TCW-Module-1-12 PDF: The World of Regions, Global Divides

UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF REGIONS TITLE OF LESSON: Global Divides Introduction: Globalization has turned the world to be unequal (Lindert and Williamson, 2001). This is characterized by the differences in the status among nations based on their economic capability and translated on their participatio...

UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF REGIONS TITLE OF LESSON: Global Divides Introduction: Globalization has turned the world to be unequal (Lindert and Williamson, 2001). This is characterized by the differences in the status among nations based on their economic capability and translated on their participation in the world market. There are countries who gained prosperity over the years while there are those who struggled; thus creating divisions and gaps among them. This lesson deals with the idea of global divides. It aims to explain the presence of the gap between and among the rich and the poor nations. Objectives/Competencies: At the End of the lesson, the students are expected to: General: Understand the concept of global divides 1. Understand the factors that cause the gap among nations 2. Be able to give their own explanation for the presence of ―global divide. Lesson Proper/Course Methodology The most striking attribute of the global economy is its utmost contrast. There are obvious manifestations that there are existing social and economic gaps between the world’s richest, and the world’s poorest nations. According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2014), the richest 5% of the world’s people receive more than 100 times the income of the poorest 5% and that the richest 1% receives the income of the poorest half of the entire world’s population. Moreover, it is believed that the combined income of the 25 richest Americans equates the income of the poorest 2 billion in the entire world. Why is this so? How do we determine which countries are rich and which countries are poor? The most widely used measure in the comparative status of the socio- economic development is presented by the UNDP by their annual series of Human Development Reports known as the Human Development Index (HDI) which was initiated in 1990. Human Development Index (HDI) The Human Development Index (HDI) aimed to rank all countries and determine the lowest human development and the highest level of development based on the basic indicators namely: real income, health and education (Todaro and Smith, 2012). Basic Indicators of Development 1. Gross National Income per capita (GNI). This refers to the total of all goods and services produced and provided within a country’s borders, divided by its population. The United nation adjusted this figure to account for the cost of living in a country in order to create the ―purchasing power parity‖. 2. Health. Aside from income, health is also included in the indicators of development. Health is measured based on the life expectancy at birth, the rate of undernourishment, the under-5 mortality rate, and the crude birth rate. 3. Education. Literacy is the number of adult males and females reported or estimated to have the basic abilities and capability to read and write. It also includes the number of years attended school regardless of the quality of education received. The Human development index served its purpose of improving the understanding of what accounts for development. It clearly reflects the improvements and failures that each country constitutes, based on the rising and falling of their ranking. There have been some criticisms posited on HDI because it appears to have been adhered more on national performance and ranking and less on the global perspective and actual physical development. Moreover, critics believe that it lacks on the technological aspects, and contribution to human civilization. It was also been questioned on the use of its statistical formula and measurement errors, that led to further misclassification of the countries (Wolff, Chong, and; Auffhammer, 2011). BRANDT REPORT Prior to the HDI there have been moves that created a literal and visual division among the different countries in the world. One is the Brandt Report in the 1980‗s which was written by the Independent Commission headed by Willy Brandt to review international development issues in the 1980‗s. The result formed the so called Brandt Line. BRANDT LINE The Brandt line is a clear graphic presentation of a North and South division of their economies of the different countries which were based on their GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita. It is a line crossing at latitude of 30° North passing between North and Central America, north of Africa and India, but is lowered in the southern part to include Australia and New Zealand to appear above the line. The implication of the Brandt Line is that the countries in the Northern part of the world are extremely wealthy while those countries appearing and lying on the southern part of the line are considered poor. The introduction of the Brandt line initiated the use of the term Global North and Global South referring respectively to rich and poor countries (Royal Geographical Society, 2020).  UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF REGIONS TITLE OF LESSON: Characteristics of Global North and Global South Introduction: Reality shows that there is a great divide that exists globally. This ―global divide‖ goes beyond the presence of rich and poor nations. There is a need to draw the line and factors that will clearly define the division. This lesson deals with the concept of Global North and Global South. It aims to give the characteristics of those countries belonging to the global North and Global South. Objectives/Competencies: At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: 1. Identify the characteristics of Global North and Global South 2. Understand the term Global North and Global South 3. Differentiate Global South from Third World 4. Identify the countries belonging to Global North and Global South Lesson Proper/Course Methodology Locating Global North and Global South The report initiated by Willy Brandt resulted in the visual representation of the north and south through the so called Brandt Line. This also gave rise to the geographical split of the world that led to the notion that those countries lying on the northern hemisphere adhere to industrial development while those countries on the southern part are poverty stricken nations. The Big question is; Where is “Global North” and “Global South” really located? Discovering Global South SOURCE Global South Lisandro Claudio (2011) Global South is a concept rather than a place. The term ―global south‖ and similar categories are relevant and were used in the study of globalization. Moreover, the economists, scholars and economic activists made use of the term ―global south‖ to give emphasis and as reference on the global differences in status of countries. Matthew Sparke (2007) "The Global South is everywhere, but it is also somewhere, and that somewhere, located at the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and repossession. SibaGrovogui (2011) The Global South is not a directional designation or a point due south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the appearance of the bond that emerged when former colonial institutions that engaged in political projects of decolonization and moved toward the realization of a postcolonial international order. Nour Dados and Rewyn Connell (2012) ―Global South‖ refers in general to the regions of Latin America, Africa, Oceania and Asia. It is considered similar to the terms ―Third World‖ and ―Periphery,‖ that indicate regions outside Europe and North America. It refers to mostly (though not all) low- income and often politically or culturally marginalized countries. The use of the phrase Global South symbolizes a move from a central focus on development or cultural difference toward an emphasis on geopolitical relations of power. North-South terminology emerged from a symbolic application of categories to name patterns of riches, privilege, and development beyond large regions. The term Global South is not just to give another ―name‖ for underdevelopment, but rather it mirrors or reflects a massive history of colonialism, neo-imperialism, and differential economic and social change through which large inequalities in living standards, life expectancy, and access to resources are maintained. Characteristics of Global North and Global South GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH Composed of wealthy, industrialized and Comprised of poor countries developed nations. Democratic and capitalist countries Home to all G8 (Group of 8 Industrialized Africa, Latin America, and the Nations) Members (USA, Japan, Russia, Developing Asia including the Middle East Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada) Western Europe, Developed Parts of Asia, Australia and New Zealand Technologically Advanced Lacks the right technology Highly Industrialized Politically Unstable Steady market and stable prices of Economies are divided commodities Foreign Exchange earnings are dependent on the primary product exports to the north Fluctuation of prices The North holds 1/4 of the world The South holds 3/4 of the world population, and controls 4/5 of the income population, and has access to 1/5 of the earned anywhere in the world world income Difference between “Global South” and “Third World” The term ―Third Word was used during the cold war –era referring to non- alignment or their rejection of colonialism from both the USSR and USA. The known ―Third World‖ comprises of the alliance of those countries in Africa and in Asia that became newly independent after World War 2. In 1955, their leaders gathered in Bandung, Indonesia and formed a movement that agreed not to meddle in the cold war between the First world (the capitalist, industrialized and democratic countries in the West) and the Second World (communist countries). The alliance of the ―Third World‖ countries was later on joined by countries from Latin America. (Litonjua, 2010). As time passes, after the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the term Third World has decreased in use. It is being replaced with terms such as developing countries, least developed countries or the Global South. The concept itself has become out-dated as it no longer represents the current political or economic state of the world. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that ―Global South‖ and ―Third Word‖ are simply the same; just used in different times. Other Ways of Classifying Nations 1. World Bank Classification System World Bank’s Classification Gross National Income per Capita Low Income Countries (LICs) Less than $976 in 2008. Middle Income Countries (MICs) Between $976 and $11, 906 in 2008. Upper Middle Income Countries More than $11, 906 in 2008 (MICs) The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) is a unique assembly among governments of 37 member states with established market economies working with each other, as well as with more than 70 non-member economies to promote economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development. The 37 member nations are composed of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. There are five countries from the Americas: Mexico, Chile, Canada, the United States, and Colombia. The four Pacific members are Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Korea. While there are two countries from the Middle East, which are Turkey and Israel. 2. United Nations Human Development Index Rankings In 1993, the United Nations introduced the terms developed and underdeveloped, a common division of the world used particularly in analytical purposes based on the concept of human development. Human development is a standard of human well-being that takes account of people‗s ability to develop their full potentials in accordance with their needs and interest. The human development indicators which include life expectancy and health profile, shelter, sanitation, fuel, education and literacy, crime, personal distress, careers/jobs and political participation were all accounted for. Top Ten and Bottom Ten Countries in terms of HDI Rankings UN Human Development Report 2019 Top Ten Bottom Ten 1. Norway 1. Mozambique 2. Switzerland 2. Sierra Leone 3. Ireland 3. Burkina Faso 4. Germany 4. Eritrea 5 Hong Kong 5. Mali 6. Australia 6. Burundi 7. Iceland 7. South Sudan 8. Sweden 8. Chad 9. Singapore 9. Central African Republic 10. Netherlands 10. Niger 3. United Nation’s Least Developed Countries Another widely used classification of nations is that of the least developed countries. A designation used by the United Nations that indicates that as of 2018 it included 47 countries, 34 of them in Africa, 8 in Asia, 3 from Oceania plus Haiti. For inclusion, a country has to meet each of three criteria: low income, low human capital and high economic vulnerability. What is G7, G8 and G20? The G8 and G20 are coalitions of nations that address significant international issues. It started as G7, a group of seven nations that joined together in 1975 to resist the 1973 oil embargo by the Arabs as a protest against the intervention of the United States and the United Kingdom during the Yom Kippur War. The Arab nations waged war against Israel, but were unsuccessful because the United States and United Kingdom provided Israel with weaponry and military might. The U.S.S.R., on the other hand while they were approaching breaking up, was responsible in providing the Arab nations with weapons, and therefore was not invited to join the G7. The G7 was formally known as the Group of Seven Industrialized Nations. Its members were Britain, United States, France, Canada, Japan, Italy, and Germany. The G7 was renamed to the G8 in 1997, when Russia was added to the original seven-country line-up. Ever since its inception, the G7 and G8 asserted several political and economic policies that affected other countries. The G7 and G8 became known on the international scene as the major policy- makers capable of promoting or disrupting political and economic stability. The latest instalment of the G8 is called the G20, a greater coalition formed in 1999, which includes the nations of Brazil, China, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, France, Australia, China, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, Argentina, Turkey, India, Russia, South Africa, Mexico, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and the European Union. UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF REGIONS TITLE OF LESSON: Theoretical Understanding of Global North and South Introduction: Theorists launched great debates regarding the existence of global north and global south. There have been attempts to discover the roots on how such inequality and gap among nations transpired over the years. This lesson deals with the theoretical understanding of Global North and Global South. It aims to give the theories that served as the basis for the existence of the global North and Global South. Objectives/Competencies: At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: 1. Understand theories that are related to Global North and Global South 2. Understand the concept of Global North and Global South through the different theories/lenses. 3. To unearth the circumstances that gave rise to Global South Lesson Proper/Course Methodology Understanding the ―North and South Divide‖ using different Theories and Lenses. 1. Dependency Theory. Dependency theory looks back on the patterns of colonial relations which existed between the North and South and emphasizes how colonized territories eventually became poor caused by those relations (Litonjua, 2012). Theorists who advocate this idea believe that the economies of ex-colonial states remain oriented towards serving external rather than internal demand. They are inclined in pleasing the foreign nation even up to the extent of sacrificing their own country‗s welfare. Dependency theory is closely related with Latin American Structuralism. It is the only school of development economics emerging from the Global South to be affiliated with a national research institute and to receive support from national banks and finance ministries. cycle of capital accumulation without reliance on an outside economy. Specifically, peripheral nations were perceived as primary resource exporters reliant on core economies for manufactured goods. This led the Structuralists to advocate for import- substitution industrialization policies which aimed to replace manufactured imports with domestically made products. support and acquire original Filipino goods and to avoid imported products. nal type of program by the government of the Philippines that is centered on the furthering of the goods andproducts of Filipino towns, cities, and regions. The Filipino government also provides funding for small businesses. 2. Walt W. Rostow’s Modernization Theory. Rostow's modernization theory, which outlined historical progress in terms of a society's capacity to produce and consume material goods, became a key foreign policy precept of the Kennedy administration. This pushes the idea that other nations should emulate and follow the United States of America, with its special 'way of life', in promoting the modernization of other countries as a way for them to catch up with Western powers. For the countries that could not keep up with the modernization trend remained to be poor and underdeveloped. 3. Realism The most criticized perspective yet most dominant and influential Can be traced from Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Realist vision is pessimistic. It advocates that the international system is uneven, highly conflicting and marked by power struggle. It is based on how the human nature is characterized as being selfish and greedy. States prioritizes self-interest and that a nation is being judged by the ethics of responsibility rather than the morals of its principles. 4. Liberalism Liberals are opposite of realists because of a more optimistic view in international system. The offer that the principle of balance and harmony is found in all forms of social interactions. Reflected in Immanuel Kant‗s belief, universal and perpetual peace is possible because states are capable of cooperation and value mutual respect. Liberals assume that through trade economic interdependence, division and war are less likely to happen. 5. Marxism Highlights the structures of economic power rather than patterns of conflict and cooperation. Suggests inequalities in global system. As a state in ―Global South‖ engage in trading with the parts of ―Global North‖, this would only result to equal benefits between the players because generally, the capitalist or industrialized countries in Global North tend to dominate and exploit the global south. UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF REGIONS TITLE OF LESSON: Asian Regionalism Introduction: Alliances and partnerships were established despite the presence of divisions and gaps. These are all aimed in creating new relationships anchored in the pursuit of achieving economic and social development, international security, international trade and diplomatic competition among nations. The partnerships are also pointed on dealing effectively with environmental and public health problems associated with an expanding global marketplace. These concepts are not exclusive on the basis of the rich and poor countries but it extends to the realms of those countries belonging to the same geographical areas and regions. This lesson deals on the concept of regionalization particularly among the Asian countries. Objectives/Competencies: At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: 1. Understand the concept of regionalization 2. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization 3. Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region 4. Analyse how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization Lesson Proper/Course Methodology Evolution of Asian regionalism 1968 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was born. There were five original members: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The primary goal of the ASEAN is to merge Southeast Asian Countries to fight against communism. This is an idea that was influenced by the United States of America, who was engaged in the Vietnam War during that time. ASEAN‗s primary agenda was to establish security. The ASEAN was an outgrowth of the unsuccessful SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization) idea, which was predicted as a type of Asian NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) organization against communism 1989 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was born through the strong support given by the United States of America. The APEC meeting was institutionalized with the aim of monitoring and analysing regional markets and institutions. To keep an eye on the governing rules and norms for facilitating transparent and efficient business transactions  in the region. Its focus was economic and its style was technocratic (controlled by elite and technical experts) 1997 The ASEAN plus Three (Japan, Korea, and China) was created. Japan, Korea and China were the major economic powers during the time. In the 2000s, the tide of globalization swept through East and Southeast Asia as well as the rest of the world. The Three registered more than 50% of their total trade as intraregional and started to support all the countries within the region. In order to adapt to the challenges of globalization, the proposal of ASEAN plus Six (Japan, Korea, China, India, Australia and New Zealand) was formed thus creating the EAST ASIAN SUMMIT. 2010 The East Asian Summit added two more members, the United States of America and Russia which initiated a new phase in the Asian Regionalism. The year 2010 also marked great advances made by two economic giants in the region namely USA and China China started assertive maritime claims in East and South China as well as the Bengal seas; coupled with resource exploitations in Vietnam, Myanmar Indonesia and India. USA initiated dialogues and military exchanges with Vietnam, Indonesia and India which included scientific, technological and scientific components. Three propositions that would help understand the ideas of Asian regionalism. 1. Geographical Asia is too diverse for cultural Asia to have a Cultural homogeneity is not a guarantee for regionalist community formation. The presence of diverse cultural ideals among the Asian Nations will serve as a major challenge in the quest for cooperation and unification. Nevertheless, cultural homogeneity in general can help in building confidence among candidate members of regionalism. Yet it must be noted that diversity itself may help build tolerance among the regional members. 2. Geographical Asia is too small for globalizing Asia It is ironical to say that Asia is too small for Asia. But it is a reality. China‗s major economic partners lie outside East, Southeast, and South Asia combined. Korea has stated in the National Assembly that although Korea is a geographically small country, it is seeking to become the country whose bilateral free trade agreements. The three Northeast Asian countries, China, Japan, and Korea, have some of the densest and wide-ranging networks of economic transactions in the world, and each of the three adopt a highly global orientation, as does India. So therefore, Asia is too small for Asia. Asia‗s introduction to ideas of Asian regionalism developmental momentum is strong and that the appetite for global markets is strong. But the saddest part of it is that most of the Asian nations are not sufficiently exploiting their own domestic consumption markets. 3. Geographical Asia is too conflictual internally for strategic Asia Regionalism must have a strategy in terms of solidarity and cohesion. Yet if friends and foes are to be among member-candidates of regionalism, regionalizing momentum will have hard time progressing. In Asia, nearly all states have been brought up as potential members but there are still certain issues that are needed to be addressed in order to initiate unity to the entire. Therefore, action tends to be taken without explicitly distinguishing foes from friends. What is the difference between Regionalization and Globalization? 1. They both refer to integration Globalization -integration of social relations and consciousness across World-space and world- time Regionalization -societal integration within a region, and often undirected process of social and economic integration. 2. In terms of scope Globalization is borderless. Regionalization happens in a specific geographical portion of the world. 3. Globalization refers to regional concentration of economic flows as O P P O S E D to Regionalism refers to a political process by economic policy of cooperation and coordination among countries. Factors of Greater Asian Integration 1. Driven by the market Asia facilitates interactions of a variety of systems, institutions, social relations and infrastructures. East Asia economies get labor from some Southeast Asian nation like the Philippines and Indonesia. Thailand exports its grocery products to different 24-hour convenience stores, while Indonesia and Vietnam sell their bags and clothing to the other parts of the region. 2. Establishment of formal institutions – ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 3. Economic grants and overseas development assistance programs – Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 4. Production networks One country specialized production PH – electronics and copper INDONESIA – palm oil, rubber, and natural gas SOUTH KOREA – machinery products and motor vehicles 5. The Asian bond UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF IDEAS TITLE OF LESSON: Global Media Culture Introduction: This particular unit will open the minds of the college learners into the world filled with changes and shifting shadows in terms of how the world evolves before our eyes. Globalization is a powerful phenomenon that affects everyone in the globe from the simplest to the most complicated part of the human existence It is quite challenging to define globalization. People will not readily understand because the term is too broad to easily comprehend what particular meaning it wishes to convey. The term may include a lot of familiar topics such as the global economy, international trade, international travel and communication, immigration, and more foreign films and foods. At the same time, increase in problems that concerns the global community, such as climate change and terrorism. Scholars believe that globalization may be paired with other concepts, but among all the concepts that they have thought of pairing with globalization, the pairing of globalization and media offers a special insight. This chapter suggests that globalization could not occur without media. The two have partnered throughout the whole of human history. Objectives/Competencies: After studying this chapter, the learners are expected to do the following: 1. Analyze how media in its various forms drive different forms of global integration. 2. Be able to explain the dynamics of local and global cultural production. 3. Articulate personal positions on various global issues. 4. Identify the ethical implications of global citizenship. Lesson Proper/Course Methodology: The pairing of Globalization and Media is a powerful tool that aids the advancement of all the revolutionary changes that happened in the world for a considerable period of time. The two seem to help each other in order to reach the end goal of bringing the world to an advance state. I. Evolution of Media and Cultural Globalization The historical study of media will be more logically organized by time periods or stages. Each stage is characterized by its dominant medium. There are five time periods that usefully capture the study of Globalization and media. These stages will be thoroughly discussed and will be looked at to point out how the media of each time period contributed to the Globalization of our world. The Five Stages of Media and Globalization: 1. Oral Communication Although speech has been said to be often the most overlooked medium in histories of Globalization yet oral communication or human speech is believed to be the oldest and the most enduring of all media. The medium of language has aided Globalization in general simply because language allowed humans to cooperate. Language has kept and transmitted vital agricultural data across time as one generation after the other carried on its knowledge to the next, leading to the creation of villages and towns. Oral communication became instrumental in markets, business trade, and cross-continental transactions. The spread of religious teachings is also made possible through oral communication. 2. Script In other histories of media technology, the script has not been given so much role as a tool of transition between oral cultures and cultures of the printing press, but the era of the script is crucial for globalization and media. Distance became a strain for oral communication, but script-the very first writing- allowed humans to communicate and share knowledge and ideas over a larger space and much longer times. During ancient times, the writing was done at first as carvings into the wood, clay, bronze, bones, stone, and even tortoise shells. Ancient Egypt, the very first to discover revolutionary invention, they created the river-papyrus (from which the English word paper eventually derived). With script on sheets of papyrus, humans found a medium that launched Globalization. It eventually allowed the written and permanent codification of international economic, cultural, religious, and political practice. 3. Printing press The printing has said to be responsible for starting the ―information revolution‖ and has turned the whole world upside down. Even long before the printing press was invented, the copying and production of written documents were slow and cumbersome, not to mention that it is expensive in terms of time and money. Revolutionary changes happened because of the invention of the printing press, which is as follows: Because of the printing press, there was a continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of reading materials. A written document was mass-produced that anyone can access the information that they want to know. Printing has transformed markets, businesses, churches, governments, and armies. Reading history books of the world allowed the exchange of culture and traditions. Because of the printing press, people have increasingly learned of lands and cultures far from where they could travel. They learned about the world because truly, the printing press helped foster globalization. 4. Electronic media This refers to the media that require electricity to use. The 19th century has started a revolutionary change in the processes of Globalization. It all started with electronic gadgets that the new generation knows nothing about, such as the telegraph, conventional telephone, radio, film, and television. Although these inventions are not so much for the generations of today, it was a tremendous breakthrough back then and has brought them closer to each other. The vast reach of these media continues to open up new vistas in the economic, political, and cultural processes of Globalization. Of all the inventions of electronic media, television was the most powerful tool in reaching the people. People viewed pictures and stories from across the globe in the comfort of their homes. Its far-reaching capacity to bring the world together became so prominent that some scholars believed that television became the defining moment in Globalization. As Marshall McLuhan proclaimed, the world has become a ―global village‖ largely because of television. 5. Digital Media They are most often electronic media that rely on digital codes – the long, arcane combinations of 0s and 1s that represent information. Nowadays, a smartphone may take the function of just about any electronic media invented in history. But the computer is the usual representation of digital media and comes as the latest and one of the most significant mediums to influence Globalization. Digital media has revolutionized the daily life of people around the globe. It became useful in different aspects of society. In politics, the election campaign has a wider reach because the citizens were allowed access to information from around the globe, even with information that the government would like to keep away from other people to know. In economics, it allows promotions of products and online shopping. That means instantaneous, global trading 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Computers have also changed the work in every industry and trade forever. The tasks were streamlined, and more opportunities were opened to anyone because jobs are no longer limited with time and place. Media is the CARRIER of cultures. Computers have transformed cultural life. The access to information around the globe allows people to adopt and adapt new practices in different areas of culture such as music, sports, education, fashion, religion, cuisine, and the like. II. The Dark Contours of the Global Village According to the last part of chapter 2 of ―Globalization and the Media: Creating the Global Village‖ by Jack Lule, "Globalization and media have done wondrous deeds. They have succeeded in bringing the world closer together. They have removed the shackles of time and space. They have given us the ability to truly imagine the world as a global village. When McLuhan first conceived the term, he has the highest hopes, and, even today, the term global village still evokes kinship, cooperation, and fraternity. But Lewis Mumford was not fooled. His cold, clear vision of human weakness saw emerging the dark contours of the global village. He saw media technology used not to better the world but to exploit the world in the pursuit of property, profit, and power." The discussion in this chapter may have been proof of everyone's worst fears. Globalization has given us great inventions, and the quality of life in terms of industrialization has upgraded the lives of humanity. Yet it is undeniable that as we continue to progress in political and economic breakthroughs as one global community, we are also building a village with large tracts of economic injustice, political repression, and cultural conflict. Humanity itself is not free from deadly discord between and among nations. The worst of all is the continuous degradation of our natural resources and the destruction of the only planet where we all share as our global village. In his essay entitled "Understanding the Implications of a Global Village," Dixon states an important fact that everyone must remember; "With these changes comes responsibility, as humans, to consider the significance of our shifting realities. If we are becoming a global village, will we reach a consensus about how these problems should be addressed in order to benefit everyone in our village equally? If we cannot determine appropriate cultural boundaries in the simplest way with regards to language, economy, and basic means of survival, it is hard to assume that we can identify as a global village at all. Dixon, V. K. (2009). UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF IDEAS TITLE OF LESSON: Culturalism, Multiculturalism, and Globalization Introduction: One of the highlighted characteristics of a 21st-century learner is social and cultural awareness. In some references, this pertains to global citizenship. It is not surprising nowadays to find a student learning the Korean language, eating Japanese food, teaching English to Chinese students, and communicating with people in different parts of the globe right in their own homes. This awareness of other people's culture, their ways of communicating, and their language's nuisances make us more receptive and understanding of their uniqueness as a people. The world has now become smaller through technology. The countries’ borders have collapsed. No one can stop you anymore from exploring other countries and knowing about their people except your willingness to do so. In this lesson, we will learn about culturalism, multiculturalism, and globalization. Before delving deeply into each one, let us first lay down the lesson‗s objectives. Objectives/Competencies: After the end of this lesson, you are expected to: 1. Differentiate culturalism, multiculturalism, and globalization. 2. Explain the three effects of globalization to culture by giving an example. 3. Create a graphic representation that shows your understanding of the relationship between and among culturalism, multiculturalism, and globalization. LESSON PROPER: Multiculturalism as an Impact of Globalization In order to understand culturalism and multiculturalism, we need to understand first what globalization is all about and how it affects us as we live our daily lives. From its definition, ―It is the increasing interaction of people through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas and culture." It is actually a process in economics of integration happening around the globe, in addition to the cultural and social features along with it. They are definitely bi-products of this economic incorporation. In the 1820s, the very first large-scale globalization was recorded, but only in the 20th century that the most up to date and more relevant to us began. The term globalization was coined only recently and has established its definition in 1970. Another difference within globalization is what they call cultural globalization. It refers to the transference of ideas, definitions, and values around the globe in a way that extends and amplifies social interaction. The transmission occurs via the internet, the popular culture media, and international travel. The offshoot of the internet is that it is possible to be at any place, anytime, without really being there. For this reason, the progression of quality reciprocity and colonization were into place, which has a long background of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. Growth in the global economy also means that traveling is hardly a dream anymore because it is easily within grasp. With so many choices and opportunities to move around from one country to another, the transference of culture is inevitable. It is easy to move around as English language is the usual language in the world and the traveler will not worry about translation services. Looking at multiculturalism in Australia, although most people from different countries have always been from the cultures of Anglo-Saxon like Britain, Ireland, and New Zealand, the influx of other nation included in here has made ours a truly diversified and multicultural society. Specifically, multiculturalism is very evident in the food industry. Grocery stores, Super markets, delicatessens, cafes, restaurants, and takeaway stores offer variety of foods from around the globe. The concept of 'fusion food' has also become a product of multiculturalism. Multicultural food has made itself into the common Australian staple diet and has been an integral part of Australia's booming social daily life. Australians of all cultural backgrounds tried the use of chopsticks and the al-fresco fine dining and it was introduced by Italian immigrants. McDonald's, KFC, and Starbucks, the multinational corporations have brought about a fast-food culture, which means it would hardly make a difference in which outlet in the world you go to. Nonetheless, multiculturalism has infiltrated into all facets of life in Australia, including organizations, trade, government, people, and language. Australia and all its inhabitants have become more and more diverse as more than 40% of Some Australians were either born abroad or have at one parent who was born overseas. The population holds people from about 200 countries who speak a variety of different languages. Each addition to Australia's growing culture is a change that is welcome and accepted with open arms, only contributing to making Australian culture more colorful. In true sense, Australia is now a country of many colors, accents, choice of clothing, and appearance. Globalization and Culture The concept of culture has two definitions. Culture is an integrated set of values, standard, and behaviors acquired by human beings as members of society. As such, culture is composed of an element of identification within a given group of people. From a sociological stance, it refers to artistic and symbolic invention, heritage, and cultural creations. In relation to globalization, these two parts have important implications with respect to how people express their cultural identities, in terms of the foreseen future of cultural traditions and with cultural industries. A worthwhile observation is a culture is not rigid at all. It is a process that will gradually builds up via interaction. Culture allows people to create human societies by outlining the conditions of how people live among each other as well as by abiding by social and cultural codes that distinguish them from other cultures. 1. Heterogenization Scenario This phenomenon has also been labeled as differentiation and relates fundamentally to hindrances that prevent the flow that would contribute to making cultures look alike (Ritzer, 2010). In this perspective, cultures remain different from each other. Heterogenization represents a procedure which leads to a more inwardly looking world because of the intensification of flows within and across cultures (Appadurai, 1996). However, local cultures experience unceasing transformation and reinvention due to the persuasion of global factors and powers. It is important to know the fact that in accordance with these views, cultures do not remain influenced by global flows and globalization, but the actual crux of the culture stays intact and unchanged, as has always been (Ritzer, 2010) with only peripheral exteriors directly impacted. 2. Homogenization Scenario In the homogenization point of view, barriers that prevent flows that would add to making cultures look alike are invalid and global flows are strong (Ritzer, 2010). In its extreme shape, homogenization, which is also known as coming together, advances the possibility that local cultures can be influenced by a global culture or other more powerful cultures (Ritzer, 2010). This perspective is reflected in several perceptions and models, such as Global Culture, Americanization, and, more importantly, the McDonaldization theory. Across different states and countries around the globe, more and more people seem to witness the same entertainment and practical programs, listen to the same old music, consume and patronize common global brand merchandise and services, and wear the same or similar clothing (Prasad and Prasad, 2006). These comparable developments in cultural observance are suggestive of the emergence of "global culture" (Robertson, 1992) or the "world culture" (Meyer, Boli, Thomas and Ramirez, 1997) according to the supposition of the demise of the nation-state as a main player on the global stage (Ritzer, 2010). In other terms, globalization contributes to creating a new and identifiable class of individuals who belong to an emergent global culture. 3. Hybridization Scenario The growing awareness of cultural diversity and globalization are interdependent as awareness becomes a tool of globalization (Pieterse, 1996). With the advent of global workforce mobility, cross-cultural communications, migration, global trade, tourism, and global investments, awareness of cultural diversity is inevitable and is a necessity in the present global context. In this regard, Featherstone (1990) insists that globalization defines the space in which the world'ssignificance as well as culturally compelled global insights. The process of trans-local fusion and cultural blending or hybridization is another model that deals with interactions of globalization and culture. According to this view, external and internal flows interact to make a unique cultural hybrid that embraces components of the two (Ritzer, 2010). UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF IDEAS TITLE OF LESSON: Digital Divide Objectives/Competencies: At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to demonstrate the following: 1. Explain the concept and meaning of globalization; 2. Describe the function of information technology in globalization; 3. Identify the problems experienced by firms in a global economy; and 4. Give the meaning of the digital divide and explain Nielsen's three stages of the digital divide. Lesson Proper/Course Methodology: Digital Divide The Internet is undoubtedly a worldwide phenomenon. As of last December 2017 the Internet was being utilized by over 4.1 billion people worldwide. The Network Society In 1996 Manuel Castells, a social-sciences researcher published a research entitled The Rise of the Network Society. He identified new ways economy was being organized around the networks that the new technology in telecommunication had provided. This global economic activity was very different from what was before because "it is an economy with the capability to become as a unit in real time on a universal scale." Having a world internationally connected via the Internet has so much insinuation. The World Is Flat In Thomas Friedman's 2005 "The World Is Flat", there are three eras of globalization that are defined : "Globalization 1.0″ It occurred from 1492 until about 1800. In this era globalization was centered on countries. It was all about how a country has how much horsepower, wind power, and steam power and how it was deployed creatively. The world became smaller, it shrank from "large" to medium." "Globalization 2.0″ has occurred in the year 1800 until 2000, it was interrupted only by the World Wars I and II. In this era, the multinational companies became the dynamic force driving change. The world became even smaller, from size "medium" to size "small." "Globalization 3.0″ is the era where we live now. It began in the year 2000. The confluence of the different improvements in personal computer, the emergence of the software and fiber-optic Internet connections, has made a "flat-world platform". It is called as such for it allows individual and small groups to go global. The world has become even smaller from "small" to "tiny." According to Friedman, This particular era of globalization was made possible, in many aspects, by the rise of information technology. Some of these include:  Graphical user interface for the personal computer. This was popularized in the late 1980s. Using a computer was difficult before the graphical user interface. It will require users to type commands rather than use and click a mouse. Through the creation of the personal computer, which is something that anybody could use, It became a tool of almost every person. He says that personal computers made people appropriately productive and, as the Internet developed, It has simplified the mode of information communication worldwide. Economist Pankaj Ghemawat who authored the book entitled ―World 3.0‖ in 2011 with the intention to provide an analysis which is research-based that analyzes globalization. While Friedman interviewed individuals and was able to produce a book that is anecdotally-based, the approach of Ghemawat's was to research data in economics, then get the conclusions about globalization. His research study found these facts: Letters mailed and has crossed international borders = 1% International Telephone calling by minutes = 2% The internet traffic routed across global borders = 18% National TV news sources, which is opposed to international = 95% The first generation immigrants as portion of world's population = 3% People who will cross an international borders at some time in their lives = 10% The Global exports which is a portion of the value of all goods produced in the world = 20%. The Global Firm The new age of globalization permitted virtually almost all businesses to become global. Through the accessibility to this new technological platform, the vision of Castells in working as one unit on an international scale in real time can become a reality. Some of the great advantages are the following: Ability to find expertise and labor around the globe. Instead of getting employees from their local area, any organizations can now employ people from the pool of global labor. This also allows any organizations to give a lower labor cost for the similar work based on the common wage in different nations. Ability to operate all 24 hours within the day. With employees in different time frames all around the world, an particular organization can literally operate for 24 hours straight, handing off work on projects and work from one part of the world to the other part of the world as the normal and usual business day ends in one place and begins in another region. Some years ago there are three people who decided to open a web hosting organization. They relocated strategically to three different places in the world which were have eight hours difference, giving their business a coverage of 24 hours while allowing each one to work during the regular business day. As a result, their operating expenses were minimized and the business provided 24/7 support to customers worldwide. Larger and bigger market for their products. Once a product is sold online, it is already available for purchase from a global consumer base. Even if the products do not appeal over and beyond its own country's borders, to be available online has made the product more visible and saleable to consumers within that particular country.  In order to take the great advantage of these new possibilities, companies need to bear in mind that there are also difficulties in dealing with employees and customer from different cultures. Some of these difficulties include: Differences in Infrastructure. Each country has its very own infrastructure with different levels of quality and bandwidth. A business cannot expect every nation it deals with to have the same Internet speeds or efficiency. Labor laws and rules. Different countries (even various states in the United States) have diverse laws and regulations. A company that wants to get employees from other nations must understand the different rules and concerns. Legal restrictions. A lot of countries have different restrictions on what can be sold in the market or how a product can be shown to the public for advertisement. It is important for a business to know what is allowed and what is not. Every country has its own unique practice which a business must understand when trying to market a particular product there. Additionally, different countries have diverse preferences. International shipping. Shipping products between and among countries in a timely way can be challenging. Inconsistent way of writing address formats, dishonest customs agents, and expensive shipping costs are all factors that must be thought if we want to deliver products internationally. Because of these difficulties, many businesses choose not to grow their product globally, either for costumers or for labors. Whether a business has created its own website or depends on a third-party, such as eBay or Amazon, the question of whether or not to globalize must be carefully considered. The Digital Divide As the Internet continues to make intrusion across the world, it is also creating a great separation between those who have access and connection to this international network and those who do not and cannot. This separation is termed as the "digital divide" and is of significant concern. The digital divide may occur between and among countries, regions, or even neighborhoods in small communities. In many US cities, there are places with little or no Internet access, but just a few miles away high-speed broadband is very common. The solutions to the digital divide have had mixed accomplishments over the years. For many times providing Internet access and/or any device for computing is not sufficient to bring genuine Internet access to a nation, region, or community. A New Understanding of the Digital Divide Web-usability consultant Jakob Nielsen wrote an article in 2006 that captured the heart of our understanding of this problem. Here he breaks the digital divide up into three stages: the economic divide, the usability divide, and the empowerment divide. Economic divide. This is what others call the digital divide. The economic divide is the notion that some individuals can afford to purchase a computer and Internet access while other people cannot. Because of Moore's Law (see Chapter 2), the cost of hardware has continued to become lower and, at this point, we can now gain access to digital technologies, such as smartphones and the like. Nielsen insists that for all intentions and purposes, the economic divide is a point and we should not focus all of our resources in trying to solve it. Usability divide. Usability is all about the fact that "technology is still so complicated that many people cannot or did not know how to use a computer even if they have one for free." And even for those who knows and can use a computer, getting all the benefits of having a computer is beyond their understanding. Included in this group of people are those who are illiterate and senior citizens. According to him, we know how to help these people, but we are not doing it for the reason that there is little or no profit in doing so. Empowerment divide. Empowerment is the most complicated to solve. It is concerned with how we use advance technology in order to empower ourselves. Few users truly comprehend the potential and power that digital technologies can possibly give them. Nielsen explains in his article that his and others' research has proven that very few users provide content to the Internet, or even use advanced search, or can distinguish paid search ads from organic search results. Many people will just limit what they can do online through accepting the default settings or the basic of their computer and not work to understand how they can truly be empowered. Refining the Digital Divide The host of Internet World Stats, Miniwatts Marketing Group, has tried to discover in 2018 to further clarify the definition of digital divide by acknowledging that the division is more than just who does or does not know how to use it or those who does or does not have access to the Internet. In addition to Nielsen's three digital divides , this group sees the following concerns. Social mobility. Lack of computer education happens to work to the disadvantage of children with significantly lower socio-economic status. Democracy. The greater use of the Internet can lead to freedom that is practiced in democracy especially in election participation. Economic growth. The greater use of the Internet in struggling countries could provide a speedy solution to economic development. Using the latest technological tools could give companies in these countries a competitive advantage. UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF IDEAS TITLE OF LESSON: Globalization and Religion Introduction: This lesson will focus on how religion in general affects the expansion and advancement of globalization. It is evident that religion plays a huge part in global issues and has become a great influence in the changes that happen around the world at any time in the history of mankind. Objectives/Competencies: After studying the lesson, the learners are expected to demonstrate the following: 1. Explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs; 2. Analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and conversely, global peace. Lesson Proper/Course Methodology: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION The world's religions are now intercontinental and global in nature. The dynamism of global travel and migration, and the quick widespread of access to modes of personal connection across massive distances has led to close interaction and intermingling between and among peoples who once were divided definitively by time and space, knowledge, wisdom and culture. It is so hard to find a religiously inspired institution that stays entirely local in nature. Most religious organizations or institutions are now linked via internet and personally to affiliates in other domain. Even community-based service groups have the tendency to have partners or headquarters far removed from the point of physical contact with their clients. While globalized religious organizations for progressive social developments clearly have, direct influence for politics and public policy, they aim much higher and deeper by working hard to change culture for the better. GLOBALIZATION AFFECTS RELIGION IN MANY WAYS The relationship between globalization and religion is one with so many probabilities but at the same time it is full of furthering challenges and complications brought about by peoples‗ beliefs and principles as sometimes against the situations that the world has to deal with. The Rise of Religious Nationalism Religious nationalism is the connection of nationalism to a particular religious principle, dogma, or affiliation. This connection can be broken down into two aspects: the politicization of religion and the influence of religion on politics. In the former aspect, a religion that is shared can be seen to contribute to a sense of national unification, a common bond among the citizens of the country. Another political aspect of religion is the support of a national identity, similar to a common ethnicity, culture, or language. The influence of religion on politics is very ideal, where current interpretations of religious beliefs inspire political activism and action; an example of this are laws are passed to foster stricter religious adherence. 1. The Return of Religion into the Public Life A. Religion goes beyond administration of sacraments among Catholics. An example of this is the Catholic Liberation Theology. Liberation theology (Spanish: Teología de la liberación, Portuguese: Teologia da libertação) is a synthesis of Christian theology and socio-economic analyses, that emphasizes "social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples." In the beginning of the 1960s after the Second Vatican Council, liberation theology has become the political praxis of Latin American theologians such as Gustavo Gutiérrez, Leonardo Boff, and Jesuits Juan Luis Segundo, and Jon Sobrino, who popularized the phrase "preferential option for the poor." This expression was used first by Jesuit Fr. General Pedro Arrupe in 1968 and soon after this the World Synod of Catholic Bishops in 1971 chose as its theme "Justice in the World". Theologies of liberation have emerged in other parts of the world such as black theology in the US and South Africa, Palestinian liberation theology, Dalit theology in India, and Minjung theology in South Korea. B. Religion becomes the sole basis of the believers’ life. An example is the Islam Fundamentalism which is explained further as a disputed term, overly used in the US and to but to a lesser extent in Britain to signify any movement to allow strict observance of the ordinance of the Qur'an and the Shari'a (Islamic Law). On the continent, as well as in Britain and amongst many scholars of Islam and the Middle East, there is a favor on the terms such as 'Islamism', 'Islamicism', 'Islamists', or 'Islamicists' in referring to the present activist political trend. Islamism came out of the reform (islah) project of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that was introduced by Jamal al Din al‐Afghani (1837–97), Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905), and Rashid Rida (1865–1935). The reform envisaged was broadly explained to incorporate a revitalization of culture, society, and religion using European science and techniques together with the requirement of drawing on the cultural and moral tradition of early Islam, of the forefathers (al‐salaf, ad 610–855). Thereafter, the resurgence of Islam and Islamic society, and hence its defense, came to overcome this trend as the future of the Islamic world was increasingly seen as being in the grip of European power to do with as it would. 2. The proliferation of international terrorism Extremists believe that to fulfill God’s will, it is their duty to achieve this through violence. Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, is the use of intentional violence for political or religious gain. It is used in this regard mainly to refer to violence during the time of peace or in the context of violence against non-combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personnel). The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" came during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but it has gained its popularity in the 1970s during the war of Northern Ireland, the Basque Country and Palestine. The prevailing use of suicide attacks from the 1980s and onwards was repeated in the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001. There are different definitions of terrorism without universal agreement. Terrorism is a charged word. It is often used with the implication that something that is "not right morally". Governments and non-state groups use the word to abuse or deny opposing groups. Varied political organizations have been accused of using terrorism to achieve their objectives. These include right-wing and left-wing political organizations, nationalist groups, religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments. Legislation declaring terrorism a crime has been adopted in many states. When terrorism is perpetrated by nation states, it is not considered terrorism by the state conducting it, making legality a largely grey-area issue. There is no consensus as to whether or not terrorism should be regarded as a war crime. 3. The increasing personalized individual religiosity Individualized Religion or individualized or postmodern religion, that prioritizes subjective situations and places ultimate authority with the person, has increased in prevalence over the present decades. Secularization theory views individualized religion as a secularizing phenomenon, because of its supposed inherent structural instability. It is claimed that religious frameworks that places authority within the individual cannot inspire dedication, create consensus or cohesion, or encourage evangelization, and are thus rendered unable to transfer their ideas, values and principles over time or to have significant impact on wider culture or society. Such a view assumes that effectively functioning religion requires a top-down, hierarchical organizational structure in which members are passive and obedient recipients of knowledge rather than being its active and dynamic co-creators. Wanless, C. (2017). Globalization of religion: conflict Persons responsible for global conflicts used religious doctrines, dogmas and even sacred books‗ verses to morally justify their actions. Religion and Conflict There are some aspects of religion that make it vulnerable to being a latent source of problems and conflict. All religions have their accepted rules to follow, or articles of principles, that followers must accept without reservation. This can lead to inflexibility and unacceptance in the face of other principles. After all, if it is the word of almighty God, how can one compromise or not believe it? At the same time, the scripture and dogma are often unclear and open to interpretation. Therefore, problems can arise over whose interpretation is the precise one, a conflict that ultimately cannot be resolved because there is no arbiter. The one who will win generally is the interpretation that favors the most followers. However, those followers must also be convinced to action. Although, almost invariably, almost all of the faith hold moderate views, they are often more relaxed, whereas extremists are geared to bring their interpretation of God's will to fruition. Religious extremists can bring the conflict to escalation. They see radical measures as important to fulfilling God's desires. Fundamentalists of any religion have the tendency to take a Manichean view of the whole world. If the world is a fight between good and bad, it is hard to justify compromising with the evil one. Any sign of mediocracy can be decried as giving oneself out, more importantly, of abandoning God's will. Dismantling Conventional Wisdom The long overdue emphasis to religion by policy analysts and public servants is to be encouraged. Attention, of course, is never enough; the new openness to engaging religions and religious organization must be marked by a great leap in understanding. The place to start is by debunking lingering stereotypes on religion held by casual individual observers and non- specialists. That is the relatively easy part. More pressing and complicated is the need to dismantle the traditional wisdom about religion held by even its excellent observers but now rapidly becoming outmoded by the current success of globalization, which is transforming the face and heart of religion and religions, virtually all of which are now transnational in nature. 1. Believers tend to be not so educated, superstitious, and innocent or illiterate about modern science. The Marxist claim that "religion is the opium of the masses"— quelling social instability with a promise of heaven for those who postpone their hunger for justice—never was a legal guide to religious character; today it is empirically groundless. Indeed, religious groups are becoming ever more involved in politics: religious leaders play a vital role in building peace and resolving conflicts; some religious organizations provide valuable social services; and some politicians use religion to help chart the destiny of their nations, for better or worse. And while religious observance is growing fastest in the non-western world, interestingly ―it is exactly the sort of upwardly mobile, educated middle classes that Marx and Weber presumed would shed such superstitions who are driving the explosion of faith.‖ In India, Turkey, Israel, and even China, ―modernization has helped to create the up-and-coming bourgeoisie that [secular leaders] prayed for; but these people are the most fervent supporters of the religious parties. 2. Religion is the source of most of the world's worst violence. This stereotype holds that individuals inspired by faith are driven by what they call "sacred rage" to demonize and kill all their enemies. Fighting a violent war in God's name, the holy warriors are not merely entrenched; they are not rational and inhumane. In the face of this ubiquitous danger, only the legitimate violence of the liberal secular state can bring order and secure the common good for all the people. In a new book by William Cavanaugh, he offers a counter-narrative to this traditional "myth of religious violence." He claims that the myth, gives authority a sort of secular amnesia, making us to overlook the egregious and evil acts of violence and war committed routinely by the modern day nation-state. The state may be "liberal" (i.e., killing in the name of freedom and democracy) or "illiberal" (killing in the service of sheer power), but the magnitude and scope of its violence dwarfs religious terror—and is the source of much religious revolutionary violence. Focusing the spotlight on religiously inspired atrocities nonetheless provided a rationale for the state's colonial expansion and claim to a monopoly over internal violence. 3. Religion polarizes individuals, oppresses women, hinders economic development and deepens conflict. While there is a little truth to this characterization, it is hardly the real and whole story. Even a casual familiarity with history shows that religion is also one of the world's great instruments of healing, health care, education, and reconciliation. Its prophetic character has been a great ally in modern campaigns for civil and other human rights. "Devotion to the absolute" can, it is inevitably true, motivate mistaken men to kill their brothers in what they believe is an act of piety. But it is also the devotion that inspires men and women to pursue justice, forgive their enemies, seek reconciliation, and refuse to pledge ultimate allegiance to any state or secular regime. UNIT TITLE: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY TITLE OF LESSON: Global City Introduction This lesson deals with the modern-day phenomenon of global cities. Today, more than half of the people living in the planet are city dwellers and there is no slowing down in the growth of cities. The cities are productive engines of growth and development. People flock to the cities for job opportunities, educational advancement, leisure, social and cultural exposures and a host of other reasons. There is a need to understand the roles that global cities play in the lives of the people in the planet. Being not the ordinary urban centers, global cities serve as hubs of global integration, be it economic, trade, financial, cultural or political. Decisions made, deals struck and agreements forged in these global cosmopolis have wide-ranging effects in the lives of people and in the welfare of societies. Objectives/Competencies: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Characterize a global city; 2. Explain what sets global cities apart from world cities; 3. Explain how global cities help shape global events and developments; 4. Explain why global cities like New York, Tokyo and Los Angeles suffered from serious COVID-19 outbreaks and suggest ways to address the problem and prevent its reoccurrence. Lesson Proper Global City: Defining Global Events and Development The term ―global city‖ was coined by Saskia Sassen in her book ―The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo in 1991. In her work, Sassen cited the three cities for their economic prowess. New York for example, is the home to the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations), the largest and second largest stock exchanges in the world. More than 100 of Europe‗s 500 largest companies have their headquarters in London. Considered as a leading international financial center, Tokyo is also home to Tokyo Stock Exchange –one of the world‗s largest in terms of market capitalization. Attributes of Global City Global cities are primarily characterized as centers of international influence in the fields of politics, trade, finance, culture, education, research and technology. Home to headquarters of multinational corporations and nongovernmental organizations, they have a highly developed communication and transportation system. They serve as the nerve centers of networks of global economic activities from production to finance. Among the major attributes of global cities are the following: 1. Provider of global financial services 2. International transport hub (major airport and seaport) 3. Political and cultural hub 4. Advanced telecommunications and global media infrastructures 5. Administrative center of several multinational corporations 6. Strong local economy and home to major stock exchange 7. Center of creative ideas and innovations in culture, arts, politics and various human enterprises 8. World-class universities and research facilities Global City and World City Distinctions are made between world cities and global cities. World cities were primarily formed because of history and geography, some of them were established in Asia and European colonial centers. They started as entrepot for essential goods attracting people and commerce, trade passed through them and spread to wider territories. Global cities, on the other hand, emerged from world cities in modern times and were formed because of innovations, technology and strengthened networks of global financial relations. Whereas both cities are players in the global environment, global cities have become urban conglomerates and influential economic and information hubs. Issues and Challenges of Global Cities Global cities are the consequence of rapidly globalization and accelerated pace of technological change. These cosmopolitan centers attract global interest because of the exciting fast-paced lifestyles they are associated with. There are however, downsides to global cities. They breed a new form of poverty and inequality. It has been observed in global cities, wealth is concentrated in the hands of professionals, owners and partners of high-end business in the system. There emerged too, a growing disconnect between these cities and their specialized socio-economic structures and their geographical region. The high-end nature of activities in the city alienates a large segment of its population who find it difficult to locate themselves much less access the labor market characterized by tall technical requirements. This results to economic marginalization. Sociologists observed that by the very nature of the structures of global cities, wealth and income is channeled into the hands of the so-called global elite who run the industries. Instead of acting as engines of economic development that promote the welfare of the people by elevating income and enlarging the middle-class, global cities have become instruments of disparity in income and of economic inequality. This widening economic divide is seen in the existence of a small elite, living high- security enclaves of gated communities, shopping and leisure centers some just a seeing distance from urban slum dwellers. New York, London, and Hong Kong/Shanghai, for example, have a huge concentration of financial and business networks that create wealth and income. They operate in an environment where they have a community of support specialist workers that provide specialized services in such fields as finance, corporate law, accounting, management, economics, and other key skill areas needed to run a corporate organization operating in more than one country. This condition results in a widening inequality between elite professionals and specialists and the larger mass of the population that offer their labor in the conventional industrial and service sectors. COVID – 19 Pandemic and Global Cities The economic and cultural allure of living in a global city is such that people dream and take pride in living in them. It seems that global cities are ―where the action is‖ and as one popular song about New York says, ―if I can make it there, I‗ll make it everywhere‖. But, it seems the coronavirus pandemic has painted a different, not-so-nice picture of such places as London, New York and Los Angeles. As of the middle of August 2020, New York logged more than 236,000 cases and more than 23,600 fatalities, London recorded 35,700 cases and 6,800 deaths, Los Angeles reported 224,000 cases with 5,300 fatalities, Tokyo has 18,200 cases and 347 deaths. Owning to their highly globalized nature in almost every aspect of their economy and where international travel for business or pleasure is common daily reality, global cities are specially vulnerable to the spread of infectious diseases. Jay Butler, Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases of the USA Center for Disease Control said about New York comparing it to dry kindling a wildfire, “New York City is a global destination and had the opportunity for multiple introductions of a virus, because of the amount of travel to New York, particularly related to the increase of disease in Europe, there were multiple sparks landing at once.” Population density in global cities contributed to the quick spread of the disease. London was slow to impose a lockdown, its vibrant connections with other countries didn’t help as well as travel and imports aided the spread of the disease. Researchers found out that COVID-19 infections in the United Kingdom originated in Spain, France and Italy. Because of the common belief that the virus was imported, these global cities point to international travel as the purveyor of the contagion. In the US alone, at least 430,000 people have arrived on direct flights from China since the outbreak was disclosed in December 31, 2019. As points of convergence, cities play critical roles in the fight against the coronavirus pandemic. The major cities of the world severely impacted by COVID-19 are seriously evaluating its strategies and approaches about sustainable urban development. The pandemic created conditions that required a whole new approach to development planning and reforms in all the spheres of life – environmental, social, political, economic and cultural. Reflection/Insights: The phenomenon of the global city represents the accomplishments of humanity seeking higher challenges and productivity. They showcase material prosperity, creativity and the benefits of convergence. In the light of recent global developments such as the COVID-19 pandemic, global cities are expected to showcase too man‗s ingenuity and compassion for his fellow and a sensible approach to development. This is on top of the pressing issues of inequality and global warming. The pandemic forced man to rethink about the very purpose and fragility of his existence and the need to come together as a community of caring individuals. UNIT TITLE: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY TITLE OF LESSON: Global Demography Introduction This lesson deals with the study of demography on a global scale. This field of scientific disciple which focuses mostly on population dynamics is of immense importance to society and the nation as a whole. Through demography, our economic planners and government policy-makers know how far the growth rate of the economy is keeping pace with the growth rate of population. Development planning whether on level of local government units such as towns and cities or in the national scale should estimate the pace by which the population grows. If the pace of development of the economy cannot keep up with the increasing rate of the population, the government can undertake apt measures to control the growth of population and to speed up the development of the economy. Studies of population growth are of immense importance to society. When population is increasing rapidly, society is faced with innumerable problems such housing shortages and lack of basic services like water, electricity, transport, communication, public healthcare and education. The rapidly globalizing world marked by increasing urbanization and migration change the patterns of population growth. In some countries with developed economies, increases in in-bound immigration are associated with law and order problems. Objectives/Competencies: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Define demography and explain its importance; 2. Explain the Demographic Transition Model; 3. Characterize each stage of the Demographic Transition Model; 4. Explain how globalization may have contributed to the spread of COVID- 19 particularly in urban centers. Generation birth years vary by geography, they vary by virtue of cultural and socio-economic conditions in different parts of the world. Their major experiences and the significant events during their time influence their mind set and behaviour. A Filipino Millennial might differ from, say, his/her Japanese counterpart in terms probably of taste for music and cinema but chronological global influences might find commonality in their growing up context. The end of the millennial generation and the start of Gen Z in the United States for example, are closely tied to September 11, 2001. That was the day the twin towers of the World Trade in New York were bombed by terrorists. It changed the landscape of security measures in airports for air travelers for good. Generations are shaped by the attitudes and practices of their parents, the major technologies of their age and their economic realities. After the Second World War, the Baby Boomers born of parents whose memories and experiences of the war years are vivid, had the desire and parenting philosophy of making life easier for their children than it was for them. This, some sociologists say, helped create and reinforce Millennials’ sense of entitlement. Comprising much of the current workforce of the world the Millennials exhibit different attitudes toward employment, sales, and marketing, which are challenging many conventional strategies and approaches. They have different attitudes too about birth control and economic development. People’s attitude toward work and family affect their decisions to procreate thereby influencing the trajectory of population growth in a country. When they decide to postpone having children because of the prospects of building a rewarding career, fertility decreases resulting in lesser number of children in society. The study of demography also takes into consideration the value system of people in various level of the generation spectrum. It is a good way to connect to the realities of life. Lesson Proper Global Demography Demography is the study of the distribution, composition and changes of human populations. Its main interests are birth and death rates, emigration and immigration patterns and marital patterns. The Philippines currently has 109.6 million people and is 13th in global population ranking for a 1.41% share in the total human inhabitants of the planet. China today has the world‗s biggest population with 1.4 billion people for an 18.47% global share. The Vatican City State, the world‗s smallest country with an area of just 0.32 square kilometer, has a population of 801. There are 6.5 billion people in the world today. It stood at 2 billion in the 1950s. The planet gains 76 million more people every year. By 2050, it is estimated that world population will be over 9 billion. Populations in least-developed and developing countries are steadily growing while that of developed countries remains steady at 1.2 billion. The usefulness of demography lies in its ability to help humanity address its social and economic problems. Demography focuses on social planning, forecasting of trends in the labor market and addressing issues in geopolitics and public administration. Demographers advise governments and private agencies in crafting programs and policies that aim at achieving well-balanced growth and development at the local, regional, national and international levels. Demographic Transition Model Being a central component of social change, demography helps explain the impact of globalization on the ever-changing landscape of human population growth and migration dynamics. Among the popular theories in global demography is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). The theory states that a country’s total population growth rate goes through cyclical stages as the country develops economically. Some 300 years ago, a global phenomenon was unfolding in Europe. Due to new technologies, productivity in agriculture and manufacturing soared and, coupled by advances in healthcare and sanitation, death rates declined. A greater number of people lived beyond their adolescent years thereby increasing the general life expectancy. A new trajectory of population growth emerged in countries experiencing the benefits of Industrial Revolution – the period in history spanning from the 18th to the early 19th centuries when mechanization brought major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production and transportation; it began in England and spread to Belgium, Germany, Northern France, and eventually the United States and Japan. Prior to this, birth and death rates in most countries were relatively equal. With declining death rates, the understanding of the correlation between birth and mortality rates shifted. Table 1. Stages of the Demographic Transition Model Demogr Ap Fertility rate refers to the estimate of the average number of children that would be born to a woman in a country during the course of her lifetime, assuming she lives a full and healthy life. For a country’s population to stay steady (minus immigration), the fertility rate should be at 2.1, this is the rate which replaces the parents and accounts for mortality due to unexpected causes. Japan, which is experiencing decreasing birth rate (average lifespan is 84 years) is in the fifth state of the Demographic Transition Model. It has a negative population increase rate. Japan‗s population growth rate is - 0.20%. The Philippines is in Stage 2 going to Stage 3 of the DTM. Its fertility rate is decreasing, it now stands at 2.6 live births per woman. The country‗s population grows at the rate of 1.4%, meaning an average of 1.4 million people are added to the population every year. DTM amplified the notion that a country’s fertility rate and economic development are somehow intertwined. Industrialized countries such as Japan, Switzerland, the United States and Italy have fertility rates below 2.1 forcing them to face the stark reality that they needed to ensure that their population continues to grow in order for them to have enough future labor force. Developing countries on the other hand such as Tanzania, Zambia and India have high fertility rates impacting basic health services and the delivery of other essentials needed to maintain a decent quality of life. Their huge population is vulnerable to lifethreatening diseases. Efforts therefore to eliminate poverty are crucial to reduce the spread of diseases and reduce mortality. It is no accident that foremost in the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations is the eradication of extreme poverty by the year 2030. Demographic Projections In a rapidly changing global environment, understanding current and future trends is critical for the development of effective state policy. Demographic projections are critical information in planning government investments in such areas as healthcare, housing, education and even retirement benefits. Changes in the population make-up of a country are the results of the dynamics of births (projected using fertility rates), deaths (projected using mortality rates), and migration. Figures about migration are calculated by subtracting emigration (people moving out of the country) from immigration (people moving into the country). Impact of COVID – 19 Pandemic Nobody saw it coming. Not even the World Health Organization. It belatedly declared a pandemic only on March 11, 2020 after almost three months after the outbreak in Wuhan. By then, COVID – 19 was already in 113 countries with 118,332 confirmed cases and 4,292 deaths. Who would think that the world will suffer a pandemic whose scale and misery was last experienced in 1918. The United Nations Development Programme called COVID – 19 pandemic as the defining global health crisis of our time and the greatest global challenge humanity has faced since the Second World War. COVID – 19 has infected more than 23,900,000 people and claimed more than 819,600 lives in more than 200 countries according to the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University as of August 26, 2020. The pandemic has devastated world economies and drove millions of people to poverty. It has dramatically altered the way people relate to one another and profoundly affected everyday life, the simple act of going out for groceries has become a seriously guarded act. The Asian Development Bank estimates that the global economic impact of the pandemic could reach $8.8 trillion. This is more than double the annual budget of the entire United States, the world‗s leading superpower and the strongest economy. COVID – 19 and Globally – Connected Urban Centers Rapid human population growth impacts the natural environment. If this is accompanied by rapid economic development, the unavoidable consequence is pollution, deforestation, resource depletion and growth of infectious disease. As humans continue to clear the forests for crops and settlement, new pathogens may bring previously unknown diseases and wreak havoc on the people. COVID – 19 impacts the urban areas more than it does in the country-sides. It is in the cities where the death rates are high. In the Philippines, it is in the National Capital Region (111,000 cases out of the 220,000 nationwide as of August 26, 2020). Elsewhere, it is Los Angeles, California for the USA, London for the United Kingdom and Sao Paolo for Brazil. The vulnerability of the world’s cities to the pandemic is traceable to a host of reasons that include but not limited to national and global travel, population density and even the hosting to international events which had become ―super spreaders‖ of the disease. History tells us that countries bounce back after a pandemic as in the case of the Spanish Flu pandemic in 2018 – 2019. The World Health Organization hopes that the coronavirus pandemic would be over in two years. The quick spread of contagious diseases is one of the downsides of globalization. ―Of course with more connectiveness, the virus has a better chance of spreading. But at the same time, we the technology to stop it, and the knowledge to stop it, said Dr.Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. Global Demography and the Future Discussions about patterns of human population grown leads to the question on how long are people likely to live in the near and distant future. The life expectancy of humanity has seen dramatically increasing during the last two centuries. People now expect to live long. The risk of dying early has been reduced due to improved nutrition, progress in healthcare and education. Today’s generation will live may years longer than our ancestors in the 19th or early 20th centuries. Average lifespan today in Japan is 82 years. An increasing lifespan has implications for the economy. Healthcare costs with an increasingly aging population will rise, including social security payments and pension. The United Nations estimates that 31% of China‗s population (432 million) in 2050 will be aged 60 or over while that of India will be 21% or 330 million people. Global population will continue to grow but at a slower rate. This will mean 3 billion more people to the current global count before stabilizing to about 9 billion in 2050. The United Nations warned that should the global population reach 9.6 billion in 2050, the equivalent of almost three planets could be required to provide the natural resources needed to sustain current lifestyles. Lastly, demographic changes and forecasts can be made but the future is still fraught with uncertainties. The COVID – 19 pandemic proved this point succinctly. Outbreaks and pandemics may kill millions and decimate economies inasmuch as breakthroughs may cure diseases, and save and improve the lives of millions. Global warming, trade wars, the growing threat of World War 3 because of escalating tensions between the USA and China are keeping humanity on his toes in these present times. Will humanity face a brighter future, will he learn from his mistakes. Only time will tell. UNIT TITLE: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY TITLE OF LESSON: Demographic Transition Introduction This lesson deals with the dynamics of demographic transition. While it shares in many aspects with the previous lesson on global demography, this particular lesson explores the very phenomenon of the changing patterns of the global population beginning a few centuries ago. Primarily focusing on fertility and death rates of populations in various nations and continents, the field of demographic transition helps explain the causes of the global shift in the pattern of how humanity multiply, on in some areas, subtract, and predicts how much people will the planet have in next decades or centuries. Separate from the lesson Demographic Transition Model which is one of the theories that try to explain demographic transition, this module casts a wider and deeper look on the factors surrounding the rise and falls of birth and death rates. It presents various perspectives and scenarios of human population growth and it impacts the economy and society as a whole. Objectives/Competencies: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Explain the meaning of demographic transition; 2. Explain the significance and importance of demographic transition; 3. Describe possible global population scenarios generations in the future; 4. Identify and describe three theories about demographic transition. 5. Discuss possible fertility trajectories in the post-COVID – 19 pandemic scenario. Lesson Proper Demographic Transition Towards the end of the 19th century, the world saw its population and mortality rates changing. This was particularly observed in Europe and the United States. Prior to this period, world population was increasing rapidly. Reductions in fertility rates and population growth were observed in various regions of the world. Social scientists noticed significant reductions in fertility rates and population growth in various regions of the world. Prior to this period, world population was increasing rapidly. This shift is known as demographic transition which is defined as a change from a situation of high fertility and high mortality to one of low fertility and low mortality. Countries in Europe and the United States experienced an increase in national wealth and its people begin to beginning to enjoy the benefits of improved economic life. What triggered demographic transition? What is the result of industrialization? What is the result of less people dying? Or was it due to an increasing number of women who are