TCWN01G: Globalization PDF

TCWN01G: GLOBALIZATION c. move from national toward identifying pluralism and hybridity. Globalization d. from rationalism towa...

TCWN01G: GLOBALIZATION c. move from national toward identifying pluralism and hybridity. Globalization d. from rationalism toward knowledge reflexivity  process of expanding various sociocultural and socio- ecological processes from national to international and Factors Driving Globalization transcultural level  definition tends to focus on the economic side of Reduction of trade barriers. globalization  The world' s interconnectivity in terms of processes,  In 1947, richer countries bonded together to reduce events, and decisions taxes on imports or tariffs under the General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was later  Economic and financial integration transformed to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in  Globalization’s impact transcends to the social fabric of 1994 communities  Cultural processes involved in the process of Modern technology developements globalization  facilitated faster communication and access to data or information.  Further promoted the development of an information Global Connected Index (GCI) society  measurement of flows and interconnections of a country to another global players through exchanges in trade, capital, people, and information Advantages of Globalization  Global Connectedness Index 2018 report (Altman et al., 2018), the world's level of connectedness in terms of 1. Employment and Balance of Trade international trade, capital, information, and people is at 2. Low-cost for products its peak in 2017  Netherlands - world's most globally connected country 3. Increases Cultural Awareness  Europe - most highly globally connected continent 4. Information and Technology Spread More Easily  Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam - Economies in Southeast Asia have exceeded 5. Access to New Markets expectation for global connectivity, particularly in trade 6. Higher Standards of Living Across the Globe flow.  20% of the global economic output of the countries is exported from the home countries Disadvantages of Globalization  3% of people are living outside the countries they were born in. 1. Workers Can Lose Jobs to Countries With Low-Cost  This shows that the material and social flows are more Labor within and between countries rather than on a global 2. Hasn’t Protected Labor, Environmental or Human Rights level (Altman et al., 2018) 3. Can Contribute to Cultural Homogeneity 4. Empowers Multinational Corporations Socioeconomic Changes in Globalization 5. Incurring Tariffs and Export Fees  Scholte (2005) identifies macro-structural changes in a globalized society such as: 6. Inequality among countries and between the rich and a. product and services integration through commodity value chains the poor b. emerging institutional arrangements c. pluralistic identity d. growth of supraterritorial relations.  he identifies four key shifts in society: a. growth of trans - and supra-territorial connectivity b. the shift from capitalism to hyper-capitalism focused on production.  TCWN01G: ECONOMIC, CULTURAL 3. Movement of People AND POLITICAL  People can migrate to other countries in search of better employment opportunities. Globalization  In the Philippines, the number of Overseas Filipino  Intensified transference or exchange of things across Workers (OFWs) during the period April to existing boundaries September 2018 was estimated at 2.3 million  primarily an economic process, the drive toward integration of economies throughout the world  achieved through trading and financial flows across Cultural Globalization countries borders  Increased interdependence of economies in the world also combines with globalization of culture and politics.  increasing “contact between people and their cultures- Economic Globalization Examples their ideas, their values, their ways of life” McDonaldisation and Coca-Colonisation  well-known companies have expanded globally Political Globalization  companies drive local producers out of business  enlargement of the international political system and its establishments, where inter-regional dealings, including Economic Globalization trade, are managed  complex global process of expanding the market economic system all throughout the world. History of International Trade  The market economy, the economic system that gives freedom to entrepreneurs to control productive process  It wasn't until 1958 that the Bretton Woods System to pursue profit, is just one kind of economic system became fully functional. designed by human societies.  Once implemented, its provisions called for the U.S.  It is a corporate-driven process of enhanced dollar to be pegged to the value of gold. transnational exchange of products, services,  all other currencies in the system were then pegged to technologies, and capital, creating an increased the U.S. dollar’s value. interdependence of world economies  The exchange rate applied at the time set the price of gold at $35 an ounce. Flows in the Age of Globalization Multinational Corporation (MNC)  Importance aspects of globalization include:  Company that has business operations in at least one 1. Trading country other than its home country.  International trading  generates at least 25% of its revenue outside of its  economic exchanges and deals between countries, home country. is enabled by international fiscal payments where  has offices,factories, or other facilities in different private banks and the central banks of particular countries around the world as well as a centralized nations play important roles headquarters which coordinates global management.  can also be known as international, stateless, or 2. Capital Movement transnational corporate organizations or enterprises.  There was an increase in the capital flows to poor  Some may have budgets that exceed those of small countries during the 1990s countries.  One manifestation of capital movement is foreign investment.  Foreign Investment can be categorized as commercial loans, official flows, or foreign direct investment. Various Examples Of Multinational Corporations  China, Russia, and Brazil have formed regional alliances to create a multipolar and anti-hegemonic  McDonalds Corporation order  Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)  This development is being reffered to as the beginning  Burger King of the Post-American World in which the United States  Netflix retreats and the rest of the world advances in economic  Disney Plus power and political influence  Prime Video  Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)  Citi Bank Nation-State Elements:  H&M  UNIQLO  Continuous and broken territory (preferred)  Gucci  Sovereign territory  Coca Cola Corporation  The state has the monopoly both of law and of the  Nestle Company powers of coercion.  Vaseline  The national state rules its citizens or subjects directly  Nike and not through intermediate authorities.  Adidas  Direct government and administration of inhabitants by the central authorities of the “nation state”  The state is considered to represent the people and the people serves as a source of sovereignty or at least give the state legitimacy.  The citizenry was or ought to form a homogenous TCWN01G: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: population THE UNITED NATIONS Global Governance Global Governance (THE RISE OF NON-STATE ACTORS)  Capacity within the international system to provide government-like services and public goods in the  Huge rise of non-state actors resulted from the absence of a world government occurrence above-mentioned  Combination of informal and formal ideas, values, rules,  These international organization in the public and norms, procedures, practices, policies, and private sectors are set with higher objectives and goals organizations that help all actors-states, IGOs, civil to participate in global governance and improving lives society, NGOs, TNCs, and individuals-identify,  This rise also created a new landscape and new understand, and address transboundary problems architecture of global governance wherein multi-sector  Set of questions that enable us to: partnerships are present, such as transnational - work out how the world is, was, and could be governed businesses. - how changes in grand and not-so-grand patterns of  The growth of non-state actors has meant more diversity governance occurred, are occurring, and out to occur in potential players and partners  a gross disconnect is apparent between the nature of  The proliferation of non-state actors has ushered age of a growing number of contested global problems (i.e., global partnerships between private and public bodies climate change, the proliferation of weapons of mass on specific issues destruction, terrorism, mass atrocities, financial volatilities, cyber threats, transnational crime, and pandemics) and the political structures for international Global Governance (THE UNITED NATIONS) problem-solving and decision making United Nations – Headquarters (New York) Global Governance (THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE SOVEREIGN TERRITORIAL STATE OR NATION-STATE)  Since the end of the Cold War, the world is heading toward a less centralized form of governance  United States is facing serious setbacks in the wars in Iraq and Ahghanistan United Nations – Geneva, Switzerland  Takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression  It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle the act by peaceful means and recommends method of adjustment or terms of settlements United Nations (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL – ECOSOC)  principal body for: - coordination - policy review United Nations – Nairobi, Africa - policy dialogue - recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues - implementation of internationally agreed development goals  serve as central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental fields, supervising subsidiary and expert bodies  It has 54 Members elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three year terms  It is the United Nations’ central platform for: The United Nations (GENERAL ASSEMBLY) - reflection - debate  Main deliberative policymaking and representative - innovative thinking on sustainable development organ  Decisions on peace security, admission of new members, and budgetary memebers, require 2/3 majority of the General Assembly  Annually, the GA elects a GA President to serve a one year term office  All member states (currently 193 seats in GA)  Philippines played a prominent role in the GA’s early years when Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected as GA President from 1949-1950 United Nations (THE SECRETARIAT)  comprises the Secretary General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day to day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization ' s other principal organs  The Secretary General is chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a United Nations (SECURITY COUNCIL) five year, renewable term  Consists of 15 member states  UN staff members are recruited internationally and  GA elects 10 of these 15 to 2 year terms – P5 States locally China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States  work in duty stations and on peacekeeping missions all around the world  serving the cause of peace in a violent world is a dangerous occupation since the founding of the United Nations, hundreds of brave men and women have given their lives in its service  Antonio Guterres – Sec. General of the UN The United Nations (THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE - ICJ)  principal judicial organ of the United Nations  Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (It is the only one of the five principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York United States of America)  The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States  to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. Challenges of Global Governance  The United States is leading the Global War on terrorism among the western state, non western nations and international institution  There are major powers like the United States which utilized war as means to solve certain problems and conflicts  Even in Europe the nationalist movements proved to be the most persistent terrorist threat  The sad fact that the U S believe on the philosophy of the fundamentalist  Muslim networks, which continually launch attacks