TCWN01G Reviewer.docx

**Globalization** - process of expanding various sociocultural and socio-ecological processes from national to international and transcultural level - definition tends to focus on the economic side of globalization - The world\' s interconnectivity in terms of processes, events, and...

**Globalization** - process of expanding various sociocultural and socio-ecological processes from national to international and transcultural level - definition tends to focus on the economic side of globalization - The world\' s interconnectivity in terms of processes, events, and decisions - Economic and financial integration - Globalization's impact transcends to the social fabric of communities - Cultural processes involved in the process of globalization **Global Connected Index (GCI)** - measurement of flows and interconnections of a country to another global players through exchanges in trade, capital, people, and information - Global Connectedness Index 2018 report (Altman et al., 2018), the world\'s level of connectedness in terms of international trade, capital, information, and people **is at its peak in 2017** - **Netherlands** - world\'s most globally connected country - **Europe -** most highly globally connected continent - **Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam -**Economies in Southeast Asia have exceeded expectation for global connectivity, particularly in trade flow. - **20%** of the global economic output of the countries is exported from the home countries - **3%** of people are living outside the countries they were born in. - This shows that the material and social flows are more within and between countries rather than on a global level (Altman et al., 2018) **Socioeconomic Changes in Globalization** - Scholte (2005) identifies **macro-structural changes in a globalized society** such as: **a.** product and services integration through commodity value chains **b.** emerging institutional arrangements **c.** pluralistic identity **d.** growth of supraterritorial relations. - he identifies **four key shifts in society**: **a.** growth of trans - and supra-territorial connectivity **b**. the shift from capitalism to hyper-capitalism focused on production. **c**. move from national toward identifying pluralism and hybridity. **d**. from rationalism toward knowledge reflexivity ***Factors Driving Globalization*** **Reduction of trade barriers.** - In 1947, richer countries bonded together to reduce taxes on imports or tariffs under the General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was later transformed to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994 **Modern technology developements** - facilitated faster communication and access to data or information. - Further promoted the development of an information society **Advantages of Globalization** 1\. **Employment and Balance of Trade** **2. Low-cost for products** **3. Increases Cultural Awareness** **4. Information and Technology Spread More Easily** **5. Access to New Markets** **6. Higher Standards of Living Across the Globe** **Disadvantages of Globalization** **1. Workers Can Lose Jobs to Countries With Low-Cost Labor** **2. Hasn't Protected Labor, Environmental or Human Rights** **3. Can Contribute to Cultural Homogeneity** **4. Empowers Multinational Corporations** **5. Incurring Tariffs and Export Fees** **6. Inequality among countries and between the rich and** **the poor** **Globalization** - **Intensified transference or exchange of things across existing boundaries** - **primarily an economic process, the drive toward integration of economies throughout the world** - **achieved through trading and financial flows across countries borders** ***Economic Globalization Examples*** **McDonaldisation and Coca-Colonisation** - **well-known companies have expanded globally** - **companies drive local producers out of business** **Economic Globalization** - **complex global process of expanding the market economic system all throughout the world.** - **The market economy, the economic system that gives freedom to entrepreneurs to control productive process to pursue profit, is just one kind of economic system designed by human societies.** - **It is a corporate-driven process of enhanced transnational exchange of products, services, technologies, and capital, creating an increased interdependence of world economies** **Flows in the Age of Globalization** - **Importance aspects of globalization include:** ***1. Trading*** - **International trading** - **economic exchanges and deals between countries, is enabled by international fiscal payments where private banks and the central banks of particular nations play important roles** ***2. Capital Movement*** - **There was an increase in the capital flows to poor countries during the 1990s** - **One manifestation of capital movement is foreign investment.** - **Foreign Investment can be categorized as commercial loans, official flows, or foreign direct investment.** ***3. Movement of People*** - **People can migrate to other countries in search of better employment opportunities.** - **In the Philippines, the number of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) during the period April to September 2018 was estimated at 2.3 million** **Cultural Globalization** - **Increased interdependence of economies in the world also combines with globalization of culture and politics.** - **increasing "contact between people and their cultures-their ideas, their values, their ways of life"** **Political Globalization** - **enlargement of the international political system and its establishments, where inter-regional dealings, including trade, are managed** **History of International Trade** - **It wasn\'t until 1958 that the Bretton Woods System became fully functional.** - **Once implemented, its provisions called for the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of gold.** - **all other currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar's value.** - **The exchange rate applied at the time set the price of gold at \$35 an ounce.** **Multinational Corporation (MNC)** - **Company that has business operations in at least one country other than its home country.** - **generates at least 25% of its revenue outside of its home country.** - **has offices,factories, or other facilities in different countries around the world as well as a centralized headquarters which coordinates global management.** - **can also be known as international, stateless, or transnational corporate organizations or enterprises.** - **Some may have budgets that exceed those of small countries.** **Various Examples Of Multinational Corporations** - **McDonalds Corporation** - **Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)** - **Burger King** - **Netflix** - **Disney Plus** - **Prime Video** - **Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)** - **Citi Bank** - **H&M** - **UNIQLO** - **Gucci** - **Coca Cola Corporation** - **Nestle Company** - **Vaseline** - **Nike** - **Adidas** **Global Governance** - **Capacity within the international system to provide government-like services and public goods in the absence of a world government** - **Combination of informal and formal ideas, values, rules, norms, procedures, practices, policies, and organizations that help all actors-states, IGOs, civil society, NGOs, TNCs, and individuals-identify, understand, and address transboundary problems** - **Set of questions that enable us to:** **- work out how the world is, was, and could be governed** **- how changes in grand and not-so-grand patterns of governance occurred, are occurring, and out to occur** - **a gross disconnect is apparent between the nature of a growing number of contested global problems (*i.e., climate change, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, mass atrocities, financial volatilities, cyber threats, transnational crime, and pandemics*) and the political structures for international problem-solving and decision making** **Global Governance (THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE SOVEREIGN TERRITORIAL STATE OR NATION-STATE)** - **Since the end of the Cold War, the world is heading toward a less centralized form of governance** - **United States is facing serious setbacks in the wars in Iraq and Ahghanistan** - **China, Russia, and Brazil have formed regional alliances to create a multipolar and anti-hegemonic order** - **This development is being reffered to as the beginning of the Post-American World in which the United States retreats and the rest of the world advances in economic power and political influence** **Nation-State Elements:** - **Continuous and broken territory (preferred)** - **Sovereign territory** - **The state has the monopoly both of law and of the powers of coercion.** - **The national state rules its citizens or subjects directly and not through intermediate authorities.** - **Direct government and administration of inhabitants by the central authorities of the "nation state"** - **The state is considered to represent the people and the people serves as a source of sovereignty or at least give the state legitimacy.** - **The citizenry was or ought to form a homogenous population** **Global Governance (THE RISE OF NON-STATE ACTORS)** - **Huge rise of non-state actors resulted from the occurrence above-mentioned** - **These international organization in the public and private sectors are set with higher objectives and goals to participate in global governance and improving lives** - **This rise also created a new landscape and new architecture of global governance wherein multi-sector partnerships are present, such as transnational businesses.** - **The growth of non-state actors has meant more diversity in potential players and partners** - **The proliferation of non-state actors has ushered age of global partnerships between private and public bodies on specific issues** **Global Governance (THE UNITED NATIONS)** **United Nations -- Headquarters (New York)** **United Nations -- Geneva, Switzerland**  **United Nations -- Nairobi, Africa** **The United Nations (GENERAL ASSEMBLY)** - **Main deliberative policymaking and representative organ** - **Decisions on peace security, admission of new members, and budgetary memebers, require 2/3 majority of the General Assembly** - **Annually, the GA elects a GA President to serve a one year term office** - **All member states (currently 193 seats in GA)** - **Philippines played a prominent role in the GA's early years when Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected as GA President from 1949-1950**  **United Nations (SECURITY COUNCIL)** - **Consists of 15 member states** - **GA elects 10 of these 15 to 2 year terms -- P5 States China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States** - **Takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression** - **It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle the act by peaceful means and recommends method of adjustment or terms of settlements** **United Nations (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL -- ECOSOC)** - **principal body for:** **- coordination** **- policy review** **- policy dialogue** **- recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues** **- implementation of internationally agreed development goals** - **serve as central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental fields, supervising subsidiary and expert bodies** - **It has 54 Members elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three year terms** - **It is the United Nations' central platform for:** **- reflection** **- debate\ - innovative thinking on sustainable development** **United Nations (THE SECRETARIAT)** - **comprises the Secretary General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day to day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization \' s other principal organs** - **The Secretary General is chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five year, renewable term** - **UN staff members are recruited internationally and locally** - **work in duty stations and on peacekeeping missions all around the world** - **serving the cause of peace in a violent world is a dangerous occupation since the founding of the United Nations, hundreds of brave men and women have given their lives in its service** - **Antonio Guterres -- Sec. General of the UN**  **The United Nations (THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE - ICJ)** - **principal judicial organ of the United Nations** - **Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (*It is the only one of the five principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York United States of America*)** - **The Court's role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States** - **to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.** **Challenges of Global Governance** - **The United States is leading the Global War on terrorism among the western state, non western nations and international institution** - **There are major powers like the United States which utilized war as means to solve certain problems and conflicts** - **Even in Europe the nationalist movements proved to be the most persistent terrorist threat** - **The sad fact that the U S believe on the philosophy of the fundamentalist** - **Muslim networks, which continually launch attacks**