch by including your experiences, following techniques: (Rizvi, 2005) stories, anecdotes, or favorite quotations ○ Chunking: This means breaking the long increases the interest factor of your work and paragraph into chunks or small sets of makes your report mentally and emotionally sentences to allow white space between appealing to the reader. paragraphs. Another way to do this is by using headings, sections, or dividers such as STAGE 3: POST WRITING STAGE lines, numbers, or other decorative figures to group the structures of your report. The writing stage to make your composition (Kliment, 2006) attain a certain degree of perfection is the last ○ Use a certain technique in arranging the writing stage called the Post-writing stage. The components of your report. For instance, following are the sub-processes of this stage: put the parts of your report in order based ○ Revising. You revise your work by making changes in the context and organization of COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 8 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. the text so that it will reflect your specific purpose, fit your intended audience, and apply the essential qualities of a paragraph like unity, coherence, emphasis, and ~ ACTIVITIES FROM THE BOOK ~ correctness. ○ Editing. To check the grammaticalness of Instructions: Describe the writer's act in the the text. This pertains to the use of the pre-writing stage. different parts of speech, your diction or 1. What is the significance of knowing your choice of words, your construction of purpose as early as the initial stage? sentences, and your use of punctuation 2. Compare and contrast these two: marks and spelling of words. brainstorming and looping. Brainstorming is ○ Proofreading. This post-writing activity a strategy for writing any ideas related to takes place when you focus your attention your topic. On the other hand, Looping is free on typographical errors, report format, writing where you express your ideas and documentation style as well as missing sentences continuously and freely without worrying about the grammaticalness of your parts or words in the written work. sentences. Likewise, proofreading makes you check if 3. Could you produce an effective report if you those aspects slated for editing get the neglect one writing stage? Why? Why not? needed attention or proper correction. No. (Ingre, 2010) 4. Do you agree that all writing stages get the same degree or amount of attention, effort, and time from the writer? Give reasons for How much time do you spend on each writing your answer. stage? Some experts in technical writing say that 5. Agree or disagree: Reading will help you the Pre-writing stage (35%) the Writing or Drafting become an excellent technical report writer. stage (15%); and the Post-writing stage (50%). Explain your point. (Searles, 2003) 6. Would you rather do editing than proofreading? Explain your answer. Given the longest time in the writing process, this 7. What do you think of learning to write through the process approach? last writing stage, Post-writing, makes you perform 8. Should you be the only one to proofread several writing acts like revising, editing, and your work? Why? Why not? proofreading to bring your work into its finest 9. What advice can you give to someone form. desiring to be a successful technical report writer? Activity 2: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. You give great attention to the format, typing, and documentation of your paper in the stage of COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 9 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. a. Publishing b. flow chart b. Revising c. organizational chart c. Editing d. Ishikagawa chart d. Proofreading 9. You classify the data into big or small ideas in 2. Changing the position or place of your topic this pre-writing strategy called sentence in the paragraph is an act of a. speculating a. Revising b. Reading b. Proofreading c. Outlining c. editing d. Looping d. publishing 10. This is a lazy kind of writing 3. The writing stage where you put in order all a. brainstorming knowledge you have gathered about your b. looping topic is c. Listing a. writing d. charting b. proofreading c. pre-writing d. post-writing 4. Giving answers to the what, why, and how of your technical paper is the focus of a. Drafting b. pre-writing c. Revising d. editing 5. These people participate in technical writing only by the mere mention of their names in the report. a. primary audience b. immediate audience c. secondary audience d. nominal audience 6. A set of readers with different understanding of the report is a. nominal audience b. multiple audiences c. immediate audience d. high-tech audience 7. Putting yourself in the reader's shoes means applying a. majority rule b. you-attitude c. rule of thumb d. priority rule 8. An effective graph for showing the similarities and differences of things is a. Venn diagram COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 10 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. If the definition is short; meaning, one or two sentences long, you should put it in the Footnotes. CHAPTER 4: THE TECHNICAL WRITING TECHNIQUE If the definition consists of just a word or NO.1 — DEFINITION phrase or if you think the reader is not inclined to read the report completely, you must put the Definition definition in the Glossary. Yet, this section ○ Definition is a way of giving or explaining decreases the reader's attention every time he the meaning of an abstract term or a consults the Glossary for the meaning of a concept. Coming from the Latin words, difficult term. finire (to limit); and de (from), definition is Another section of the paper where you can set as a limit to or narrow down the area of place donations is the Introduction, that is if meaning of the word—to avoid confusion the meaning of the difficult term is necessary with other words belonging to the same for the reader's understanding of the major class where the target word belongs. parts of the paper. Importance of Definition But if the definition uses 200 words or more, or ○ It gives the reader a clearer and easier it serves several purposes for the readers, its understanding of the concept or idea. place must be in the Appendix. (Lay, 2000) ○ It explains ideas or concepts behind various innovations, methods, and techniques in TYPES OF DEFINITION the field of technology. ○ It lessens the gap between technological INFORMAL DEFINITION experts or "high-tech" people and "low-tech" people. ○ It frees a person from any confusing, or It is also called a parenthetical definition or an wrong understanding of a term. in-text definition. ○ It helps a company member do his job more Informal definition is distinguished or efficiently towards a certain goal. separated from other words in the sentence ○ It makes any technical written work through a dash, a colon, a comma, readable to all kinds of audiences of parentheses, italics, or boldface. In some cases, readers. it appears as a sentence following another sentence. PLACEMENT OF DEFINITION IN TEXT The informal definition applies to general readers. It is also called a dictionary definition because the meanings coming in the forms of The location of the Denition is based on (1) individual words or phrases written after the the nature of the audience or readers; (2) the term look like a list of words in the dictionary length of the definition; (3) the purpose and sequentially arranged opposite the target term. layout: and (4) the agreed rules and practices in Examples: an area of discipline. ○ Dash COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 11 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. a. ROM - Read Only Memory - is a ○ See to it that you do not commit any of the special memory that can be read following errors in defining. from but not written into. ERRONEOUS WAYS OF DEFINING A TERM THROUGH ○ Parentheses THE FORMAT METHOD a. A tumor (swelling) signaling the presence of cancer in one's body is Tautology or Circular Definition. This sentence either malignant or benign. denition just repeats the term. Instead of ○ Comma repeating the term, enrich it by giving a. (phrase) A triptych, a painting on information about the word. Example: A three adjacent panels, is displayed teacher is one who teaches. in the lobby. Analogy or Figurative Definition. Instead of b. (clause) Farad, which is a unit of giving additional information about the word, electricity capacity, sounds you compare it to other terms. Example: Father unfamiliar to the newly hired is similar to a post of a house. Electrician. Negative or no-not Definition. It simply presents the term as the antithesis or the FORMAL DEFINITION opposite of another term. Thus, language structures like, no, not, neither, none, and It is also called Aristotelian and one-sentence never, axes signaling negative ideas (-dis, -im, logical denition. -un, in) and other expressions for negating It requires mentioning the (1) term or species something dominantly exist in the text. to be defined; (2) naming the genus, group, or Remember, a good one-sentence logical class where such term belongs; and (3), giving denition stresses the positive aspect of the term the differentia to indicate its difference from rather than its negative attributes. Example: A other members belonging to the class. bolo is not a knife. Guidelines for giving a formal or one-sentence Is where or is when denition. The use of where logical definition: and when after the linking verb does not ○ Give one and only one meaning to the term complement the term. Example: A university is ○ Put the term in a genus or class that is where one earns a degree to mark an academic familiar to your audience or readers. achievement. ○ Prevent the reader from thinking of many comparable and contrasting features of the EXTENDED, EXPANDED, OR AMPLIFIED DEFINITION term in relation to others by using a specific class rather than a general class. This type of denition goes beyond the sentential ○ Use positive words in stating the differentia. level. It expands into a paragraph-length denition ○ Avoid giving a bias or subjective denition by using around three to ten sentences. basing your explanation on facts or universal truths rather than on your viewpoints or opinions. COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 12 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. Etymology or Word Derivation. The denition Use of Examples. It shows how this concept gives the origin of the term based on the applies to another concept or how one uses it country that first introduced the term to the in a certain situation. Hence, this world. The Oxford Dictionary is the paragraph-length denition enumerates the appropriate material to use for etymological many uses of one concept in a particular definitions. context of life. Historical Definition. It stresses the historical Explication. In this case, the sentences development of the term. Mentioned in this following the preceding one that use difficult denition are people, places, and dates that expressions have the function of unlocking the played significant roles in the existence of the difficulties in the preceding sentence. In other word. For example, Communication: Aristotle words, the second, third, or succeeding and other Greek philosophers studied the sentences operate to give the meanings of Rosetta stone that gave the very first principles some difficult expressions used in the previous of communication. sentences. Negation or Elimination. This kind of denition Operational denition. In giving a concept or a tells what a thing is not, it got another called term its operational denition, you explain the elimination. Further, the no-not definition is a indispensable function or use of this thing in type of an acceptable extended denition; the the process, project, or activity. Once your negation is a type of a fallacious or faulty extended denition emphasizes the role or use one-sentence logical denition. of this thing in a particular activity, such Operating principle. It stressed the process denition becomes an operational denition. involved in the production or creation of the Stipulative denition. It is to explain this word thing referred to by the term being defined. It based on a special condition, a particular uses an organizational pattern called purpose, a requirement, or a limitation chronological order—arranged based on their affecting any agreement between or among time of occurrence. Examples of these people. Example: slang. Stipulative definitions, connectors are: first, second, then, next, soon, in essence, are existing words that have been previously, lastly, finally, afterward, before, and given a new meaning based on the agreement so on. of parties who have stipulated or detailed a Comparison-Contrast. It pointed out how such condition or requirement that they must agree a thing or concept is similar to or different from upon. other concepts. Analysis by Partitioning. A clearer picture of COMBINE DEFINITION the concept or the thing is given by examining and explaining the nature, characteristics, and Several types of definitions can be used in one function of each component or part of a thing. paragraph to expand its meaning. But, regardless In this case, to define a thing then is to divide of the number of definitions used, a this entire thing into its parts and analyze or paragraph-length denition must always begin with study each part. a formal or one-sentence logical denition. First, COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 13 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. introduce the term in a sentence denition that ○ Explain its exception clearly from the other exactly species its genus or class, and its function parts or purpose. Then extend its meaning through the ○ Probe or conduct a thorough examination various methods of definition. of every observable constituent element of a subpart. CHAPTER 5: THE TECHNICAL WRITING TECHNIQUE ○ Emphasize what a particular part or subpart NO.1 — DESCRIPTION OF A MECHANISM does for the whole mechanism, rather than what it is about the device Use Description is a technical writing technique ○ Help the reader form a clear image of the that uses words and visuals to create a picture subject by using concrete, specific, and of a mechanism or a product. informative language that is capable of Mechanism is any device made up of activating the reader's senses. components that systematically work together ○ Be objective in describing. Focus on your to accomplish a certain purpose. In other sensory experience about the subject. But, words, it is a machine with assembled parts always check that sufficient factual data that function in an organized way. Examples: arising from a scientific investigation of the computers, electric devices, etc. subject should support your opinionated To describe a mechanism: descriptions of the mechanism. ○ Introduction: formal or one-sentence ○ Point out significant things about the logical denition of the device. subject using graphics and other visual aids. ○ Extended denition ○ General appearance (size, shape, color, Description greatly depends on words or visuals to height, dimensions, texture, among others) make the readers create mental pictures of the ○ Enumeration of sub-part. (Each sub-part is mechanism. Definition, on the other hand, puts likewise given the same order of description the mechanism in a particular class or group to as in steps 1-4) create the exact or specic picture of the device. The description focuses on the physical, sensory, or GUIDELINES FOR TECHNICAL DEFINITION spatial characteristics of the mechanism; Denition, on the other hand, function of the device. Start describing the mechanism by presenting an entire view of the object. Show the relationship of the components of the mechanism by putting each part under a category. Describe each element of a bigger part in this manner: ○ Stress the distinguishing feature or property of each subpart COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 14 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. ○ This third type stresses the process itself or the Process Analysis. It is a subject-oriented process that considers time as the main element in the process. Examples: natural CHAPTER 6: THE TECHNICAL WRITING TECHNIQUE phenomena (e.g., earthquakes, water cycle, NO.2 — DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS communication, etc.). The knowledge given by this type of description results from the Description of A Process psychological processes of sensation and ○ It chronologically presents related events or perception, and sentences often used here actions based on the time or order of their to explain the process are in the occurrence. For instance, in a vehicular active-indicative mood. mishap, first, there is an accident; second, How it is an organized process an investigator; and third, a trial. ○ This process type explains how the ○ This technical writing technique is seen in constituents of the group assume a certain all kinds of communication materials like arrangement or order of their existence in user manuals, training materials, the organization. advertisements, and educational or informational materials for the reading In technical writing, among the four types of public. You can subject different types of process description, the first three: how to do it, processes such as the ones below to a how to operate, and how it happens, occur more technical description. (Holloway, 2008) frequently than the fourth type, how it organized process. Whatever size or placement it takes, the TYPES OF PROCESS description of a process has to start with the foundation knowledge of technical writing which is How it operates or how it works process: to know the audience or readers and purpose of ○ This process description focuses on the way the process description. a thing functions or operates—on how the machine works. Thus, the appropriate verbs PARTS OF THE PROCESS DESCRIPTION needed here to describe the operation of a mechanism are present-tense verbs. Introductory Paragraph: A formal or How to do it process: one-sentence logical definition of the process. ○ It stresses the human act or the doer of the Body of the Paper: Each process stage gives its action, rather than the process itself. This purpose as well as some factors, conditions, or process type occurs in giving instructions or circumstances affecting it. A detailed directions about the operation of breakdown of the major stage into Its something, on the use of a manual for the sub-stages follows. Similar to the larger stage, correct use of a mechanism or device. each sub-step reveals its purpose and special How happens the process: conditions involved in this sub-step. COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 15 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. Conclusion: it deals with various aspects of the good location for it. Similar to the process like its pluses and minuses, omnidirectional outdoor, put it perpendicular to precautionary measures, and special conditions the ground in d higher place; e.g., ron oof, affecting the process. Summarizing all major building top, or hilltop. In general, the higher the steps and pointing out the effects of the installation position is, the stronger the process on other processes are other ways or signal-receiving capability is. If there are very tall explain the process of realizing this final part of buildings or hill-like barriers between the a process description. directional outdoor antenna and the BTS, you'd better install the antenna at least 50 meters APPROPRIATE MOOD OF VERBS FOR EACH away from the building or the barrier. At the PROCESS TYPE same time, you'd better install the outdoor antenna as far as possible from the TV antenna For how to do it process to avoid interference. ○ Active voice (emphasis on the doer of the action) If a directional antenna is already ○ Imperative mood (commanding or installed, then the orientation is critical to its requesting) signal-receiving capacity. If you live in a flat zone, orient your antenna towards the BTS. If you live Example: in a hilly area or a place with many buildings, Installing an Outdoor T.V. Antenna rotate your antenna until it receives the Installing an outdoor antenna is a process strongest signal. After the outdoor antenna is of getting a better signal-receiving capability well installed, connect the feeder to the outdoor than an indoor antenna. When your FWT is far antenna, tie it to the backstop, and then place it away from the BTS and the signals are weak, you down. After going through a lightning arrester, should use the rope of the antenna to get a connect the feeder to your FWT, screw it tightly, better conversation quality. The instructions for and make sure the connection is reliable. an outdoor antenna installation are: (1) installing an omnidirectional outdoor antenna; (2) Installing an outdoor antenna means installing a directional outdoor antenna; (3) following all the four major steps explained in connecting an outdoor antenna; and (4) the preceding paragraphs. However, to follow orienting the directional outdoor antenna to these steps does not necessarily mean a lifetime FWT. The following paragraphs fully explain each use of the outdoor antenna. You need to protect of these steps. this from the destruction caused by hanging heavy things from the cable line, making To install an omnidirectional outdoor unnecessary changes to the outdoor antenna, antenna, put the antenna perpendicular to the and refusing to protect it from lightning through ground. Use a non-metal pole to fix the antenna. the use of a lightning rod. As to the directional outdoor antenna, choose a COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 16 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. For how it operates the process food is chewed and mixed with saliva in the ○ Passive voice, (emphasis on the action) mouth, and further broken down through ○ Indicative mood (stating something) mechanical and chemical processes in the Example: stomach. Absorption occurs in the stomach and Multi-Pressure System gastrointestinal tract. The process finishes with The control unit includes a water tank, excretion. valves, plus signaling components. All electronic controls are in a separate unit. The control unit can be connected from two to six pumps. The control unit has been designed for a single pipeline system in which the pump station will maintain a minimum of 25 bars in the pipeline when the plant is started. When one or more outlet points are used, the number of pumps that are necessary to keep the pressure on the plant will start automatically. In case of a fracture in the pipe system or internal hose, failure of the main water supply, or if the inlet water temperature is high, the pump will stop. During the start/stop of the pumps, the control ensures that all pumps are used in turn which means that the operating hours are evenly distributed. How it happens process ○ Passive voice (emphasis on the process) ○ Indicative mood (states something) Food Digestion Food Digestion is the process of metabolism whereby the food is processed by a biological entity to convert the substance chemically and mechanically for the body's use. The preparation for digestion begins with the production of saliva and enzymes by the cephalic phase. This stage is followed by mechanical and chemical digestion of food in the mouth. Stored COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 17 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. Include species that are relevant or applicable only to one particular genus or class rather than to all genera. Present all classes based on one criterion or guiding principle but discuss only one class fully CHAPTER 7: THE TECHNICAL WRITING TECHNIQUE and thoroughly at a time. NO.3 — CLASSIFICATION Explain what you know about the topic in a logical or organized way by starting your Classification is a technical writing technique discussion from one genus to the last class. that makes you explain a thing by breaking this thing into its categories and explaining each class based on its similarities. It requires the presence of these three elements: ○ Genus: the class to which the term to be explained belongs ○ Basis: the main reason or principle that causes the objects to fall into one class, ○ Species: (same singular and plural form) the class member having characteristics or distinctive qualities of its own. GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION Know your purpose, audience, and topic very well. Define your topic first in a one-sentence logical definition before breaking it into various groups. Have a clear and specific basis, reasons, or guiding principle for putting species in one group. Use only one basis to explain or justify the presence of species under one genus. Base your grouping on an important and practical basis. Identify all species based on one given basis or guiding principle. Provide a minimum number of two classes per basis and two species per genus. COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 18 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. markers that show similarities and differences between items: CHAPTER 8: THE TECHNICAL WRITING TECHNIQUE For Comparing For Contrasting NO.4 — COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Things Things Comparing concepts things, persons, and similarly not the same places with each other means pointing out Parallel to opposite of their similarities; and contrasting their the same as... against dissimilar differences. As a technical writing technique, GUIDELINES FOR COMPARING AND CONTRASTING comparison-contrast is dominantly used in the THINGS following technical reports: (Riordan, 2005) ○ Recommendation reports that Begin your comparison-contrast with some sort compare-contrast people based on their of definition, explanation, or description of the credentials or qualifications. items you are comparing and contrasting. ○ Feasibility reports that compare-contrast Consider both external and internal two or more options. characteristics or properties of the objects to ○ Proposal reports that compare-contrast two know their similarities and differences in looks or more suggestions or offers for a and purpose or function. It is insufficient to company's growth or solution to its current base your comparison-contrast only on the problems, and physical characteristics of the things because ○ Progress reports that compare the the outer aspects of things do not always accomplishments of workers in a certain reflect their internal qualities. In some cases, project. while things are similar in looks, they are You may compare and contrast in two ways: the different in purpose, functions, and application. Alternating Pattern or Point-by-Point Manner Or, vice versa, they are different in appearance and the Opposing Pattern or Block but similar in use. Organization. Bring out the similarities and differences of ○ In the alternating pattern, similarities and things based on criteria, standards, or differences are given on every aspect or characteristics belonging or close to the topic feature possessed by the items being of comparison-contrast. compared and contrasted. In the opposing Put their similarities and differences in an pattern, a summary of all information about organized manner by using a particular one item is given in the first paragraph and comparison-contrast method. of the other item, in the second paragraph. To produce a good paragraph using the comparison-contrast writing technique, refresh your memory with the following discourse COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 19 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. on the instruments and equipment involved in the work. Accident report - records the who, what, why, CHAPTER 9: TECHNICAL REPORTS where, and when of an unexpected event or happening that may result in an injury or A technical report is a written work that damage. presents facts, information, and opinions of Personnel evaluation report - evaluates past people about any subject matter or topic and performances of employees for improvement to other fields of discipline. purposes. SPECS (Specifications) - communicates the TYPES OF TECHNICAL REPORTS needs of a client to a supplier of goods. The progress report: shows the progress, and Any technical report, regardless of its type and development, of a project or an activity at a purpose, has four fundamental parts; Heading, given period. Introduction, Discussion, and Periodic report: presents information Conclusion/Recommendation. Any addition to periodically or a certain period of time daily, these four parts depends on your method of weekly, monthly, or quarterly. presenting the data or substance of your report. Conference report: presents information about personal, company, sales, and call conferences between a company and an employee or client, such as a phone call between a collection officer and a client. Proposal report - offers a solution or a suggestion to a technical problem or a response to a request from a client. Audit report - verifies an accountant's inspection of a firm's financial records. Feasibility report - recommends correctness of decisions or actions based on technical and economic analysis. Trip report - discusses events and accomplishments of business trips. Recommendation report - persuades the reader to act favorably on one's offer or request. Laboratory report - describes the ways people do things inside the laboratory with emphasis COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 20 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. Client Progress Reports Status Reports CHAPTER 10: PROGRESS REPORT End-of-Project Reports The most frequently and commonly written STRUCTURE OF PROGRESS REPORT technical report is the Progress report. This is made by any person involved in a project or Introduction: It talks of some distinguishing activity that is expected to occur in a period. characteristics of the report, its coverage, and The main purpose of this is to give the readers its connection with the progress report an update on the project or an accounting of submitted earlier. In this case, use the summary the accomplishments of the people responsible you have already finished as the basis or origin for the completion of the project. of the succeeding improvements of the project. Interim or Status Report is also the name given IMPORTANCE to this kind of report because it occurs at a certain interval between two actions: present Enhance Communication and past accomplishments. Promotes Accountability Body of your progress report that describes Identify Problems Early and discusses the present situation of the Optimizes Resource project like giving information about the kind of Management work, materials, and people taking charge of Track Goal Progress the project. In case this part, the graphic Serves as Documentation presentation could stay in the Appendix of the Boosts Motivation paper with brief explanations of the various lines, signs, dots, and other marks in the chart GRAMMAR PRINCIPLES IN A PROGRESS REPORT or table. Conclusion: Summarize the project's progress Usage of Words and achievements. Reiterate the project's ○ Active Voice objectives and goals. ○ Passive Voice Guide Questions: ○ How are you going on with the project? TYPES OF PROGRESS REPORT ○ What have you already done with it? ○ How much time, effort, and money have Formal Progress Reports you already spent on it? Informal Progress Reports ○ What is the present status of the project? Weekly Progress Reports ○ How is the present situation related to the Project Milestone Reports other phase of the project as well as to the Performance Reports entire project? Financial Progress Reports ○ Is the work schedule able to meet the agreed completion date? COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 21 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. ○ Will there be alternative changes in your Since a proposal looks forward to a probable plans of action? solution to a problem, it somehow plays the CHAPTER 11: PROPOSAL REPORTS role of SPECS (specifications), Bids, feasibility reports, and other types of technical reports named Planning Reports that have the main objective of arranging, fixing, and regulating things people expect to happen at a certain period. Every written proposal involves three components: (1) Detailed descriptions of the suggested solution to the needs /problems of a company; (2) Clear explanations of the way the planned solution will be carried out: (3) the Amount of money as payment for the NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS suggested solution. Being all audience-oriented, these elements A proposal report is a technical report that require the application of one technical writing presents something to meet the needs or solve principle called the "YOU ATTITUDE". This the problems of a company in exchange for a means, writing from the reader's point of view, certain sum of money. But this type of technical rather than from the writer's point of view. An report doesn't function mainly to solve a analysis of your reader's needs introduces you problem. It likewise works to justify findings, to additional factors that will help you write a discoveries, or results of research studies or successful proposal. These other elements are: investigations on a particular subject matter (1) the writer's credibility: meaning, and to promote or sell products and services. educational attainment, work experience, and (Pearsall, 2010) other special qualities: (2) the reasonableness Done for promotional purposes or for getting a of the case. and the proposed solution. (Ling, job, a proposal report is therefore a kind of 2004) persuasive report writing where you, the writer, do a lot of audience analysis to convince TYPES OF PROPOSALS your readers of the usefulness or value of your proposal or offer. (Beer, 2005). Solicited proposal. This type of proposal is An acceptable proposal is one that any reader written in response to an RFP (Request For or company can easily do or carry out to solve Proposals), RFB (Request For Bid), or RFQ any problem. Unlike progress and (Request For Quotation). recommendation reports that give several Unsolicited proposal. A proposal written about solutions, a proposal report specifically offers one's needs or problems voluntarily sent or only one solution to a problem. (Freed, 2003) personally given to the prospective client COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 22 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. experiencing a problem is called an unsolicited this type of proposal. It is like writing a proposal. proposal to be bought by another person. Bid. One type of proposal to offer a product or Persuasive proposal. The difference between a service for a certain price is called a Bid. this type of proposal from the other types lies Implementation proposal. When one offers a in its purpose which is to make the red reader new design, a new system, or a process, he or evaluate or judge several aspects of the she writes a proposal named implementation proposal. It comes in two types: first, judging proposal. Examples of these types of proposals persuasive proposals; and second, evaluating are: persuasive proposals. The former directly tells ○ A chemical engineering graduate proposing the reader how effective or defective the a new technique of collecting and isolating proposal is and explains why such a component microbes. of the proposal exists or functions as such. The ○ A professional Interior decorator proposing latter does not judge: instead, it lets the reader an innovative interior design of a hotel or a decide. In this case, the proposal then has to restaurant. take a neutral stand in presenting information. ○ An administrative consultant proposing a Formal proposal. A proposal gets this name, a reorganization of the employees of one formal proposal when it is complete in parts: government agency. that is, it consists of the following parts: Research proposal. This proposal specifically ○ Letter of Transmittal explains a problem and the procedure to follow ○ Title Page in finding a solution to such a problem. Further, ○ Table of Contents it strives to make the reader believe in the ○ Introduction effectiveness of the methodology chosen by ○ Abstract the researcher. ○ Body Internal proposal. A proposal done by any ○ Conclusion member of a company for the management ○ Recommendation department of such company he belongs to is ○ Glossary called internal proposal. ○ Appendix External proposal. Serving as the opposite of ○ Bibliography an internal proposal, an external proposal ○ Illustrations and other supporting materials written by a company member goes to people Informal proposal. In contrast to the formal outside the company the writer is working for. proposal which has complete parts, the Functional or Management proposal. This informal proposal consists of just a few parts. It proposal is written to persuade administrators is enough that it has Introduction, an Analysis or any decision-making body to introduce of the Problem, an Explanation of the Solution, changes in company policies or working and an End with a suggestion to help in the procedures. solution of the problem. Delivery proposal. To offer a service in exchange for financial support is the purpose of COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 23 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. GUIDELINES ON SPECS PREPARATION Quotation). Or, some simply call it a bid for request or a purchase report. (Burnett, 2005). Identify each section with a decimal number. Debelak (2006) gave the following types of Specify measurements using numerals rather proposals: than words. ○ Outside project proposals - less Give information about the outward nature and involvement of the company working system of the things involved in the ○ Integrated project proposals: close job. cooperation of employees is needed. Let the SPECS give an imperative or requisite ○ Ongoing service project - continued service mood by using "shall." in two to three years Attach to an item an exact or a specific ○ Partnership proposal-involvement of only meaning. two persons or companies Use language structures concisely. ○ Joint-cooperative project - involvement of State exhaustive but concise explanations of two or more companies the function of each item. PARTS OF A PROPOSAL REPORT CENTRAL TO RFP (REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL) FORMAL It needs: ○ Definition of the problem concerning the Front Matter. The very first parts of a proposal organization or company come in this order: Title Page, Table of ○ Explanation of the suggested solution plan Contents, Cover Letter (Letter of Transmittal). ○ Value of the plan to the reader Abstract (Executive summary). ○ Manner of evaluating the quality of the ○ Title Page. This page must have the proposed plan complete and fully capitalized title of the ○ Qualification of the people to realize the proposal as its topmost part (1.5 or 2 inches plan from the top edge of the bond paper). The Written to present a projection or a future plan title of the paper plus these other parts: the and to seek approval for the ideas or concepts writer's name, the client's name including explained in the plan, an RFP always uses his address, expressions like Written by/for future tense verbs. Usually, this document is and Prepared by/for, and the date of "issued regularly by research or non-profit submission must appear on the title page in foundations, educational institutions, a proportional spacing. government agencies, business and industrial ○ Table of Contents. All major topics properly companies. titled are successively numbered and given It is commonly called RFP but sometimes the proper pagination in this part of the identified as RFB (Request for BID), IFB proposal. A consistent numbering of the (Invitation for Bid), or RFQ (Request for topics requires the use of just one of these two numbering techniques: COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 24 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. a. Traditional or Conventional system methodology, budget or cost, personnel which uses a mixture of Roman qualifications, and warranties of the Numerals, Arabic numbers, and proposal. Described as one with a letters of the alphabet; "self-contained form" it helps busy readers b. Modem or Numerical system that get the main point of the proposal and help uses only one type of number called them decide whether they have to read or the Arabic number. Never should not to read the proposal report completely. these two numbering techniques be a. An Abstract of a proposal is of two combined in the Table of Contents, types: indicative or descriptive and nor should each level be filled up informative. An Indicative or with only one item. Two items and Descriptive Abstract echoes the above should be listed in one. Table of Contents of the proposal. Introduction. This is the part of the proposal or any type of technical report that allows the readers to get a brief view of the essential aspects of the entire paper before each proposal component gets clearer or more detailed explanations from the writer. The following sub-parts of an Introduction explain the essence of this initial portion of a technical ○ Cover Letter. Immediately after the Table of report: Contents is the Cover letter or Letter of ○ Statement of the Problem Transmittal which has the main purpose of a. State the problem that the proposal formally introducing the proposal to the wants to solve, such as giving a formal client by clearly specifying the subject and or one-sentence logical definition of the purpose of the proposal. Written in this the problem or expanding the reader's letter are likewise five-line descriptions of understanding of the matter by giving some salient aspects of the proposal that the origin or history of the problem. show a clear connection to the client's Included here, too, as backgrounders problem. The concluding part of the Cover are discussions on the context, Letter expresses the writer's wish for the conditions, or circumstances client's positive response to the proposal. surrounding the problem. ○ Abstract or Executive Summary. The b. It deals with the who, what, why, abstract or Executive Summary gives the where, when, how, and so on of the major elements of the most significant entire problem. In this section are aspects of the proposal in only 50 to 200 likewise the attempts of some people words. Concisely, it tells something about or organizations to solve the problem the problem, objectives, benefits, COURSE CODE: TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER 25 TECHNICAL WRITING TECHWRITE FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR | PROF. plus the positive or negative results of explanations of the request may result in these attempts. the rejection of the proponent's offer or ○ Statement of the Purpose or Objective proposal. a. It is the objective of the whole proposal, ○ Quality Control: not of the problem. a. It has three names: Quality Control, b. A proposal or any technical report has two Warranty, and Evaluation Procedure, which kinds of purposes: the goal or main purpose states how the proponent will determine or and the objective or minor purpose. The test the quality, effectiveness, or greatness first, serving as an introductory statement, of the accomplished project. is stated only in one sentence; the second, ○ Budget or Cost Analysis: The estimated listed under the goal, is in several amount of money and time needed for the sentences; that is, one to five objectives. completion of the