Introduction To Systems PDF

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS What is a System? 1. A system comprises a complex combination of resources (in the form of human beings, materials, equipment, hardware, software, facilities, data, information, services, etc.), integrated in such a manner as to fulfill a specified ope...

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS What is a System? 1. A system comprises a complex combination of resources (in the form of human beings, materials, equipment, hardware, software, facilities, data, information, services, etc.), integrated in such a manner as to fulfill a specified operational requirement.1 2. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole.2 1 SystemEngineering Management. Benjamin S. Blanchard and John E. Blyler. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 10th Ed. (Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster, Inc. 1988).  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 3. A system is composite of equipment, skills, and techniques capable of performing and/or supporting an operational role.3 4. A system is an integrated composite of people, products, and processes that provide a capability to satisfy a stated need or objective.4 5. A system constitutes a set of interrelated components working together with the common objective of fulfilling some designated need.5 3 MilitaryStandard, MIL-STD-499, System Engineering Management. (Department of Defense, July 17, 1969). 4 EIA/IS-632, Processes for Engineering a System, Electronic Industries Association (EIA), Washington, D.C. December 1994 5 INCOSE, 7670 Opportunity Road, Suite 220, San Diego, CA 92111.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS “A system is a construct or collection of different elements that together produce results not obtainable by the elements alone. The elements, or parts, can include people, hardware, software, facilities, policies, and documents; that is, all things required to produce system-level results. The results include system-level qualities, properties, characteristics, functions, behavior, and performance.” 6 6 INCOSE, 7670 Opportunity Road, Suite 220, San Diego, CA 92111.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS General Characteristics of Systems: 1. A system constitutes a complex combination of resources in the form of human beings, materials, equipment, hardware, software, facilities, data, money, and so on. Such resources must be combined in an effective manner, to be able to meet the objective of the system. 2. A system is contained within some form of hierarchy and as such, the system being addressed is highly influenced by the performance of the higher-level system.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 3. A system may be broken down into subsystems and related components, the extent of which depends on complexity and the function/s being performed. It is made up of many different components interacting with each other, and these interactions must be thoroughly understood by the system designer and/or analyst. 4. A system must have a purpose, its purpose is called a “mission”. It must be functional, able to respond to some identified need, and able to achieve its overall objective in a cost-effective manner and in the best way possible. A system’s mission is “to provide solution to a business problem”.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS Classifications of Systems: 1. Natural and Human-made Systems 1a. Natural systems are those that came into being by natural processes. 1b. Human made systems are those in which human beings have intervened through components, attributes or relationships. 1c. Human modified systems are natural systems into which a human-made system has been integrated as a sub-system.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 2. Physical and Conceptual Systems 2a. Physical systems are those that manifest themselves in physical form and are composed of real components. 2b. Conceptual systems are those where symbols represent the attributes of components. Example: A proposed physical system (such as a production system) maybe simulated in the abstract by a mathematical or other conceptual model.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 3. Static and Dynamic Systems 3a. Static system is one having structure without activity such as a bridge, that has structural components but no operating or flow components. 3b. Dynamic system combines structural components with activity such as a school system, which combines a school building, students, teachers, books, curricula and knowledge.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 4. Open and Closed Systems 4a. Closed system is one that does not interact significantly with its environment. In an organization, closed systems are those systems that are closed off from the outside environment and knowledge is transmitted within the closed system only such as the R&D department. 4b. Open system allows information, energy and matter to cross its boundaries. Open systems interact with their environment; eg. Ecological systems, business organizations.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS The System:  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS Major Elements of a System:  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS The Current Environment: Some Challenges - a good understanding of the overall environment, and some of the challenges ahead, is certainly a prerequisite to the successful implementation of system engineering principles and concepts.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 1. Constantly changing requirements – due to dynamic conditions worldwide, changes in mission thrusts and priorities, and the continuous introduction of new technologies. It is often difficult to define the “real” requirements for new systems because of the lack of a good definition of the problem/s to be solved & the subsequent lack of good communications between the ultimate user and the system developer from the beginning.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 2. More emphasis on systems - versus the components of a system. One must look at the system in total to ensure that the functions it need to perform are being accomplished in an effective and efficient manner and at the same time, components need to be addressed within the context of some overall system configuration. 3. Increasing system complexities - structures of many systems are becoming more complex with the introduction of evolving new technologies. It is necessary to design systems so that changes can be incorporated quickly, efficiently, and without causing a significant impact on the overall configuration of the system.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 4. Extended system life cycles – the life cycles of many of the systems in use today are being extended for one reason or another while, at the same time, the life cycles of most technologies are relatively much shorter. It will be necessary to design systems so that the incorporation of a new technology can be accomplished easily and efficiently. 5. Greater utilization of commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) products and hardware-software intellectual property (IP) – with the goals of lowering costs and shorter/more efficient procurement and acquisition cycles.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 6. Increasing globalization – there is more trading and dependency on different countries throughout the world than ever before, which is being facilitated through the introduction of rapid and improved communications practices, the availability of quicker and more efficient packaging and transportation methods, the application of electronic commerce (EC) methods for expediting procurement and related processes, and so on. Design team collaboration is a critical element in successful system development.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 7. Greater international competition – facilitated not only through improvements in communications and transportation methods, but through the greater utilization of COTS items (and hardware-software IP), and the establishment of effective partnerships worldwide. 8. More outsourcing - more outsourcing and procurement of COTS items (equipment, hardware, software, processes, IP, services) from external sources of supply, thus, there are more suppliers associated with any given program, requiring the early definition requirements, specifications & close coordination with suppliers.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS 9. Eroding industrial base – the trends mentioned earlier resulted in a decrease in the number of available manufacturers of many products, it is necessary to select and utilize components for which there are stable and reliable sources of supply. 10. Higher overall life cycle costs – the life-cycle costs of many of the systems in use today are increasing. Although a great deal of emphasis has been placed on minimizing the costs associated with the procurement and acquisition of systems, little attention has been paid to the costs of system operation and support.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TOPICS: 1. An Introduction to Systems 2. An Introduction to Systems Engineering a. Systems Engineering & its History b. Systems Engineering Framework 3. Systems Life Cycle Engineering  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING What is Systems Engineering? 1. Systems engineering - is an interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful systems. It focuses on defining customer needs and required functionality early in the development cycle, documenting requirements, and then proceeding with design synthesis and system validation while considering the complete problem. It considers both the business and technical needs of all customers with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user needs.7 7INCOSE-TP-2003–002–03.2.2, Systems Engineering Handbook: A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes and Activities, Version 3.2.2, (San Diego, CA: INCOSE, 2011)  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 2. Systems engineering – is an approach to translate approved operational needs & requirements into operationally suitable blocks of systems. It shall consist of a top-down, iterative process of requirements analysis, functional analysis and allocation, design synthesis and verification, and system analysis and control. It shall permeate design, manufacturing, test and evaluation, and support of the product. SE principles shall influence the balance between performance, risk, cost, schedule.8 8Department of Defense Regulation 5000.2R. “Mandatory Procedures for Major Defense Acquisition Programs (MDAPS) and Major Automated Information Systems (MAIS) Acquisition Programs.” Chapter 5. Paragraph C5.2 (April 2002).  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 3. Systems engineering – is an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles. It ensures that all likely aspects of a project or system are considered and integrated into a whole.9 9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 4. Systems engineering – is the application of scientific and engineering efforts to: (1) transform an operational need into a description of system performance parameters and a system configuration through the use of an iterative process of definition, synthesis, analysis, design, test and evaluation, and validation; (2) integrate related technical parameters and ensure the compatibility of all physical, functional, and program interfaces in a manner that optimizes the total definition and design; and  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (3) integrate reliability, maintainability, usability (human factors), safety, producibility, supportability, sustainability, disposability, and other such factors into a total engineering effort to meet cost, schedule, and technical performance objectives.10 10This is a slightly modified version of the definition of systems engineering that was included in the original version of MIL-STD-499. Systems Engineering (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, July 1969)  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Systems Engineering: - is good engineering with special areas of emphasis which are: a. A top-down approach that views the system as a whole. b. A life-cycle orientation that addresses all phases to include system design and development, production and/or construction, distribution, operation, maintenance and support, retirement, phase-out and disposal.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING c. A better and more complete effort is required relative to the initial identification of system requirements, relating these requirements to specific design goals, the development of appropriate design criteria, and the follow-on analysis effort to ensure the effectiveness of early decision making in the design process. d. An interdisciplinary collaborative effort (or team approach) is required throughout the system design and development process to ensure that all design objectives are met in an effective manner.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING e. Interface management is the key method for highlighting problems and for monitoring the “goodness” of the system design and integration effort. Managing the design of complex technical systems requires an understanding of many topics, including interface-related issues, resource-margin allocation, and technical performance measurement (TPM) methods.11 11“Interface Management,” IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2004  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Examples of Engineered Complex Systems Requiring Systems Engineering: 1. Weather satellites 2. Terminal air traffic control 3. Truck location system 4. Airline navigation systems 5. Clinical information systems 6. Passenger aircraft 7. Oil refineries 8. Auto assembly plants 9. Electric power plants  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Application Domains for Systems Eng’g  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING History of Systems Engineering: - SE began to emerge during post World War II era - In the 1940s, Bell Laboratories was the first to use the term “Systems Engineering” - In 1950, the first attempt to teach SE was made at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) by G. W. Gilman - In 1957, Goode & Machol of the University of Michigan published Systems Engineering in which they observed a phenomena of systems thinking and approaches to designing equipment. - Later key figures in the field included Sage, Blanchard & Fabrycky, and Boonton & Ramo, people who are engineers by training  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING - In 1966, the U.S. Department of Defense recognized the need for guidance on Systems Engineering and began issuing standards that documented how to do Systems Engineering for various defense systems. - Systems Engineering is now a degree being offered by top universities in the US, UK, Europe (Netherlands, Norway, Germany, etc.), Australia, Singapore and even in China.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Organizations & Associations for SE: 1. INCOSE International Council On Systems Eng’g http://www.incose.org 2. OAA Omega Alpha Association http://www.omegalpha.org 3. ISSS International Society for the Systems Sciences http://www.isss.org  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Career Opportunities & Growth for SE :12 12 Systems Engineering Principles & Practice by Kossiakoff, A., 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp14  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Traits & Attributes of a Successful SE: 13 1. a good problem solver and should welcome challenges; 2. well grounded technically, with broad interests; 3. analytical and systematic, but also creative; 4. a superior communicator, with leadership skills. 13Systems Engineering Principles & Practice by Kossiakoff, A., 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp25  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Systems Eng’g Framework : 14 14 https://www.coursera.org/learn/systems-engineering  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Systems Engineering Processes: 1. Conceptual design 2. Preliminary design 3. Detailed design & test/evaluation 4. Production / construction 5. Utilization 6. Retirement and disposal  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Systems Engineering Management: - overseeing of the Systems Engineering processes - combination of monitoring, directing, controlling and reporting role - includes important functions such as: technical reviews and audits test & evaluation technical risk management configuration management specifications & standards integration management  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Systems Engineering Tools: - ranges from techniques and processes through information systems to standards - process tools include requirements management systems, and assorted analysis, synthesis and evaluation tools - management tools include popular systems engineering standards and capability maturity  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Related Disciplines: - either technical or non-technical that take up different positions within the framework project management logistics management quality assurance hardware engineering software engineering human factors engineering etc.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The System Life Cycle: - includes the entire spectrum of activity for a given system, commencing with the identification of need and extending through system design and development, production and/or construction, operational use and sustaining maintenance and support, and system retirement/material disposal.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING System Life Cycle Costs: - refers to all costs associated with the system as applied to the defined life cycle (research & development costs, production & construction costs, operations & support costs and retirement & disposal costs) - 50% to 75% of the life cycle cost is consumed during the acquisition phase of the system life cycle.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING System Life Cycle Costs:  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Process Models Commonly Used in SE: 1. Waterfall model 2. Spiral model 3. “Vee” model The Waterfall Model - Introduced by Royce in 1970, and initially used for software development. - Usually consists of 5 to 7 series of steps or phases for systems engineering or software development. - In 1981, Boehm expanded this into an 8-step series of activities. - Commonly use on large government systems.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The Waterfall Model:  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The Spiral Model - Developed by Boehm in 1986 & is intended to introduce a risk-driven approach for the development of products and systems. - It is an adaptation of the Waterfall Model, it incorporates features of other models such as the feedback. - Application is iterative and proceeds through the several phases each time a different type of prototype is developed. - It allows for an evaluation of risk before proceeding to the subsequent phase.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The Spiral Model:  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The “Vee” Model - introduced in the early 1990s, reflects a top-down and bottom-up approach to system development. - represents the evolution of user requirements into preliminary and detail design, and the right side represents the integration and verification of system components through subsystem and system testing.  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The “Vee” Model:  INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Potential Benefits from Systems Eng’g: 1. Reduced in the cost of system design and development, production and/or construction, system operation & support, system retirement and material disposal, thus, a reduction in the life cycle cost. 2. Reduction in system acquisition time (or the time from the initial identification of a customer need to the delivery of the system to the customer). 3. More visibility and a reduction in the risks associated with the design-decision making process.