Systematics & Classification PDF

Systematics and Classification Mader & Windelspecht (2022): Chapter 1 Raven et al. (2020): Chapter 23 Despite diversity all living things share same basic characteristics the Outline  Levels of Biological Organization  Systematics  Classificat...

Systematics and Classification Mader & Windelspecht (2022): Chapter 1 Raven et al. (2020): Chapter 23 Despite diversity all living things share same basic characteristics the Outline  Levels of Biological Organization  Systematics  Classification of Life  Binomial Nomenclature More complex Levels of Biological Organization II Mader & Windelspecht (2022)  Organism n individual complex dividuals contain organ systems Organ system mposedof serval organs workingtyte Organ omposed oftissue Unctivning tgefor a pecifictask Tissue group of cells with a common structure and function cell he structural and Unctional unit of 1 living units Molecule Union of 2 or more toms of the same or ifferentelements Atom mallest unitof an Kment composedof Protons eleto In Organizing Diversity  Taxonomy - the discipline of biology that identifies, names, and classifies organisms according to certain rules  Systematics - the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms one family Plura contain moremay than  Classification of Life: 2 genua genera family, order, class, phylum, kingdom,  Species, genus, supergroup*, and domain Tystematic one of the greatest challenges of a modem Sci is to understand the historyof ancestor descendant relationships that unites allforms of life on Earth  fromsingleclledorga I a plex rg Systematics - the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms All organisms share many characteristics:  One or more cells  Carry out metabolism  Transfer energy with ATP  Encode hereditary information in DNA Early systematists relied on the expectation that the greater the time since two species diverged from a common ancestor, the more different they would be. Fossil record is far from completefor us totrace the evolutionary history ofspecies other Scientists mustrely on evidence to establish typesof thebest hypothesis of leading tothe formation p of ftp.ttim ttifff1fdata Similarity May Not Accurately Predict Evolutionary Relationships Similarity may not accurately predict evolutionary relationships:  Rate of evolution can vary among species and can reverse in direction  Closely related species can be different in phenotypic characteristics  Distantly related species can share similar phenotypic characteristics (convergent evolution) Biologists group organisms based on shared characteristic and newer molecular sequence data Evolutionary Tree of Life (Phylogeny)  Similar to a family tree  Traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor  Hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species No nucleus only related Living Organisms Have Adaptations  Adaptation - any modification that makes an organism better function in a particular environment  Diversity of Life - over long periods of time, organisms respond to changing environments by developing new adaptations Evolution and Classification of Life no 0  The theory of evolution suggests that all living things descended from a common ancestor  Evolution is the change in a population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment Natural Selection The process by which species become modified over time Members a inherit a genetic change that of species makes them better may suited to a particular environment that makes I may more likely to produce genetic change  her better sule pah l e L Key to interpreting a phylogeny – look at how recently species share a common ancestor Common ancestor Domains  Domain Archaea nucleus  Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments  Prokaryotes: without membrane-bound nucleus  Domain Bacteria  Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all environments (e.g., our skin, mouth, large intestine)  Domain Eukarya  Contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes  Eukaryotes: with membrane-bound nucleus Domain Archaea Afl  Prokaryotic cells of various shapes  Adaptations to extreme environments utilizecheminals to make food  Absorb or chemosynthesize food  Unique chemical characteristics Sulfolobus (an archaean) that's why Prokaryotes can live in extremeweather Domain Bacteria  Prokaryotic cells of various shapes  Adaptations to all environments  Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food  Unique chemical characteristics Escherichia coli (a bacterium) (E. coli) Domain Eukarya Chu membrane bounded nucleus 4 Kingdoms Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi Algae, protozoans, Molds, mushrooms, slime molds, and yeasts, and ringworms water molds Paramecium, a single-celled protozoan Amanita, a mushroom Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia Certain algae, mosses, Sponges, worms, ferns, conifers, and insects, fishes, frogs, flowering plants turtles, birds, and mammals Phalaenopsis, orchid, a flowering plant Vulpes, a red fox Kingdoms 1 level down to Domain  Domain Archaea  Domain Bacteria  Domain Eukarya (new taxonomic supergroups are being determined)  Kingdom Protista  Kingdom Fungi  Kingdom Plantae  Kingdom Animalia Supergroup s6upergroupelNo need to memorize Eukaryotic Supergroups Supergroup Sample Organisms Excavata Diplomonads, euglenozoans Chromalveolata Dinoflagellates, ciliates, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and water molds Rhizaria Foraminiferans, radiolarians Archaeplastida Red algae, green algae, land plants Amoebozoa Amoeboids, slime molds Opisthokonta Fungi, choanoflagellates, animals Scientific Names  Universal  Latin-based  Binomial nomenclature  Two-part name  Genus (1st word, capitalized)  Species (2nd word, lowercase)  Both words: italicized Examples:  Humans - Homo sapiens (H. sapiens)  Corn - Zea mays (Z. mays) The taxonomic classification system is hierarchical.  1 domain may contain sewal t Levels of Classification I contain supergroup may serval T Category Human Corn Domain Eukarya Eukarya T Supergroup* Opisthokonta Archaeplastids TKingdom Animalia Plantae Phylum Chordata Anthophyta Phyla single Class Mammalia Monocotyledones Order Primates Commelinales Family Hominidae Poaceae Genus Homo Zea Species** H. sapiens Z. mays  *Supergroups are only present in Domain Eukarya  **To specify an organism, the full binomial name is used (e.g., Homo sapiens) Summary  Levels of Biological Organization  Systematics  Classification of Life  Binomial Nomenclature