TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION__.pdf

DEFINATION  TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS ANY FORM OF COMMUNICATION THAT INCLUDES COMMUNICATING ABOUT TECHNICAL OR SPECIALIZED TOPICS.  THE GOAL OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS THE CREATION OF USER- CENTRED PRODUCTS THAT PROVIDE APPROPRIATE INFORMATION IN A CLEAR AND ACCESSIBLE MANNER....

DEFINATION  TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS ANY FORM OF COMMUNICATION THAT INCLUDES COMMUNICATING ABOUT TECHNICAL OR SPECIALIZED TOPICS.  THE GOAL OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS THE CREATION OF USER- CENTRED PRODUCTS THAT PROVIDE APPROPRIATE INFORMATION IN A CLEAR AND ACCESSIBLE MANNER. EACH TIME WE OPEN A WEBSITE, READ AN INTERPRETIVE SIGN AT A HISTORICAL SITE, GLANCE THROUGH A CATALOG OR WATCH A HOW-TO-VIDEO, WE ARE ENGAGING WITH THE WORK OF SOME THE TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION FIELD.  TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS THE PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING FACTS AND INFORMATION TO A DEFINED AUDIENCE FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE. TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS WRITING FOR UNDERSTANDING. TECHNICAL WRITERS PRESENT INFROMATION IN SCIENCE, ELECTRONICS OR OTHER TECHNICAL AREAS ON A PROFESSIONAL LEVEL, BACKED UP BY DATA AND FACTS, SO THAT THE INFORMATION IS COMPLETE AND ACCURATE. DEFINATION  Technical communication refers to the process of conveying technical or specialized information in a clear, concise, and understandable manner to a specific audience. It is a discipline that focuses on effectively transmitting complex technical concepts, data, or instructions to individuals who may not have the same level of technical expertise or knowledge.  Technical communication plays a crucial role in numerous industries, such as engineering, science, medicine, software development, manufacturing, and more. Technical writers, engineers, scientists, educators, and professionals from various disciplines engage in technical communication to transfer knowledge, provide instructions, document procedures, and facilitate collaboration among team members.  The ultimate goal of technical communication is to bridge the gap between technical experts and the intended audience, enabling efficient and safe use of technical products, processes, or information. DEFINATION  Technical writing is a Form of descriptive writing which expresses or explains complicated concepts or processes in understandable terms. It is generally a method of researching and creating information about technical processes or products.  The term Technical writing is seen from two major perspectives; educational and business perspectives.  In educational field technical writing is that form of writing embarked upon by researchers and other professionals. such documents communicate a given concept or theory. It also reports an educational research or discusses current trends in a given field.  In the business community however, technical writing is viewed as a kind of communication written for and about #business and industry, it focuses on products and services, how to manufacture, market, manage, deliver and use such products. They are of the view that technical writing is a kind of document written in the work place, within the organization to supervisors, colleagues, subordinates, vendors, and customers or a written document related to a given job. It is also the ability of the writer to make the process of installing a product user friendly. Types of Audience  Technical audience- Example- patient C/O Of SOB secondary to MVA  Semi- technical audience- this type of audience has some technical training or works in the industry, but not directly in the field, such as those working in related departments or those with training in related technical areas. This might even include personnel in marketing, finance, or administration of a technical company. The semi-technical audience needs some explanation of concepts, jargons. Writers use technical terms only if they are common in the company or industry. For this audience, you might provide an orientation to the subject and explain or interpret the terms and information. Example- patient complains of shortness of breath, secondary to motor vehicle accident. Types of Audience  Non-technical- this is the general public, an unknown audience, or any combination of technical, semi-technical, and non-technical readers, including customers, clients and patients. It might also include upper management- a group that is uninvolved with technical activities, but must have enough information to make decisions for the company. Example- your husband was involved in a car accident. He is alert, cooperative, and oriented. We are treating him for five broken ribs on his right side, which are each broken in several places, called flail chest. This can cause breathing difficulties and even lung damage. characteristics of technical communication  Clarity: Technical communication aims to be clear and unambiguous, avoiding jargon or complex language that could lead to confusion.  Audience-Centered: It considers the needs, knowledge, and expectations of the target audience. The information is tailored to suit the audience's level of understanding and familiarity with technical terms.  Accuracy: Technical communication emphasizes accuracy and precision in conveying information. Errors or inaccuracies could lead to serious consequences, especially in technical fields.  Conciseness: Information is presented concisely, omitting unnecessary details while maintaining the essential content.  Accessibility: It aims to make technical information accessible to a broader audience, not just experts in the field. This is especially important in fields like medicine, engineering, and technology. characteristics of technical communication  Visual Aids: Effective technical communication often employs visual aids, such as diagrams, charts, graphs, and illustrations, to enhance understanding.  Various Formats: Technical communication can take various forms, including written documents, manuals, reports, presentations, videos, and online content. Importance of Technical Communication  Understanding: Technical communication ensures that complex and intricate information is conveyed in a clear and concise manner. It helps break down complicated concepts into digestible pieces, making it easier for both experts and non-experts to understand.  Knowledge Sharing: In technical fields, knowledge is often specialized and valuable. Effective technical communication allows experts to share their insights, discoveries, and expertise with others, enabling collective learning and advancement.  Safety and Risk Mitigation: In industries such as engineering, healthcare, and manufacturing, improper communication can lead to serious consequences, including safety hazards and risks. Clear communication of protocols, procedures, and safety guidelines helps prevent accidents and ensures the well-being of individuals. Importance of Technical Communication  innovation and Problem Solving: Technical communication fosters innovation by facilitating collaboration and the exchange of ideas. Effective communication among multidisciplinary teams can lead to creative problem- solving and the development of innovative solutions  Documentation and Accountability: Documentation through technical communication is essential for recording processes, procedures, and project details. It serves as a reference for future work, allows for quality control, and establishes accountability.  Efficient Project Management: Clear communication of project requirements, timelines, and objectives is crucial for project management. It helps stakeholders understand their roles, monitor progress, and ensure projects are completed on time and within budget. Importance of Technical Communication  Effective Training and Education: In educational settings, technical communication is essential for conveying knowledge to students. It helps educators break down complex subjects into understandable lessons and provides students with the information they need to excel in their studies.  Product Development and Marketing: Technical communication plays a vital role in product development by conveying specifications, design details, and user instructions. In marketing, effective communication highlights product features and benefits, influencing consumers' purchasing decisions. EXAMPLE- Engineers and designers collaborate to develop the specifications for the new smartphone. Technical writers document these specifications, detailing aspects such as processor speed, camera resolution, battery capacity, and connectivity options. This documentation serves as a reference for the development team and ensures that everyone is aligned with the product's intended features. Marketing teams use technical documentation to create accurate and compelling product descriptions for promotional materials. They highlight the smartphone's features, emphasizing specifications like camera capabilities, battery life, and display quality. The technical details are transformed into user-friendly language that resonates with the target audience. Importance of Technical Communication  To provide organized information that aids in quick decision-making.  To invite corporate joint venture Importance of Technical Communication  Customer Support: Technical communication is integral to providing effective customer support. User manuals, FAQs, and troubleshooting guides help customers understand and resolve issues with products or services.  Professional Development: Strong technical communication skills enhance employability and career advancement. Professionals who can communicate complex information effectively are often valued for their ability to contribute to team success  Decision Making: Technical writing provides relevant data, analysis, and insights that support informed decision-making. Technical documents, reports, and studies present factual information that helps stakeholders make well-informed choices. EXAMPLES  User Manuals: Comprehensive guides that provide step-by-step instructions for setting up, using, and maintaining products, such as electronics, appliances, and software.  Engineering Reports: Detailed documents that communicate the findings, analyses, and conclusions of engineering projects, experiments, or research studies.  Whitepapers: In-depth documents that explain complex concepts, technologies, or theories, often used by businesses to educate their audience about industry trends.  Safety Guidelines: Documents that outline safety procedures, protocols, and precautions for handling equipment, chemicals, or hazardous environments. EXAMPLES  Project Proposals: Formal documents that outline project objectives, scope, methodology, and budget to seek approval and funding.  Training Materials: Materials created to train employees or users on specific tasks, processes, or skills, often including presentations, videos, and interactive modules.  Presentations: Slideshows or visual aids used to convey technical information to an audience, often during meetings, seminars, or conferences.  Emails and Memos: Brief written communications within organizations, conveying important information, updates, or instructions among team members or departments. Importance of technical communication for students  Effective Collaboration: In academic and professional settings, students often work in teams or collaborate with peers. Strong technical communication skills allow them to collaborate more effectively, ensuring everyone is on the same page and contributing productively.  Professional Development: As students transition to the professional world, effective technical communication becomes a critical skill. Employers value candidates who can convey complex information to various audiences, including colleagues, clients, and stakeholders. Importance of technical communication for students  Knowledge Dissemination: Students may need to share their research findings, project outcomes, or innovative ideas with a broader audience. Technical communication skills enable them to convey their work's significance and impact, contributing to the advancement of their field.  Research and Documentation: Technical communication involves documenting research methodologies, results, and conclusions accurately. Proper documentation ensures that others can understand and replicate the work, contributing to the body of knowledge.  Career Advancement: Students who can communicate technical information effectively are more likely to excel in their careers. They can write compelling reports, deliver persuasive presentations, and communicate their expertise confidently. Importance of technical communication for students  Critical Thinking: Developing technical communication skills encourages critical thinking. Students must analyze their audience's needs, determine the most effective way to convey information, and anticipate potential questions or concerns.  Globalization: In today's interconnected world, students often interact with diverse audiences from different cultural backgrounds. Effective technical communication helps bridge language and cultural barriers, ensuring information is understood correctly.  Adaptability: Technical communication skills can be applied across various mediums, such as written documents, presentations, videos, and online platforms. Students who are versatile communicators can adapt to different communication channels. FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION  AUDIENCE  PURPOSE – THE PURPOSE OF A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT COULD BE TO INFORM, EXPLAIN, DESCRIBE, PERSUADE, OR RECORD YOUR ACTIONS.  FORMAT- it can be written in following formats REPORTS, SUCH AS LAB REPORTS, PRODUCT SPECIFICATION OR QUALITY TEST RESULTS. INSTRUCTIONS SUCH AS USER GUIDES, ONLINE HELPS, TRAINING MANUALS. CORRESPONDENCE SUCH AS LETTERS, EMAILS PRESENTATION SUCH AS MARKETING CALL OR TRAINING SEMINARS. FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION  STYLE- WRITERS BASE THE STYLE OF THE DOCUMENT ON THE AUDIENCE, PURPOSE AND FORMAT. THE LANGUAGE CAN INCLUDE MANY TECHNICAL TERMS,CALLED JARGON OR IT CAN INCLUDE GENERAL TERMS. THE DOCUMENT MIGHT NEED A VISIBLE STRUCTURE OF HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS OR EVEN CHAPTERS TO IDENTIFY THE FLOW OF INFORMATION, SUCH AS PRODUCT SPECIFICATION OR MANUAL. OR THE DOCUMENT MIGHT NOT NEED VISIBLE CLUES FOR STRUCTURE, SUCH AS A CASUAL E-MAIL FOCUSED ON ONLY ONE TOPIC, COMPRISED OF ONLY FEW PARAGRAPHS. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING Purpose and Focus:  Technical Communication: This type of communication is specifically aimed at conveying technical or specialized information to a specific audience. It often involves explaining complex concepts, processes, procedures, or instructions related to technology, science, engineering, or other technical fields. The primary goal is to ensure that the audience understands and can effectively use the information provided.  General Communication: General communication encompasses a broad range of communication that occurs in various contexts and settings. It includes everyday conversations, social interactions, personal exchanges, and informal discussions. The purpose of general communication is to convey thoughts, ideas, emotions, or information without a specific technical or specialized focus DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING Audience:  Technical Communication: The audience for technical communication is typically composed of individuals who have a specific interest or need for technical information. This could include professionals, experts, technicians, engineers, or anyone seeking detailed and precise instructions or explanations in a particular field.  General Communication: The audience for general communication is more diverse and can include people from all walks of life. It encompasses communication with family, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, and the general public. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING Language and Terminology:  Technical Communication: Technical communication often involves the use of specialized terminology, jargon, and specific language related to the field being discussed. The language used is precise, formal, and geared towards conveying information accurately.  General Communication: General communication uses everyday language that is accessible to a wide range of people. While some jargon might be used depending on the context, the language tends to be more informal and adaptable to the understanding of the general audience. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING Content and Structure:  Technical Communication: Technical communication often includes detailed explanations, diagrams, charts, graphs, and step-by-step instructions. It focuses on providing comprehensive and organized information to guide the audience through complex processes.  General Communication: General communication covers a broader spectrum of content, including personal anecdotes, stories, opinions, small talk, and informal discussions. The structure may be less rigid and more spontaneous, depending on the context.  TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING Medium and Channels:  Technical Communication: Technical communication can occur through various mediums, including technical documents, reports, manuals, presentations, websites, and instructional videos, tailored to the audience's needs.  General Communication: General communication takes place through face- to-face conversations, emails, social media posts, phone calls, and other informal means of interaction. MEANING OF TECHNICAL WRITING  Technical writing refers to the practice of creating written content that effectively communicates complex and specialized information in a clear, concise, and understandable manner. The primary goal of technical writing is to convey technical or specialized information to a specific audience, such as professionals, experts, or individuals who require detailed instructions, explanations, or documentation related to a particular subject. Key characteristics of technical writing include Clarity and Precision: Technical writing emphasizes clarity and precision in language. It avoids ambiguity and uses clear and concise terms to convey information accurately. Structure and Organization: Technical documents are well-structured and organized, often using headings, subheadings, lists, and other formatting elements to make the content easily navigable. Objective Tone: Technical writing maintains an objective and factual tone, avoiding personal opinions or emotional language. It focuses on presenting information in an unbiased manner. Specialized Terminology: Technical writing may incorporate industry-specific terminology and jargon relevant to the subject matter. However, it should also provide explanations or definitions for these terms to ensure understanding. Stages of technical communication  Planning: Define your purpose: Determine why you are communicating and what you want to achieve. Are you explaining a process, providing instructions, or presenting data? Identify your audience: Understand who your audience is, their level of technical knowledge, their needs, and their expectations. This will help you tailor your communication appropriately. Set objectives: Clearly define what you want to accomplish with your communication. Are you aiming to educate, persuade, inform, or guide your audience? Stages of technical communication  Gathering Information: Research: Collect all the necessary information related to the topic you're communicating about. This could involve reading technical documents, conducting experiments, interviewing experts, or studying relevant materials.  Organizing: Structure: Determine the most effective way to organize your information. This might involve creating an outline, dividing content into sections or chapters, and deciding on a logical flow. Hierarchical organization: Arrange your content in a hierarchical manner, with headings, subheadings, and bullet points to make it easier for your audience to navigate and understand. Stages of technical communication  Creating Content: Writing: Craft your content using clear and concise language. Use appropriate technical terminology, but also make sure to explain complex terms or concepts for a non-technical audience. Visual aids: Incorporate diagrams, charts, graphs, images, and other visual aids to enhance understanding. Visuals can often simplify complex information.  Editing and Revising: Review for clarity: Ensure your content is easy to understand and follow. Remove any ambiguities , jargon that might confuse your audience. Check accuracy: Verify that the technical information you're presenting is accurate and up to date. Errors in technical communication can lead to misunderstandings or even safety issues. Stages of technical communication  Formatting and Design: Layout: Organize your content in a visually appealing way. Use consistent fonts, formatting, and spacing to make the document easy to read. Use of headings and subheadings: Break down your content into sections with informative headings, allowing readers to quickly find the information they need  Review and Feedback: Peer review: Have colleagues or subject matter experts review your content to catch any errors, inconsistencies, or areas for improvement. User testing: If applicable, test your communication with representative members of your target audience to gather feedback on its clarity and effectiveness. Stages of technical communication  Finalization: Proofreading: Conduct a final review to catch any remaining grammatical errors, typos, or formatting issues. Distribution: Share your communication through appropriate channels, such as print, email, websites, or technical documentation platforms.  Feedback : Continuous improvement: Gather feedback from your audience and stakeholders. Use this feedback to update and improve your communication materials for future iterations. TYPES OF WRITING  Narrative Writing: Narrative writing tells a story, whether fictional or based on real events. It includes novels, short stories, autobiographies, memoirs, and personal narratives.  Descriptive Writing: Descriptive writing vividly portrays scenes, objects, people, or experiences using sensory details. It aims to create a sensory-rich image in the reader's mind.  Expository Writing: Expository writing explains, informs, or describes a topic using facts, evidence, and examples. It includes essays, research papers, textbooks, and explanatory articles.  Persuasive Writing: Persuasive writing aims to convince the reader of a specific point of view or opinion. It includes argumentative essays, opinion pieces, advertisements, and speeches. TYPES OF WRITING  Argumentative Writing: Similar to persuasive writing, argumentative writing presents a clear argument supported by evidence, logic, and reasoning to sway the reader's opinion.  Informative Writing: Informative writing provides factual and objective information about a subject. It includes news articles, encyclopedias, how-to guides, and educational content.  Technical Writing: Technical writing communicates complex or specialized information to a specific audience. It includes manuals, guides, reports, and documentation for technical or scientific fields.  Creative Writing: Creative writing involves artistic expression and imagination. It includes poetry, fiction, plays, and creative nonfiction. TYPES OF WRITING  Journalistic Writing: Journalistic writing presents news, events, or information in a concise and unbiased manner. It includes news articles, feature stories, and investigative reports.  Academic Writing: Academic writing is used in educational settings and involves research papers, essays, dissertations, and scholarly articles.  Business Writing: Business writing is used in a professional context and includes emails, memos, reports, business plans, and marketing materials.  Scriptwriting: Scriptwriting involves writing scripts for various media, such as movies, TV shows, plays, and radio broadcasts.  Poetry: Poetry is a form of creative writing characterized by rhythm, meter, and often figurative language. It includes various forms like sonnets, haikus, and free verse. TYPES OF WRITING  Blogging: Blogging involves writing online articles on various topics for personal or professional purposes.  Social Media Writing: Social media writing involves crafting concise and engaging content for platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.  Travel Writing: Travel writing captures the experiences, observations, and emotions of a traveler, often in a narrative form.  Acrostic Writing: Acrostic writing uses the letters of a word or phrase to begin each line, often to convey a hidden message or theme. TECHNIQUES OF WRITNG  Clear and Concise Language: Use precise and straightforward language to communicate your ideas without ambiguity. Avoid unnecessary jargon or overly complex terms.  Avoid Contractions: In formal writing, avoid contractions (e.g., "don't," "can't," "won't") and use the full forms ("do not," "cannot," "will not") for a more formal tone.  Third-Person Point of View: Use third-person pronouns (he, she, it, they) instead of first-person (I, we) or second-person (you) pronouns. This creates a sense of objectivity and professionalism.  Structured Paragraphs: Organize your content into well-structured paragraphs with clear topic sentences, supporting details, and transitions between ideas.  Eliminate redundancy TECHNIQUES OF WRITNG  Avoid Slang and Informal Language: Steer clear of slang, colloquialisms, and informal expressions. Maintain a formal tone throughout your writing.  Avoid Abbreviations: Spell out terms and phrases instead of using abbreviations unless they are widely recognized and accepted.  Cite Sources Properly: If referencing external sources, use a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA) and provide proper attribution to avoid plagiarism.  Avoid Personal Opinions: In formal writing, focus on presenting facts, evidence, and logical arguments rather than expressing personal opinions or emotions.  Precise Vocabulary: Choose words carefully to convey your ideas accurately. Avoid using overly complex vocabulary if simpler terms suffice.  Eliminate unnecessary adverbs TECHNIQUES OF WRITNG  Passive Voice: While active voice is generally preferred for clarity, there are instances in formal writing where passive voice can be used to emphasize the action.  Proofreading and Editing: Thoroughly proofread and edit your work to eliminate grammatical errors, typos, and inconsistencies.  Formatting: Adhere to the appropriate formatting guidelines for your specific type of formal writing, whether it's an academic paper, a business report, or a formal letter.  Hedging Language: In academic or cautious writing, use hedging language to indicate degrees of certainty (e.g., "may," "might," "could").  Objective Analysis: Present your arguments or analysis objectively, supporting your claims with evidence and logical reasoning.  Balanced Arguments: When presenting opposing viewpoints, provide a balanced and fair representation before refuting them.  Respectful Address: If addressing individuals or groups, use appropriate titles and honorifics (Mr., Mrs., Dr., Professor) to convey respect. Importance of effective writing  Clear Communication: Effective writing enables you to convey your thoughts, ideas, and information clearly and concisely. It ensures that your message is easily understood by your target audience, reducing the risk of miscommunication.  Professionalism: In the professional world, clear and well-structured writing is a hallmark of professionalism.  Academic Success: In educational settings, effective writing is essential for academic success. It's the primary medium through which students are evaluated and assessed. Strong writing skills are often necessary for achieving higher grades and academic achievements.  Information Dissemination: In journalism, technical writing, and content creation, effective writing is the key to disseminating accurate information to the public. Journalists, for example, rely on clear and unbiased writing to inform the public about current events. Importance of effective writing  Persuasion: Whether you're writing a persuasive essay, a business proposal, or a political speech, the ability to persuade others through writing is a valuable skill. Effective writing can influence opinions, decisions, and actions.  Global Communication: In an increasingly interconnected world, effective writing enables communication across language barriers. Clear and well- structured writing can facilitate understanding among people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Methods of effective writing  Read Regularly  Write Every Day  Study Grammar and Style  Seek Feedback  Experiment with Different Genres Methods of improving technical writing skills  Study Technical Documents: Analyze well-written technical documents in your field, such as research papers, technical reports, and user manuals. Pay attention to their structure, clarity, and use of technical terminology.  Understand Your Audience: Always consider your target audience when writing technical documents. Tailor your language and level of detail to match their knowledge and expertise.  Master Technical Jargon: Familiarize yourself with the specialized terminology of your field. Use technical terms appropriately and consistently, but also provide clear explanations when necessary for non-expert readers.  Follow a Style Guide: Many technical fields have specific style guides (e.g., APA, IEEE, Chicago) that dictate formatting, citations, and other writing conventions. Adhere to these guides to maintain consistency and professionalism.  Stay Current: Stay up-to-date with the latest developments in your field. Technology and terminology evolve, so your technical writing should reflect current standards and practices. MEANING  Listening is the process of receiving, perceiving meaning from, and creating and sending meaningful and accurate response to the sender.  The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be understood. The best way to understand people is to listen to them. Process of listening Types Of Listening  APPRECIATIVE  CRITICAL  COMPREHENSIVE  EVALUATIVE  EMPATHETIC  SUPERFICIAL TYPES OF LISTENERS  people-oriented listener  Action-oriented listeners  Content-oriented listeners  time-oriented listening Why Listening Is Difficult  Physical Noise  Psychological Noise  Physiological Noise  Semantic Noise  Attention Span  Receiver Biases Ways to Improve Listening  Be Open to New Ideas  Take Notes  Top-down processes  Pay attention to discourse markers, visual body language, tones and pauses.  Relate one part of the next to another.  Learn to relax before and during listening.  Predict general content before listening using context and prior knowledge.  Encourage oneself to continue listening  listen wholeheartedly and without bias Speaking  Speaking is "the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts“  Speaking is defined as an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and processing information. Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs.  speaking is defined as the production of auditory signals designed to produce differential verbal responses in a listener. It is considered as combining sounds in a systematic way, according to language specific principles to form meaningful utterances. Purpose of speaking  1. Personal - expressing personal feelings, opinions, beliefs and ideas.  2. Descriptive- describing someone or something, real or imagined.  3. Narrative-creating and telling stories or chronologically sequenced events.  4. Instructive-giving instructions or providing directions designed to produce an outcome.  5. Questioning-asking questions to obtain information.  6. Comparative-comparing two or more objects, people, ideas, or opinions to make judgments about them.  7. Imaginative-expressing mental images of people, places, events, and objects.  8. Predictive-predicting possible future events.  9. Interpretative-exploring meanings, creating hypothetical , and considering inferences.  10. Persuasive-changing others’ opinions, attitudes, or points of view, or influencing the behavior of others in some way.  11. Explanatory-explaining, clarifying, and supporting ideas and opinions.  12. Informative-sharing information with others Speaking skills  Speaking skills are the skills that give us the ability to communicate effectively.  These skills allow the speaker, to convey his message in a passionate, thoughtful, and convincing manner.  Speaking skills also help to assure that one won't be misunderstood by those who are listening What to do before speaking ?  Be an active listener  Be a quick organizer of thoughts  Structure your speech in your mind Speaking skills  Be prepared and practice  Know your audience  Keep it short and simple  Interact with your audience  Speak with sincerity and passion  Fluency TIPS FOR CLEAR SPEAKING SKILLS  1. Give yourself a few seconds to think what you’ll say before you start to speak  2. Remember to say words in the same way as you heard them, not how you see them written  3. Speak reasonably slowly at first but as naturally as you can  4. Get extra practice by participating in group conversation lessons and activities that involve  talking about certain topics, or acting out real-life situations like buying a train ticket, or doing a job interview. THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF SPEAKING SKILLS  Pronunciation- pronunciation is the way to speak a language and a way in which a word is pronounced.  Vocabulary- Vocabulary is one of five speaking ability components, which has an important role in speaking English skill. If the students have a lot of vocabularies, their speaking will be fluent and they are not confused in pronouncing or producing a lot of words just because have many vocabularies.  Grammar- grammar is a description of the rules that govern how a language’s sentences are formed. Is mean that Grammar is the study of how to combine words into a sentence and the forms of words. If the students mastering grammar, someone can master speaking of language.  Fluency:Fluency is the ability to hear words and understand them straight away Types of Speech Delivery  Extemporaneous speeches  Manuscript speeches  Memorized speeches  Aristotle’s Appeals  The Three Ws The Importance Of Speaking Skills  Getting Them To Say ‘Yes’  Developing A Career Edge  Becoming An Expert