History Of Civil Engineering In The Philippines PDF

CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES YEAR MILESTONE Spanish Era In more than three-and-a-half centuries of Spanish subjugation, there were no Filipino civil engineers. Socia...

CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES YEAR MILESTONE Spanish Era In more than three-and-a-half centuries of Spanish subjugation, there were no Filipino civil engineers. Social prejudice constrained the repressed indio builders to content themselves to be called mere Maestro de Obras (Master Builders) even if they could design and build any type of structure that technology could allow at that time. Master Builders as of today were equivalent to Construction Foreman. Civil Engineering, as practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish era, was not under an academic title. There were no civil engineering D schools in the country at that time and the only architects/engineers with academic degrees were Spaniards. O The walled city in Intramuros was established by the Spaniards as a model community. The Friar Architects/Engineers during that time were the ones who built the government buildings, bridges, residential and other structures, incorporated European standards in engineering N and architectural installations During the 18th and 19th centuries, Filipino engineers were assigned O the task of maintaining, repairing, and/or remodeling infrastructure systems in all "pueblos" or towns including churches, convents, and government buildings. T Maestro de Obras was called by the Ilustrados” or the elite group to build structures in villas and mansions. C Miguel Lopez de Legaspi founded the City of Manila on June 24, 1571. O 1571 The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago (Fuerte de Santiago) after the establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24, PY 1571. With the arrival of the Franciscan Order to Manila in 1577, they began with the construction of wood and cane churches that succumbed 1577 to natural catastrophes. In 1739 they constructed a stone church that was financed by the public charity and became one of the richest in Intramuros. Designed and built by Jesuit priest Antonio Sedeno from 1586 to 1587, 1586 it is one of the oldest stone fortifications in Intramuros. Began as a circular fort called Nuestra Senora de Guia. Renovated in 1593 to join  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES the walls of the city. Fort fell in disrepair and, in 1644, construction began for a new baluarte which was completed between 1653 and 1663. Resembling an ace of spades, it housed a foundry during the 18th century. The baluarte was breached by British forces with cannon fire in 1762. Restored and strengthened after the British occupation but was damaged during the 1863 earthquake. It was destroyed during the Battler of Manila in 1945. Restoration began in 1979 and was completed in 1992. D Construction work for the Santiago castle/fortress was commenced in O 1591 and was completed in 1634. This was the work of Leonardo 1591 – 1631 Iturrino, and was the second most important fortress to be built of stone in Manila, the Nuestra Señora de Guía fortress being the first of these. N The Santiago fortress was built between 1596 and 1602 on the land O promontory between the sea and the Pasig River and was the most 1596 - 1602 important fortification built in Manila. The walls encircling the city started at this point. T St. Augustine Church is the oldest stone church in the Philippines. It C was built in 1599; however, it was also destroyed and rebuilt many 1599 times. It is an immense structure of thick walls of Corinthian and Ionic designs. O In 1621, Don Bernardino Castillo, a generous patron and a well-known PY devotee of St. Sebastian, Patron of Archers, donated his lot, which is now the present site of the San Sebastian Church. The original church, which was made of wood, was burned in 1651 during a Chinese uprising. The succeeding structures were destroyed twice by fire and 1621 an earthquake in 1859, 1863, and 1880 respectively. Father Esteban Martinez, the parish priest at that time, approached the Spanish Architect Genero Palacios with a plan to build a fire and the earthquake-resistant church made entirely of steel. Ambeth Ocampo states that the present San Sebastian church was ordered  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES knockdown in steel parts from the Societe Anonyme des Enterprises de Travaux Publiques in Brussels, Belgium. Two Belgian engineers supervised the construction of the church. On June 12, 1888, the first shipments of steel parts were brought to the Philippines. For two years, the church was assembled with local artists and craftsmen joining the Belgian firm in applying the final finishing touches on this new church of steel. The stained glass windows were imported from the Henri Oidtmann Company, a German stained glass firm. The engineering techniques used in the construction of the D church, including metal fixtures and the overall structure, were from Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower. This was confirmed when Chinese-American architect, I. M. Pei, visited the Philippines in the late O '70s. He came to confirm what he heard about Gustave Eiffel designing a steel church in Asia. N Puente Grande was the first bridge to be erected across the grand Rio del Pasig. Built in 1632, this wooden bridge connects Intramuros O and Binondo, making it easier and relatively faster to travel from one end to the other. It underwent several reconstructions and renovations as it was always heavily damaged by earthquakes. After T the 1863 earthquake, Puente Grande was renamed Puente de 1632 España. The bridge was replaced in 1875 widening its spans to the masonry of six and two central houses. It can accommodate both C pedestrians and vehicles including horse or carabao drawn carts and carriages, and tranvia. This bridge was replaced for the last time with O a neo-classical design by Juan Arellano in the 1930s and was called the Jones Bridge. PY Manila was hit by an earthquake and was reconstructed 1645 Irrigation and Water System The first artesian wells were built in Betis, Pampanga by Fr. Manuel 1686 Camanes. The water system in Manila (now MWSS) had its beginning from the waterworks constructed by Fr. Juan Peguero in 1686. The first irrigation system was constructed in Tanay, Rizal by Fr. Jose Delgado.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Cavite Friar Land Irrigation System is one of the oldest irrigation systems in the Philippines. Sometimes in the 17th century, the Spanish period encomiendas or Spanish Royal lands grants were implemented in Cavite. The priests were granted by the Spanish King portions of the 17th Century agricultural land in Cavite. They subdivided the lands into four estates namely: Naic Estate, Santa Cruz de Malabon (Tanza) Estate, San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias) Estate, and Imus Estate, all of which are now popularly called as Cavite Friar Lands. The Pasig River LightHouse was the first lighthouse (masonry-built) D erected in the Philippines. It was first lighted in 1846 and deactivated in 1992. It was then located on the north jetty at the mouth of Pasig O River, (San Nicolas, Manila) marking the entrance to the river for vessels around Manila Bay, looking to dock on the ports along the banks of the river in Manila. N A light station has been established on the site since 1642. The first lighthouse structure was erected by the ruling Spanish government O and lit on September 1, 1846. From its location at the mouth of the historic river, which divides Manila into two sections, it was a welcoming beacon for over a century to all mariners of inter-island T vessels when bringing their vessels up into the river for berthing along its busy wharves. C 1846 The lighthouse, which was known locally as Farola (Spanish for "lighthouse") was one of the most conspicuous landmarks in the O harbor of Manila in the early part of the 20th century. The building and later expansion of the Port of Manila, south of the light station and subsequent land reclamations, has greatly altered the location of the PY lighthouse obscuring it from the wide expanse of Manila Bay. The lighthouse was demolished in 1992 and was replaced with an architecturally simpler lighthouse with a new tower built on the foundation of the old one. The Philippine Coast Guard Station of Manila is located adjacent to the lighthouse and the community that developed from the reclaimed lands is now known as "Parola" (Filipino for "lighthouse"). The present tower is a white conical concrete structure with a height of 46 feet (14.02 m) and a focal plane of 43 feet (13.11 m). The old  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES tower was taller at 49 feet (14.94 m). Lighthouses in the Philippines are maintained by the Philippine Coast Guard. Puente Colgante (which is the term for a suspension bridge in Spanish hanging bridge) was the first suspension bridge built in Southeast Asia when it was started in 1849 and completed in 1852. It was built and owned by Ynchausti y Compañia, the business headed by Jose Joaquin de Ynchausti. He commissioned the design from Basque engineer Matias Menchacatorre. The bridge was first named Puente de Claveria, likely in honor of the Governor-General of the Philippines D Narciso Clavería, who served from 1844-1849. Puente Colgante was the first suspension bridge, not only in the O Philippines but in South East Asia as well, and, probably the first toll bridge of its kind in the Philippines, a precursor of the modern SkyWay, albeit for pedestrian use only. N In 1854 Ynchausti brought together the Ynchausti family holdings under the above name. A Basque Spaniard born in Cadiz, de 1852 O Ynchausti immigrated to the Philippines in the second quarter of the nineteenth century and built a business empire. In 1889 Ynchausti y Compañia was the largest company in the Philippines. T The 20th-century writer Nick Joaquin described the bridge as it was in the 1870s: “Across the city’s river now arched … the amazing Puente C Colgante, suspended in the air, like a salute to the age of science and engineering. The Industrial Age found its expression in the Philippines O in the form of a bridge unparalleled throughout Asia.” Historians dispute local traditions that say the bridge was designed by PY Gustave Eiffel, who designed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. (This is also asserted about the Puente de Ayala.) They note the original bridge has been documented as designed by a Basque. (In addition, the 1930s work was performed a decade after Eiffel died in 1923.) The project for public supply of freshwater to the city dates from the early 18th century. Before this, the city had to be content with a 1867 freshwater supply based on cisterns. In 1867, the town council decided to take on the challenge of a project to supply fresh water to the whole of the city. In 1882 the first public water fountain gushed forth its waters, and shortly after this, the technology of the times was  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES successful in providing Manila with a freshwater supply from sources up-river. It was in 1868 when the Bureau of Public Works and Highways (Obras 1868 Publicas) and Bureau of Communications and Transportation (Communicationes y Meteologia) were organized under a civil engineer known as "Director-General". The founding of Carriedo Waterworks Manila didn’t get running water until 1878, when the municipal waterworks was established by Governor Domingo Moriones, with D money from a fund that by then had become legendary as the Carriedo Legacy. O A “public-spirited citizen,” Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo was a 1878-1918 Basque from Santander who during his life conferred immense benefits on the Philippines, having migrated in the Philippines early in N the 18th century. One of his “obras pias” (pious works), was a legacy he left in his will for the building of a Manila water system. Though O Señor Carriedo did not live long enough to see his legacy since he died in 1743, Manila was to be without running water for more than a century longer. Thanks to Governor Moriones who acted on providing T Manila with running water, the Carriedo Legacy was finally fulfilled. C On June 25, 1875, King ALFONSO XII of Spain promulgates the Royal 1875 Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general plan of the railroad in Luzon O The General Plan for Railways was drawn up in 1876 for the island of PY Luzon and included a network totaling 1,730 kilometers. A 192 Km stretch of track was constructed between Manila and Dagupan. This operated a regular service as from 1892. The most outstanding works carried out on the railway system were the bridge over the great 1876 Pampanga River and the building of Tutubán Station, in the Tondo district. The tremendous growth of the city of Manila led the administration to contemplate, in 1878, the setting up of a public transport network. Five tramway lines would link the city with its outskirts.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES The concession for constructing five tramways in Manila and its 1878 suburbs was approved. The plan included a main station at San Gabriel and the crossing of the river via the "Puente de España" School for Maestro de Obras called Escuela Practica y Artes Oficios de Manila was founded. Its first Filipino graduates were Julio Hernandez (1891), Isidro Medina (1894), Arcadio Arellano (1894) and Juan Carreon (1896) 1880 Puente de Convalecencia or better known as the Ayala Bridge was completed in 1880. Originally it is composed of two separate spans D connected by the Isla de Convalecencia, which is home to Hospisio de San Jose, a dropping point for abandoned babies, the bridge over O this island was originally made of wooden arched trusses. On November 1, 1883, the study of the first railroad project between 1883 Manila and Dagupan did by Antonio dela Camara was approved N On July 31, 1887, construction of the Manila-Dagupan railroad was O 1887 started T On November 24, 1892, the entire line from Manila to Dagupan, with 1892 a total length of 195.4 km, was completed and put into commercial operations C Road work in the Philippine Islands during the eighteenth and O nineteenth centuries, under the Spanish regime, consisted in the opening of routes of communication throughout the Islands, in a very thorough manner, and leaving a very valuable asset to the present PY Government in the matter of the width of the right of way, which was incorporated into the law and became a part of the public domain. 18th and 19th The location of these routes has been justified, inasmuch, that few CENTURY changes have been made in the general alignment, except when new sections have opened up and a location change justified. Grades have been improved and the method of construction changed. The right of way, as established by law, has made possible the construction methods of today. The use of broken stone or gravel on road work seems not to have been practiced by the Spaniard, as little evidence is found to promulgate this belief.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Two types of construction under the Spanish regime were practiced: First, pavement of cut Spanish road. Cut adobe stone pavement. Stone. This was usually of the adobe quality, probably used because it is easily quarried, cut, and handled, the size used is called ''ordinario" 20 by 20 centimeters and 50 centimeters long. This makes a very smooth and pretty pavement, but, where an ordinary amount of traffic is encountered, wears very rapidly. Had a hard stone been used, the result would have been of a permanent nature. Second, Spanish road, rubble-stone pavement. cobblestones. The D pavement of cobblestone consisted of boulders probably taken from river beds varying in size from 10 to 30 centimeters in diameter. This type was very durable and lasting, so long as the individual stones O retained their position in a bed of earth. Owing to the size used there was no bond, and stones were easily displaced unless covered with earth, sand, or gravel. This pavement was very rough and, had a N second or top course of small gravel been used and bound together with a binding material, would have been in use today. Attention is O often called to the good roads that existed during the Spanish regime. FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (AGUINALDO) T The Organic Decree issued by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo establishing the Philippine Revolutionary Government created four (4) government departments among which was the Department of War and Public C Works. O In 1896, after four (4) centuries of Spanish colonization, our Filipino forebears started the revolutionary movement and the struggle to PY gain freedom began. On June 12, 1898, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite. The Organic 1898 Decree of the Philippine Revolutionary Government on June 23, 1898, issued by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo provided for the creation of four (4) Departments in the government, one of which was the DEPARTMENT OF WAR AND PUBLIC WORKS. Though once included in the Department of War, now Department of National Defense, its functions as builder and maintainer of roads, bridges, and other public works structures are inherent in the present Department. The inclusion of public works in the War and Department can be explained by the exigencies of the revolutionary period. The  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES construction of fortifications and trenches was needed in the cause for freedom which our heroes had fought for. When Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898, the public works and activities were placed under the U.S. Army engineers. The Malolos Constitution was ratified during a general assembly of Congress, and the first Council of Government of the First Philippine Republic was created. D From January 21, 1899, to May 7, 1899, with Apolinario Mabini as President of the Cabinet (i.e. Prime Minister), Gracio Gonzaga served O as the Secretary of Public Welfare, which included the transportation and communications portfolio. 1899 When Mabini was replaced by Pedro Paterno as President of the N Cabinet, among the seven departments set up was the Communicaciones y Obras Publicas (i.e. the Communications and O Public Works Department). Maximo Paterno was appointed as Secretary of Public Works and Communications. Since then, Public Works, Transportation, and Communications have been grouped into T one department. DURING AMERICAN REGIME C The coming of the Americans brought about drastic changes in our engineering culture. The new colonizers pursued "benevolent" O policies that focused on English education, public health, free enterprise, and representative governance thus bringing with them PY military engineers, Thomasite teachers, doctors, and evangelists. Under the civil government established in July 1901, such "assimilation" manifested itself physically in the form of infrastructures. Highways, bridges, schools, hospitals, and government buildings steadily transformed the Philippine landscape. In his letter dated January 4, 1899, to Filipinos, US Major-General Elwell 1899 S. Otis, the Military Governor of the Philippines, announced US President William McKinley's instructions for the islands' Benevolent Assimilation. The instructions stated that the management of public  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES property and revenue, and the use of all public means of transportation, were to be conducted by the military authorities (i.e. by the US Army) until such time that they would be transferred back to civilian authority. Thus, the Bureau of Engineering was placed under the supervision of American military engineers. The ports were opened to commerce for all foreign nations. Foundation of the Liceo de Manila, a private institution offering an academic course for maestro de obras and headed by Leon Ma. Guerrero. The first private school to offer an academic title for Maestro D de Obras. (the forerunner of formal education in architecture/engineering) O 1900 The introduction of reinforced concrete in the Philippines was in the 1900s and its use in the construction of the Masonic Temple (Grand Lodge of the Philippines), the first multi-structure in Escolta, Manila. N On April 20, 1900, the US military authorities returned the railroad to its owner. O Transportation in the Philippines depended largely on trails, waterways, railroads, earth roads, and partially graveled roads. T Highway in the Philippines at that time was nothing more than a dream to most Filipinos. The US government initiated the development Early 1900’s of roadways in the Philippines connecting towns, cities, and C provinces. The popular Macadam road type was introduced. It gained acceptance because of an abundant supply of stones and O gravel. PY By virtue of Act No. 83 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6, 1901, public works and projects were placed under the “Provincial Supervisions”. 1901 The 1901 municipal code (February 6, 1901) provided for popularly elected municipal board members who were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES The first professional association of architecture and surveyors was born on September 14, 1902, with the creation of the Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AAAF). Bureau of Engineering and Construction of Public Works and Bureau of Architecture and Construction of Public Buildings - were created by Act. Numbers 222 and 268 of the Philippine Commission and placed under The Department of Commerce and Police The Philippine Commission passed Act Nos. 222 and 268 creating the D Department of Commerce and Police which gave birth to the Bureau of Engineering and Construction of public works and the Bureau of Architecture and Construction of public buildings. O 1902 The Philippine Bill of 1902 (July 1, 1902) or the Philippine Organic Act authorized the Government of the Philippine Islands to provide for the N needs of commerce. This includes improving harbors, constructing and maintaining bonded warehouses, wharves, piers, light-houses, O signal and life-saving stations, buoys, and like instruments of commerce, as well as adopting and enforcing regulations. (The US Congress authorizes the Philippine Government to grant franchise and T concession for the construction of public utilities and services) On December 8, 1902, the first Railroad Legislation Act (Philippine C Commission Act No. 554) was passed granting the Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo) the right to construct branch lines. O AAFF changed the name of the association to Academia de Arquitectura, Ingeniera y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AIAAF) – including PY civil engineers and surveyors 1903 But everything was confused and disorganized under our tolerant new masters. Even in government, it took several years before the Philippine commission could buckle down to work and create the first Philippine Assembly. The above-mentioned Academia merged with the Liceo and 1904 established the Escuela de Ingeniera y Arquitectura, which offered a five-year course in architecture and civil engineering.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES The Escuela ceased to operate after its first year of inception. The Bureau of Public Works was created and placed under the Department of Commerce and Police on October 26, 1905 Act No. 1401 of the Philippine Commission passed on October 4, 1905, abolished engineering districts and positions of district engineers. On October 26 of the same year, however, by virtue of a Reorganization 1905 Act, the Bureau of Public Works was created and placed under the Department of Commerce and Police. Along with the economic D growth of the country was the need for a more extensive road network that would penetrate the rural areas. To achieve that end, provincial boards were created in 1907 with the authority to collect O double cedula taxes to finance the construction of provincial roads and bridges. In addition, the national government appropriated P1,700,000 as an aid to such constructions. N On July 7, 1906, Philippine Commission Act No. 1510 was enacted O 1906 giving the concession of the railway to Speyer and Co. with Mr. Horace Higgins as General Manager. T The Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) is the oldest engineering school in the Philippines. It was established on May 18, 1907, as the School of Civil Engineering with one program offering C leading to the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering (MSCE). From faculty records, it appears that it was only in 1912 when O the earliest batch of students was conferred their MSCE degrees. 1907 PY Don Ramon Irureta-Goyena headed the UST-COE. During the early years of U.S. occupation, most of the civil engineers in our country came from America. The College was patterned after the University of Havana in Cuba and was first set up on the second floor of the old UST building in Intramuros. The above-named Escuela was reorganized and reopened its doors 1908 to students but this time offered a three-year course for architecture, civil engineering, and electrical engineering.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Wawa Dam (also known as Montalban Dam) is a gravity dam constructed over the Marikina River in the municipality of Rodriguez in Rizal province, Philippines. The slightly arched dam is situated in the 360-meter (1,180 ft) high Montalban Gorge or Wawa Gorge, a water gap in the Sierra Madre Mountains, and east of Manila. It was built in 1909 1909 during the American colonial era to provide the water needs for Metro Manila. It used to be the only source of water for Manila until Angat Dam was built and Wawa was abandoned. Due to the insufficiency of water supply for Metro Manila, there was a strong clamor to reuse the dam. D The Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines, in a resolution O passed on June 3, 1910, appointed Mr. W.J. Colbert as acting Dean of the College of Engineering. His appointment was set to effect on June 13, 1910, thereby creating the College of Engineering. Dean Colbert was authorized to prepare the curriculum and select the N necessary teaching personnel for the new course. Initially, a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science with an O additional degree of Civil Engineer upon completion of an extra year 1910 of study was approved. The first instructor to be appointed was Mr. Jose P. Katigbak of the City Engineer's Office of Manila, as an T instructor in graphics (drawing) on a part-time basis. The first appearance of motor vehicles on the Philippine highways in C 1910. Roads and bridges had to be kept in good condition at all times. Naturally, there was a need for funds to keep the roads O passable the whole year-round. PY In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers (and another engineering profession) withdrew to form their professional 1911 organization (The Philippine Society of Engineers), but not before it had struggled for the passage of an Engineers and Architects Law. The Escuela was closed. The Irrigation Act of 1912: Under the American regime, the 1912 government initiated policies to stimulate national economic growth through irrigation development. The Irrigation Division under the Bureau of Public Works (BPW) was established in 1908 (the friar lands were sold to govt. which in turn were sold to the tenants in 1902). The  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Irrigation Act was passed in 1912. This regulated the appropriation of public waters, investigation, construction, operation, and maintenance of irrigation systems. It also regulated the appropriation of public waters, prescribed rules on water rights, and provided for the securing of payments for irrigation services, from the beneficiaries. The first NIS, the San Miguel River Irrigation System in Tarlac with a service area of 6000 hectares was inaugurated in 1913. During World War I, all appropriations for irrigation were withdrawn and the Irrigation Division was downgraded to a section in the Design Division 1913 D of the BPW. Through legislative Act No. 2562, financial assistance was given to existing private irrigation systems covering a minimum of 25 O ha, through duly organized corporations or associations of landowners. Communal irrigation systems (CIS) were simple structures. The earliest N on record is as far back as 1914, mostly located in the Ilocos area of northern Philippines and known as the zanjera. The term zanjera is O derived from the Spanish term for turnout and used locally to refer to a cooperative irrigation society whose function was to secure a stable and reliable supply of water for its members. Most zanjeras may have T two or more sittios or barrios. Membership may comprise of all landowner or tenants or a combination of both. Water from these 1914 systems was usually obtained from river diversions by bamboo and C rock structures-the "brush dam." Being temporary structures, the community was brought together in its reconstruction regularly. O Different zanjeras may share a single main or diversion dam. In this case, necessary social adaptations were made to settle conflicts PY between individuals or groups. The construction, repair, and maintenance costs of the physical system were shared by all the members through contributions in materials or labor. On February 4, 1916, By authority of Philippine Legislature Act No. 2574, former Governor-General Harrison negotiates the acquisition of the MRRCo by the Philippine Government 1916 The Reorganization Act 2666 as amended by Act No. 2803 dated November 18, 1916, gave birth to the Department of Commerce and Communications (Department of Commerce and Police transformed to The Department of Commerce and Communications), consisting  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry, Bureau of Supply, Bureau of Public Works, Bureau of Posts, Bureau of Labor and Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey. To raise much-needed funds, motor vehicles and drivers plying the highways were required to register with fees in 1921. To keep pace with further development in transportation and communications, the Department of Commerce and Police was transformed into the Department of Commerce and Communications under Reorganization Act No. 2666 of 1916. D When the first cabinet composed of Filipinos was organized, Gov. O Gen. Francis. B. Harrison appointed Cebu governor Dionisio 18 Jan 1917 Jakosalem as Secretary of Commerce and Communication. The to construction of roads and public buildings marked his administration 03 Oct 1922 as governor of Cebu. He is credited with having linked the southern N and northern parts of the province with roads. O Metropolitan Water District was founded 1919 – 1954 T The Engineers and Architects Law (Act No. 2985) was passed on February 23, 1921. The law created a separate Board of Examiners for civil engineering and architecture. They were schooled abroad as C civil engineers and architects. Due to the Engineers and Architects Law of 1921, Filipinos were allowed to practice as Architects and Engineers because of their experience as Maestro de Obras in the O 1921 Spanish Period. PY Public Act No. 2985 was enacted empowering the Secretary of Commerce and Communication to appoint members of the boards of the architecture and engineering professions. The Act, which contained very general provisions on the regulation of engineering and architecture, was later amended by Acts No. 3159 and 3182. A group of civil engineers from the government sector formed the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) which was the first civil 1928 engineering organization in the Philippines with Engr. Marcial Kasilag as its first president.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Engr. Kasilag thereupon received the honor of holding PRC Registration Number 1 for Civil Engineers. He then occupied a high- ranking position in the government and the early members of PSCE were government engineers. There were relatively few civil engineers in private practice during that time as most of the early graduates were readily engaged by the various government agencies. Puente Colgante Bridge was replaced by a modern steel arch bridge 1930’s during the early 1930s. It was renamed Quezon Bridge after Manuel L. Quezon, the president of the Philippines at that time. D Department of Commerce and Communications renamed as the Department of Public Works and Communications O More development for the Department took place in 1931 when the 1931 Philippine Legislature passed on May 1 of that year Act No. 4007, renaming the Department of Commerce and Communications as N Department of Public Works and Communications. This Act, however, did not state the proper composition and functions of the DPWC. O COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT T On August 2, 1935, Act Number 4211 was enacted – permitting under- aged persons to take the board exam on the condition that they will not practice their profession until they attained the required age of C 21. During the inauguration of the Commonwealth Government on O 1935 November 15, 1935, a reorganization of the DPWC was undertaken. Under the setup, it was composed of the Bureau of Public Works, Ports, PY Aeronautics, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Metropolitan Water District Division of Marine, Railway and Repair Shop, National Radio Broadcasting, Irrigation Council, and Board of Examiners for Civil, Mechanical, Chemical, and Mining Engineers. The Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) was formed from a group of civil engineers in the private sector with Engr. Enrique Sto. 1937 Tomas Cortes as its first president. The objectives of both organizations were similar to each other in which both of them want to: "elevate the standards of the profession,  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES encourage research and engineering knowledge and technology, foster fellowship among members, and promote interrelation with other technological and scientific societies". The PACE being the most active than the PSCE led to the transfer of many PSCE members to PACE. In 1938, statutes for the practice of architecture from engineering separated by law – National Assembly Bill No. 1850 1938 On January 31, 1938, the first Bicol train was put into operation D On May 8, 1938, the unified system of the railroad from San Fernando, La Union in the North to Legazpi in the South was formally inaugurated O Highway 54 was the former name of the Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue (EDSA). Stretching some 54 kilometers, Highway 54 serves as a lifeline for hundreds of thousands of Filipinos passing or doing business in N Metro Manila. O It formed a major part of the circumferential roads in Metro Manila. From the south, it passes through five cities Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan. Its southern endpoint is T at the rotunda near the SM Mall of Asia in Pasay City while its northern 1940 point is at Monumento in Caloocan City near the Andres Bonifacio monument. C When the avenue was constructed in 1940 by engineers led by O Florencio Moreno and Osmundo L. Monsod, it was first named North and South Circumferential Road. But at the end of World War II, the PY American occupiers changed the name to Highway 54. But in 1959, by virtue of RA 2140, the highway was renamed in honor of Epifanio De Los Santos, a famous statesman of the province of Rizal. DURING JAPANESE OCCUPATION (WORLD WAR II) The tides of war in the Pacific came in December 1941 and thereby 1941 interrupted the normal operations of the schools and colleges. By order of the President of the Philippines, all schools were closed. When the Japanese forces entered Manila in January 1942, they occupied the College/School buildings.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES In 1941, an outbreak of World War II, the Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) and other government offices were practically abolished due to dislocation of manpower, lack of funds, materials, and equipment, installation of enemy administration, and the setting up of resistance movement. During the Japanese occupation, the exiled Commonwealth government of President Manuel Quezon issued Executive Order 396, 24 Dec 1941 which reorganized and grouped the cabinet. The Department of to Public Works and Communication became the Department of 01 Aug 1944 D National Defense, Public Works, Communications and Labor, with Basilio Valdes as Secretary. O On Philippine soil, to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of the Japanese, the Philippine Executive Commission was established. Under President Jose P. Laurel’s administration, N Quintin Paredes served as Minister of Public Works and Communications. O Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban 1942 province of Laguna, in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the T Philippines. The reservoir created by the dam, Lake Caliraya, initially supplied one of the oldest hydroelectric plants in the Philippines, and later became a popular recreational area for numerous water sports C and fishing. The dam construction was started in 1939 and a small hydroelectric plant was opened in 1942. O CONTINUATION OF COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT (AFTER THE WAR) PY After the Second World War, the newly independent Philippine government continued the rehabilitation and construction of roads, bridges, buildings, and other infrastructures, through the reparations and war damages paid by the Japanese government. Other financial grants and aids received from the US government were used in the construction and rehabilitation of roads, bridges, buildings, and other infrastructures. 1944 President Sergio Osmeña issued Executive Order 15-W on August 8, 1944, reorganizing and consolidating the Executive Departments of  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES the Commonwealth government with Secretary Basilio Valdes as Secretary of National Defense and Communications. The reorganization of the government after it was re-established on Philippine soil was undertaken with Executive Order No. 27 on 1945 February 27. The Department of National Defense and Communications was again named Department of Public Works and Communications. Justice Sotero Cabahug replaced Secretary Valdes as Secretary of 08 Mar 1945 Public Works and Communications. D to 1946 THIRD REPUBLIC O Resuming its operation in 1946, the Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) started with limited human resources, funds, materials, and equipment. An office of the U.S. Bureau of Public 1946 N Roads was set up to cooperate with the Philippine Bureau of Public Works in implementing the highway program as authorized by the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946. O Ricardo Nepumoceno served as Secretary of Public Works and T Communications under the administration of President Manuel Roxas. 1946 – 1948 He continued to do so under the administration of President Elpidio Quirino. C The authority of the Department of Public Works and Communications O 1947 was further expanded when, in 1947, the Motor Vehicles Office was placed under its direct supervision. PY The country's premier airport, Manila International Airport Authority was originally a US Air Force base until 1948, when it was turned over to the Philippine government's National Airport Corporation. The 1948 fledgling civil aviation airport's facilities were nothing more than the current domestic runway and a small building as its only passenger terminal. 1949 Laws separating statutes between architects and engineers passed  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES The momentum to rebuild from the ashes of WWII and replace 1950’s destroyed public edifices and utilities made the 1950s an eventful decade for the construction industry. The Ambuklao dam was the highest and biggest in the Far East. It is made of earth and rockfall which measures 129 meters in height and 452 meters in length. The elevation of its crest is 758 meters and the roadway that runs through the top of the dam has an elevation of 756 meters. There are 8 Tainter radial gates at the dam's spillway. Each 1950 – 1956 spillway measures 12.5 meters by 12.5 meters and is 127 meters in D length. The gross storage capacity of the dam's reservoir is 327,170,000 cubic meters and it has a usable storage capacity of 258,000,000 O cubic meters. The drainage area is 686 square kilometers and is 11 km long with a maximum width of 1 km. Construction began in July 1950 and opened on December 23, 1956. N On June 17, 1950, the Architects (Philippine Institute of Architects) prepared and lobbied the passing of the first Architect’s law (RA 545) O while the Civil Engineers (Philippine Association of Civil Engineers), the 1950 Civil Engineering law (RA 544, through the efforts of PACE President Alberto Guevarra) was also passed the same year. They jointly T celebrated the passing of their respective laws at the Manila Hotel Winter Garden. C Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) was reconstituted as The Department of Public Works, Transportation, and O Communications (DPWTC) PY President Elpidio Quirino under Executive Order No. 392 in 1951, the DPWC was again reconstituted to the Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) to include the Bureaus 1951 of Public Works, Posts, Telecommunications, Motor Vehicles Office, Irrigation Council, Flood Control Commission, Radio Control Board, National Transportation Board and Government Quarters Committee. Taking cognizance of the social impact of the road network to national growth, the Philippine Highway Act of 1953 or RA No. 917 providing for an effective highway administration modified apportionment of highway funds and gave aid to provinces and cities for the improvement and maintenance of roads and bridges.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Concerning road and bridge construction and maintenance, the Bureau of Public Highways was created in 1954 by virtue of the RA No. 1192 and placed under the Department of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications. This Act provided for more effective management of the Philippine Highways under a Commissioner. Active plans & programs were formulated & implemented. With the abolition of the National Airport Corporation in 1951, D ownership and management of the airport fell to the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) under the Department of Commerce & Industry. In 1956, the CAA was transferred to the Department of Public Works, O Transportation & Communications. Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was created and placed under The N Department of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications (DPWTC) O RA No. 1192, An act to create the Bureau of Public Highways, 1954 abolishing the division of Highways of the Bureau of Public Works T approved, August 25, 1954. RA No. 1080 was enacted on June 15, 1954 – making bar and board C exam (passers) equivalent to First-Grade Civil Service eligibility. O RA No. 1383 was approved on June 18, 1955 PY “An act creating a public corporation to be known as the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority” The first road classification system in the country was established 1955 through RA No. 917, known as the Philippine Highway Act, enacted in 1953 and Executive Order 113, series of 1955 which classified roads into national roads (national primary and national secondary), “national aid” roads (roads of sufficient importance for eventual reclassification at a later stage) and provincial/city/ municipal/barangay roads.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES National Waterworks and Sewerage System Authority (NAWASA) was 1955 – 1970 created through RA 1383 On June 16, 1956, the Civil Engineering law was further amended by RA No. 1582. In the same year, the Architecture law was further amended by RA No. 1581. Ambuklao Dam is part of a hydroelectric facility in Brgy. Ambuklao, Bokod, Benguet province in the Philippines. The development of the Agno River for purposes of hydroelectric power generation, flood D control, and irrigation had been conceived as early as the late 1940s. Preliminary investigations for development at Ambuklao and Binga 1956 O Dam sites were undertaken as early as January 1948. With a maximum water storage capacity of 327,170,000 cubic meters (265,240 acre ft), the facility, which is located 36 km (22 mi) from Baguio city, can produce up to 105 megawatts of electricity to the Luzon grid. The N main source of water comes from the Agno River which originates from Mt. Data. O Ambuklao Dam began its construction in July 1950 and opened on December 23, 1956. T Agusan Dam started construction in May 1956 and it opened on 1957 December 29, 1957. C The Philippines had created one of the top countries in the world that O produces architects and engineers since the 60′s PY Private and infrastructure developments were not in existence in the country to make use of these new architects and engineers 1960’s Shortage of projects in the country have resulted in an influx of Filipino architects and engineers' migration to the US and Europe which started in the 60′s Inexpensive labor and be able to communicate in English of these Filipino professionals made them attractive to be hired by these developed countries  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Due to their proficiency in English (compared to other immigrants), Filipino architects/engineers have successfully assimilated into the political and economic structure in their host country Many architects and engineers have established their firms and/or had "broken the ceiling" within their firms Due to their numbers, Filipino architects and engineers globally have formed their groups and made alliances with other Filipino associations D Many Filipino architects and engineers in the Philippines have found contract work overseas O The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the North Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and N officially known as Radial Road 8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the O Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of the two branches of the Radial Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is the other). It was built in the 1960s. T The expressway begins in Quezon City at a cloverleaf interchange with EDSA: a continuation of Andres Bonifacio Avenue. It then passes C through Quezon City, Caloocan, and Valenzuela in Metro Manila. Meycauayan, Marilao, Bocaue, Balagtas, Guiguinto, Malolos, O Plaridel, and Pulilan in Bulacan. San Simon, San Fernando, Mexico and Angeles in Pampanga. The expressway currently ends at Mabalacat and merges with the MacArthur Highway, which continues northward PY into the rest of Central and Northern Luzon. Presently, it was maintained by Tollways Management Corporation with a total length of 84 km The first thirteen years of the airport were marked by the building of infrastructure dedicated to international flights. The international 1961 runway and associated taxiway were built in 1953, and 1961 saw the completion of a control tower and a terminal building for the exclusive use of international passengers at the southwest intersection of the  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES runways. This system came to be officially known as the Manila International Airport (MIA). The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) was founded. Angat Dam located at Norzagaray, Bulacan started its construction in November 1961 and opened on October 16, 1967, with a height of 1961-1967 131 meters, length of 568 meters, and base width of 550 meters. The source of the dam is the Angat River, with a capacity of 850 million D cubic meters O RA 3597 was approved on June 22, 1963 (NAWASA Act) An act amending certain provisions of RA numbered thirteen hundred eighty-three, entitled "An act creating a public corporation to be N known as the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority" O The National Irrigation Administration is a government-owned and controlled corporation tasked with the development and operation of Irrigation Systems all over the country. It was created under RA 3601 T which was signed on June 22, 1963, by then-President Diosdado P. Macapagal. Its forerunner was the Irrigation Division of the defunct Bureau of Public C Works. By virtue of Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1 issued by President 1963 Ferdinand Marcos, all irrigation activities were integrated under the O NIA. The Agency’s power was likewise broadened and capitalization increased from P300 M to 2 B by the issuance of PD 552 on September PY 11, 1072. Capitalization was further increased to P10 B under PD 1702 on July 17, 1980. NIA absorbed the functions of the Irrigation Division of the Bureau of Public Works and the Irrigation Unit of the Bureau of Lands and Friar Lands Irrigation System. This hybrid nature of NIA enabled it to use funds from the government treasury for constructing and rehabilitating irrigation systems, the underlying premise being that irrigation benefited not only the farmers but the broader society as well.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES On June 20, 1964, RA No. 4156 was enacted. It changes the corporate name of Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo) to Philippine National 1964 Railways (PNR) R.A No. 4566 was enacted on June 19, 1965 – regulating constructions 1965 or “The Contractor’s License Law” Angat Dam is a concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that supplies the Manila metropolitan area water. It was a part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. The reservoir supplies about D 90 percent of raw water requirements for Metro Manila through the facilities of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System and it O irrigates about 28,000 hectares of farmland in the provinces of 1967 Bulacan and Pampanga. Construction began in November 1961 and it opened on October 16, 1967. N RA No. 5181 was enacted on September 8, 1967 – requiring residence and reciprocity in the exercise of professions by aliens. O DURING MARTIAL LAW (MARCOS ERA) T President Ferdinand Marcos appointed Manuel Syquio as Acting 1965-1973 Secretary of Public Works and Communications. C The '70s is commonly known as the Martial Law years. Declared in 1972, the first few years of its implementation brought about good O things to our country. But its later years proved to be the most trying times of our country. Incidentally, the construction industry in the Middle East was at its peak and civil engineers and architects were in PY 1970’s demand. In the early 1970s, there were already 591 national and municipal ports plus 200 private ports scattered all over the country necessitating the need for long-range planning and rationalization of port development. On 19 June 1971, RA 6234 was enacted. It dissolved the National 1971 - 1997 Waterworks and Sewerage System (NAWASA) and created in its place the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS). MWSS was thus given the mandate “to ensure an uninterrupted and  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES adequate supply and distribution of potable water for domestic and other purposes at just and equitable rates.” The proper operation and maintenance of sewerage systems was likewise part of its mandate. On August 20, 1971, RA No. 6366 was passed amending the PNR 1971 Charter PACE President Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara, exerted a serious effort in merging the two organizations. Leaders of PACE and PSCE negotiated and talked about the choice of name. Some concerns D 1972 were raised such as formal accounting and turnover of assets and liabilities, accreditation of bonafide members, and election rules for O the first officers which were sooner resolved. In June 1973, President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Decree N 223, creating the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and accrediting only one organization to represent each profession. O On December 11, 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission T (SEC) issued Registration Certificate No.53896 to the PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC. (PICE). This was the culmination and fulfillment of a vision to merge two separate organizations of civil C engineers in the country, the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE). O 1973 Presidential Decree No. 198, also known as "The Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973," was signed into law on May 25, 1973. That law PY created the Local Water Utilities Administration or LWUA at the national level and provided for the establishment of Water Districts in provincial cities and municipalities. A feasibility study and airport master plan were drawn up in 1973 by Airways Engineering Corporation. The detailed engineering design of the new MIA Development Project (MIADP) was undertaken by Renardet-Sauti/Transplan/F.F. Cruz Consultants while the design of the International Passenger Terminal building was prepared by Architect L.V. Locsin & Associates. A US$29.6 Million loan was arranged with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to finance the project.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES In February 1974, the first election of officers of PICE was held, and Engr. Cesar Caliwara became its first president. To truly unite the civil engineers of the Philippines, provincial chapters were organized. Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was expanded as The Department 1974 of Public Highways (DPH) The former Bureau of Public Highways was expanded and restructured into the Department of Public Highways (DPH) for a more effective administration of the country’s highway system through D Administrative Order No. 2, dated July 1, 1974. O The first International Convention was held in the Philippines on May 20 to 24, 1975 with the theme "Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention Control." (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers) N On August 13, 1975, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) recognized the PICE as the only official organization of civil engineers O in the Philippines with Accreditation No. 007 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 693 (Construction of Magat Dam) was T enacted on May 7, 1975 PD No. 693 - Authorizing the Construction of the Magat River Multi- C 1975 Purpose Project in Isabela, Providing for the Financing Thereof, and Other Purposes. O The National Housing Authority (NHA) was created under PD 757 to oversee housing development on a national level. PY The Philippine Ports Authority was created under Presidential Decree No. 505 which was subsequently amended by P.D. No. 857 in December 1975. In 1975, President Ferdinand Marcos, by a Presidential Decree, the System Internationale (SI) system of units was mandated in the Philippines With the shift in the form of government, national agencies were 1976 renamed from Departments to Ministries. In 1976, the Department of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications (DPWTC) became  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (MPWTC) & the Department of Public Highways (DPH) as the Ministry of Public Highways (MPH). In 1976, the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created through the National Water Code of the Philippines (Water Code of the Philippines) to coordinate policies concerning water resources. PD 1096, otherwise known as the National Building Code of the Philippines (the “NBCP”) signed by then Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on 19 D February 1977 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (“IRR”); O Pantabangan Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Pampanga River located in Pantabangan in Nueva Ecija province of the Philippines. The multi-purpose dam provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation while its reservoir, Pantabangan N Lake, affords flood control. The reservoir is considered one of the largest in Southeast Asia and also one of the cleanest in the O Philippines. Construction on the dam began in 1971 and it was 1977 completed in 1977. T In May 1969, the Congress of the Philippines authorized the development of the Pampanga Basin with RA No. 5499. In October of that year, detailed studies of the Pantabangan site were carried out C and lasted two years. By June 11, 1971, Pantabangan was an old town of around 300 years old. President Ferdinand Marcos and many O others arrived for a groundbreaking ceremony in Palayupay, Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija, to signal the beginning of the construction of Pantabangan Dam. The dam went into operation in PY February 1977 and was completed later in May. Approximately 1,300 people were relocated from the dam's reservoir zone. Under the 1973 Constitution, a Parliamentary Form of governance was established and departments were renamed into ministries establishing the formal ministry system. Hence, the Department of 1978 Public Works and Communications became the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications (MPWTC). The National Engineering Center (NEC) was established as per P.D. No. 1295. It is an agency supported by the National Government and  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES by the UNDP. The NEC will be an umbrella body under which the non- teaching activities of the college will be administered. These units include the National Hydraulics Research Center (NHRC), the Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP), the UP Industrial Research Center (UPIRC), and the Transport Training Center (TTC), and the Building Research Services (BRS). On June 11, 1978, Presidential Decree Number 1594 or “The Prescribing Policies, Guidelines, Rules and Regulations for Government Infrastructure Contracts” was promulgated. D Presidential Decree No. 1350 was promulgated on April 7, 1978 – allowing applicants for citizenship to take the board exam pending O the approval of their petition. The construction and appurtenant structures were authorized by P.D. N 693 signed on May 7, 1975, by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the O Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27, 1982, and started operations in 1983. T Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the 1978 – 1982 preliminary study conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the United States Bureau of C Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). O It was a Rock-fill dam with a height of 114 meters and a length of 4, 160 meters. PY On July 23, 1979, under Executive Order No. 546, MPWTC was again restructured into two (2) Ministries – the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), integrating all bureaus and offices concerned with public works 1979 functions and activities under the Ministry of Public Works. The same went true with all offices involved in transportation and communications which were placed under the supervision and administration of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Minister Jose P. Dans served as head of the MOTC.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES On July 23, 1979, by Executive Order No. 546, PNR becomes one of the attached agencies of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, now DOTC. Major highways and expressways were constructed through financial 1980’s assistance and loans from foreign banks In 1980 President Marcos founded the Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC), responsible for water supply in areas where neither MWSS nor LWUA carries out the service or assists the LGUs, D respectively. The RWDC was expected to create rural water supply associations to construct, operate, and maintain their water supply O systems in communities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants. On July 12, 1980, the country's president, Ferdinand E. Marcos, N created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) as a government agency. The Chairman was the then First Lady and Governor of Metro O Manila, Imelda Romualdez Marcos. This LRTA confined its activities to determining policies, the regulation and fixing of fares, and the planning of extensions to the system. The project was called Metrorail T and was operated by a sister company of the former tramway 1980 company Meralco, called Metro, Inc. C Construction of the line started in October 1981, and was the responsibility of CDCP (Construction and Development Corporation O of the Philippines), with assistance from the Swiss firm of Losinger and the American company Dravo, the latter, through its Philippine PY subsidiary. The government-appointed Electrowatt Engineering Services of Zurich (Switzerland) to manage and supervise the project. Electrowatt set up offices in Manila and became responsible for extension studies of the system which eventually comprised 150 km of routes along all major corridors in about 20 years. Martial Law executed Letter of Instruction 1000 on March 20, 1980 – the Malacanang edict of having just one organization for each profession to be accredited by the Professional Regulations Commission. 1981 MPW and MPH were merged to become The Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH)  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Under Executive Order No. 710 dated July 27, 1981, the Ministries of Public Works and Public Highways were merged for more effective and sustained implementation of infrastructure projects. Under the restructured set-up, the agency was known as the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) with 14 regional offices, 94 districts and 60 city engineering offices, five (5) bureaus, and six (6) service offices, in addition to corporations and councils attached to the Ministry for administrative supervision. D In as early as 1981, the Philippine Board of Examiners for the Various Licensure Examinations for the Practice of Engineering and Architecture began to use the new system of units, SI. O The increase of handheld calculators revolutionized engineering, with 1980’s faster and more efficient calculations leaving the old slide rule behind. N Magat Dam is a large rock-fill dam on the island of Luzon in the O Philippines. The dam is located on the Magat River, a major tributary of the Cagayan River. Construction of the dam started in 1975 and was completed in 1982. Magat Dam is one of the largest dams in the T Philippines and has two primary purposes: as a source of irrigation water and as a provider of hydroelectric power. C The construction and appurtenant structures were authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7, 1975, by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. O The Magat Dam was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27, 1982, and started 1982 PY operations in 1983. Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary study conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Subsequent detailed and extensive dam site investigation and engineering studies further confirmed the feasibility of what is now known as NIA's most daring infrastructure project and one of Asia's biggest dams today.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES It was Southeast Asia's first large multipurpose dam. The dam is part of the Magat River Multipurpose Project (MRMP) which was financed by the World Bank and whose purpose is to improve on the existing Magat River Irrigation System (MARIS) and to triple the production of rice in the Cagayan River basin. The project was jointly financed by the Philippine Government and the World Bank which extended a US$150M loan to finance the foreign exchange requirement. In addition, a US$9M loan from Bahrain was obtained for the purchase of other equipment for the D diversion tunnels, soil laboratory, and model testing. The total project cost is US$3.4B (yr. 1975). O The Magat Dam is located on the Magat River at the boundary between the municipalities of Alfonso Lista in the province of Ifugao and Ramon in Isabela both on the island of Luzon, approximately 350 N kilometers (220 mi) north of Metro Manila. The Magat River is the largest tributary of the Cagayan River, the longest river in the country. O Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete water reservoir dam found in the Philippines. The dam is located about 7.5 kilometers downstream of the Angat Dam in Norzagaray, Bulacan province. It was a part of the T Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. Its normal level is 110 m. The Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete dam located about 7.5 kilometers C downstream of the Angat Dam near its confluence with the Ipo River in Bulacan. It was completed in January 1984 with a maximum storage O capacity of 7.5 million cubic meters, an increase of about 2,500 million liters per day (MLD) from the old Ipo Dam, which used to be located 1984 200 meters upstream of the new dam. PY The spill level of the dam is at an elevation of 101 meters and it has seven radial floodgates. The watershed topography is characterized by mountainous terrain similar to the Angat Reservoir Watershed with moderate forest cover. The watershed has an area of about 70 square kilometers and receives an average annual rainfall of 3,500 millimeters. Tributaries to the Angat River at this section include the Ipo, Sapa Pako, and Sapa Anginon Rivers. These tributaries drain into the Angat River from the eastern section of the watershed.  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Water from the dam is diverted to the Novaliches Portal and the La Mesa Dam through three intake structures going down to three connecting tunnels into five connecting aqueducts. AFTER EDSA REVOLUTION Finally, by virtue of Executive Order No. 124, dated January 30, 1987, the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) is now known as the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) with five (5) bureaus, six (6) services, 16 regional offices, 24 project management offices, 16 regional equipment services, and 118 district engineering D offices. O As the primary engineering and construction arm of the government, 1987 the DPWH is responsible for the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructures such as roads and bridges, flood control systems, water resource development projects, and other N public works in accordance with national objectives. O On August 17, 1987, RA No. 6639 was enacted and the MIA was renamed the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The MIA Authority, however, retained its corporate name since the law did not amend T the original or revised charters of the MIAA. C On August 23, 1989, the Tutuban Station and part of the railroad yard were leased out for shopping mall development. PNR Management Center transfers to its Training Center site in Caloocan City and PNR O Operations Center transfers to its railway station in Paco, Manila. PY The La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park consist of the La Mesa Dam and an ecological nature reserve site in Quezon City commissioned in 1929 in the Philippines. It is part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water 1989 system, which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila. The La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupies an area of 27 square kilometers. The water collected in the reservoir is treated on-site by the Maynilad Water Services, and at the Balara Treatment Plant further south by the Manila Water. Both water companies are private concessionaires awarded by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, the government agency in charge of water supply. It is a vital link to the water requirements of 12 million residents of Metro Manila considering  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES that 1.5 million liters of water pass through this reservoir every day. It is also the last forest of its size in the metropolis. And for the first time, a "Civil Engineering Week" for the period November 3 to 9, 1991 was declared by Malacañang through Proclamation No.799 issued on September 20, 1991, by President 1991 Corazon C. Aquino. The C.E. week was celebrated nationwide through coordinated activities of all PICE chapters and the PICE National Board culminating in the most successful and well-attended '91 PICE Annual Convention (1,400 plus registered participants). D The Board of Civil Engineering (at PRC) held its first fully computerized O 1993 (board) examinations on May 29, 1993, and released the results on November 9, 1993. N On February 28, 1995, the Syllabi for the Subjects in the Civil 1995 Engineering licensure examinations were promulgated. O The privatization of MWSS T In 1997, the Legislature passed into law RA 8041, also known as “The Water Crisis Act.” The Act, which paved the way for the privatization of MWSS, had as its primary objectives the following: C · Transfer financial burden to the private sector 1997 up to · Improve service standards O the present · Increase operational efficiency · Minimize tariff impact PY In August that year, the Philippine government entered into a 25-year Concession Agreement with two private consortia composed of local and international partners. This effectively transferred the operational responsibilities of MWSS to Manila Water Company, Inc. (for the East Zone) and Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (for the West Zone). RA 8981 or Professional Regulations Commission (PRC) Modernization 2000 Act of 2000 was enacted and signed into law on December 5, 2000, by President Joseph Ejercito Estrada  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. (PICE) has been awarded by 2001 the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as the Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization. The San Roque Dam, operated under San Roque Multipurpose Project (SRMP) is a 200 meters tall, 1.2-kilometer long embankment dam on the Agno River. It spans the municipalities of San Manuel and San Nicolas, Pangasinan, and is nearly 200 km north of Metro Manila. The dam impounds a reservoir with a surface area of about 12.8 D square kilometers extending North into the municipality of Itogon, Benguet. A gated spillway protects the dam from overtopping. Each O wet season, the run-off is stored for later release via water turbines to generate power and irrigate crops. Agno River is the third largest river in the Philippines with a total length of 221 kilometers and a drainage basin at the Project site of 1,225 N square kilometers. The river originates in the Cordillera Mountains, initially flows from north to south, and divides into several channels in O the flat central plain of Luzon and meanders westerly through the provinces of Pangasinan and Tarlac before emptying into the Lingayen Gulf. T 2003 San Roque Power Corporation (SRPC) financed and constructed the SRMP under a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the National Power Corporation (NPC) on a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) basis. C SRPC substantially completed the SRMP at midnight, February 14, 2003, at which time its peaking power, irrigation, flood control, and O enhanced water quality benefits became available to the surrounding regions, which include the Northwest Luzon Economic Growth Quadrangle. In reality, all but its power benefits have been PY available since mid-2002 when the dam and spillway were completed. Ownership of the dam and spillway was transferred to NPC upon construction completion, as it contributed funds for the non-power components on behalf of several agencies. SRPC will own and operate the power generating facilities for 25 years, after which their ownership transfers to NPC. RA Number 9184 or "An act providing for the modernization, standardization, and regulation of the procurement activities of the  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES government and for other purposes" was enacted by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 10, 2003. The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) and the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) signed a joint resolution supporting the passage of Architecture and Civil Engineering bills delineating their respective scope of practice and strengthening their collaborative efforts in common goals. The two professional groups through their leaders stressed the need for the immediate passage of their respective bills, which would benefit their hundreds of thousand D members nationwide. Last March 17, 2004, RA 9266 or “The Architecture Act of 2004” was O passed into law. 2004 RA No. 9275 was approved on March 22, 2004 “An act providing for a comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes” N In 2004, the Architecture Act was passed and signed into law. But in O 2005, a petition for declaratory relief was filed on May 3 2005 by the PICE and Engr. Leo Cleto Gamolo to declare null and void Sections 302.3 and 302.4 of the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations T ("Revised IRR") of Presidential Decree No. 1096 (the "National Building Code"). The said provisions require that architectural documents 2005 submitted in applications for building permits must be prepared, C signed, and sealed by architects. PICE claim that the said sections of the Revised IRR, by effectively prohibiting Civil Engineers from also O preparing, signing, and sealing architectural documents, are contrary to the National Building Code and the RA No. 544 (the "Civil PY Engineering Law"), which purportedly gave Civil Engineers the said right. Since November 2006 CE Board Exam, the Professional Regulation Commission releases only the Top 10 Board Exam Performers and stopped releasing the 11th to 20th places 2006 Executive Order No. 566 issued by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo dated September 8, 2006, directing the Commission on Higher Education to regulate the establishment and operation of review centers and similar entities  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES November 2007 CE Board Exam was invalidated (retake last January 2008 for Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering) Note: Results of retake exam (Hydraulics and Geotechnical 2007 Engineering) was released last January 2008 Commission on Higher Education makes Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) based on Executive Order No. 566 After several court hearings at the Manila Regional Trial Court, the D PICE's motion was denied on January 29, 2008, and the RTC ruled in favor of the architects. [National Capital Judicial Region, Regional O Trial Court, Branch 2008 22 Manila – Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. and Leo Cleto N Gamolo, Petitioners versus The Honorable Hermogenes Ebdane Jr., in his capacity as Secretary of Public Works and Highways as O Respondent, and United Architects of the Philippines as Intervenor- Respondent for Civil Case Number 05-112502 for Declaratory Relief, Injunction with prayer for Writ of Preliminary Prohibition and/or T Mandatory Injunction and Temporary Restraining Order] Last March 2012, the Board of Civil Engineering wrote to the Philippine C Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) that the board exam questions will be increased from 30/35 (per subject) to 100 problems per subject O effective for May 2012 CE Board Exams. Meaning, there are 100 problems per subject or 300-item board exam questions. PY The issue (National Building Code issue) was brought by the PICE to the Court of Appeals. On January 5, 2012, the Court of Appeals of the 2012 Philippines, in its decision granted the appeal of PICE and reversed the Decision of the Regional Trial Court thus giving the Civil Engineers the right to prepare, sign and seal plans and Designs of Buildings such as Vicinity Map/Location Plan, Site Development Plan, Perspective, Floor Plans, Elevations, Sections, Reflected Ceiling Plans and the like. [Court of Appeals-Ninth Division Case Number: CA-G.R. CV No. 93917 – Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. and Leo Cleto Gamolo as Petitioners-Appellants, versus The Honorable Hermogenes Ebdane Jr., in his capacity as Secretary of Public Works and Highways as  CE100: CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Respondent-Appellee, and United Architects of the Philippines as Intervenor-Appellee] 2013 Last August 23, 2013, RA 10609, or the Protection of Students' Right to Enroll in Review Centers Act of 2013 was signed into law D O N O T C O PY