Introduction to System Concepts

What is a System?

• A system is a combination of resources—human, material, equipment, software, etc.—integrated to meet specific operational requirements.
• Systems are formed by interdependent elements that function collectively as a unified whole.
• They consist of equipment, skills, and techniques that support operational roles.
• A system's main purpose is to satisfy a stated need or objective through interrelated components.

General Characteristics of Systems

• Systems combine various resources effectively to achieve objectives.
• They operate within a hierarchical structure, influenced by higher-level systems.
• Systems can be broken down into subsystems and components, which must be understood for design.
• Every system must have a purpose, termed as its "mission," to provide solutions to business problems.

Classifications of Systems

• Natural vs. Human-made Systems:

  • Natural systems occur through natural processes.
  • Human-made systems involve human intervention and may include modifications to natural systems.

• Physical vs. Conceptual Systems:

  • Physical systems have real components.
  • Conceptual systems are represented by symbols and abstract models.

• Static vs. Dynamic Systems:

  • Static systems have structure without activity, such as a bridge.
  • Dynamic systems have both structure and interaction, like a school system.

• Open vs. Closed Systems:

  • Closed systems do not significantly interact with their environment.
  • Open systems exchange information and materials with their environment, critical for globalization and collaboration.

Trends Impacting Systems

• Increased international competition driven by better communication and transportation.
• Greater reliance on outsourcing and procurement of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items.
• A declining number of manufacturers, leading to the need for reliable component sources.
• Rising life cycle costs of systems, emphasizing the operational and support costs alongside acquisition costs.

What is Systems Engineering?

• An interdisciplinary approach aimed at successful system realization by addressing customer needs and functionality early in the development cycle.
• It involves a top-down, iterative process, including requirements analysis, functional analysis, design synthesis, and validation.
• Ensures integration of all aspects of a project or system for optimal functionality over its life cycle.

Systems Engineering Processes

• Encompasses various stages: conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design and testing, production, utilization, and eventual retirement of systems.

Systems Engineering Management

• Involves oversight of systems engineering processes, including monitoring, directing, and reporting.
• Key functions include technical reviews, risk management, configuration management, and integration management.

Systems Engineering Tools

• Tools range from techniques and processes to information systems and standards, including requirements management and analytical tools.

Related Disciplines

• Systems engineering interacts with diverse fields such as project management, quality assurance, hardware and software engineering, and human factors engineering.

Traits & Attributes of a Successful Systems Engineer

• Effective problem solver with a willingness to face challenges.
• Well-rounded technical knowledge with broad interests.
• Analytical and creative thinker with strong communication and leadership skills.